Philippine Revolutionary Army Ejército Revolucionario Filipino Ejército en la República de la Filipina Panghimagsikang Hukbo ng Pilipinas Hukbong Pilipinong Mapaghimagsik
Ejercito en la República dela Filipina Emblem, 1897
The Army's uniforms were patterned after the Norfolk jacket.Regular soldiers of the Philippine Revolutionary Army stand at attention for an inspection.
The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's Ordenanza del Ejército to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army. [citation needed] Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, [citation needed] and a new standard uniform known as the rayadillo. Filipino artist Juan Luna is credited with this design.[4][5] His brother, General Antonio Luna commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms.[6] Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services: infantry, cavalry, artillery, sappers, and medics.[7] At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the EnglishNorfolk jacket, since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform.[8]Infantry officers wore blue pants with a black stripe down the side, while Cavalry officers wore red trousers with black stripes.[9][10]
Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as bolo knives, though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in the Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers.[3]
Aguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following the board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos.
When the Philippine–American War erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. Even Antonio Luna urged Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that guerrilla warfare must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles.[11]
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, the Supreme Commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army.Group showing General Manuel Tinio (seated, center), General Benito Natividad (seated, 2nd from right), Lt. Col. Jose Alejandrino (seated, 2nd from left), and their aides-de-camp.
Rifles used by Filipino infantry during the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War on display at Clark Museum
Two type of Lantaka a bronze type cannon use by the army.
A Bolo knife was used by a regular and high ranked soldier of the army.
Ranks/hierarchy
Antonio Luna, notable Chief Commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army.File:Ricarte.jpgArtemio Ricarte, the Commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army.General Gregorio del Pilar, and his troops around 1898.Soldiers of the army stationed near the Barasoain church during a session of the congress.Officers' uniforms, 1899-1902.
The evolution of Philippine revolutionary insignia can be divided into three basic periods; early Katipunan, late Katipunan and the Republican army.
During the revolution against Spain, the Katipunan gave leaflets to the people to encourage them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of Emilio Aguinaldo, they started to recruit males and some females aged 15 and above as a form of national service. A few Spanish and Filipino enlisted personnel and officers of the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy defected to the Revolutionary Army, as well as a number of foreign individuals and American defectors who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution.
Brigadier General B. Natividad – Brigade Acting Commander in Vigan under General Tinio.[16]
Colonel Manuel Sityar – Half-Spanish Director of Academía Militar de Malolos. A former captain in the Spanish colonial army who defected to the Filipino side.[17]
Colonel Sebastian de Castro – Spanish director of the military hospital at Malasiqui, Pangasinan.[14]
Captain Estanislao de los Reyes – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio.[16]
Captain Feliciano Ramoso – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio.[16]
Captain Mariano Queri – Spanish officer who served under General Luna as an instructor in the Academía Militar de Malolos and later as the director-general of the staff of the war department.[14]