Principal passes of the Alps
 | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (February 2015) |
This article lists the principal mountain passes and tunnels in the Alps, and gives a history of transport across the Alps.
Road passes
Main chain
Paved road passes across the main chain of the Alps, from west to east:
Other passes
Detailed lists of passes are given by Alpine subdivision, see the following articles:
- Western Alps
- Eastern Alps
- Northern Limestone Alps
- Central Eastern Alps
- Bergamo Alps
- Rhaetian Alps, including Bernina Range, Livigno Range, Sesvenna Range, Albula Range, Silvretta and Rätikon
- Verwall Alps and Samnaun Alps
- Tyrolean Alps, including Ötztal Alps, Stubai Alps, Kitzbühel Alps, Hohe Tauern and Zillertal Alps
- Niedere Tauern
- Southern Limestone Alps
Road tunnels
Main chain, from west to east:
| name | location | countries | length (km) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Col de Tende Road Tunnel | Tende to Cuneo | France, Italy | 3.2 |
| Fréjus Road Tunnel | Modane to Susa | France, Italy | 12.9 |
| Mont Blanc Tunnel | Chamonix to Courmayeur | France, Italy | 11.6 |
| Great St Bernard Tunnel | Martigny to Aosta | Switzerland, Italy | 5.9 |
| St. Gotthard Tunnel | Göschenen to Airolo | Switzerland | 17 |
| San Bernardino Tunnel | Splügen to Bellinzona | Switzerland | 7.7 |
| Felbertauern Tunnel | Mittersill to Lienz | Austria | 5.3 |
| Tauern Road Tunnel | Eben im Pongau to Sankt Michael im Lungau | Austria | 6.4 |
Notable other tunnels:
| name | location | countries | length (km) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arlberg Tunnel | Langen am Arlberg to St. Anton am Arlberg | Austria | 13.976 |
| Karawanks Tunnel | Villach to Jesenice | Austria, Slovenia | 7.864 |
Railway passes and tunnels
Main chain, from west to east:
| name | type | location | countries | length (km) | elevation (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colle di Cadibona | pass | Savona to Ceva | Italy | 436 | |
| Tunnel de Tende | tunnel | Tende to Cuneo | France, Italy | 8.1 | |
| Fréjus Rail Tunnel | tunnel | Modane to Susa | France, Italy | 13.7 | |
| Simplon Tunnel | tunnel | Brig to Domodossola | Switzerland, Italy | 19.8 | |
| Gotthard Rail Tunnel | tunnel | Göschenen to Airolo | Switzerland | 15 | |
| Bernina Pass | pass | Pontresina to Tirano | Switzerland | 2323 | |
| Brenner Pass | pass | Innsbruck to Sterzing | Austria, Italy | 1370 | |
| Tauern tunnel | tunnel | Bad Gastein to Obervellach | Austria | 8.6 | |
| Schoberpass | pass | Liezen to Leoben | Austria | 849 | |
| Präbichl | pass | Eisenerz to Leoben | Austria | 1204 |
Notable other railway passes and tunnels:
| name | type | location | countries | length (km) | elevation (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arlberg Railway Tunnel | tunnel | Langen am Arlberg to St. Anton am Arlberg | Austria | 10.6 | 1303 |
| Karawanks Tunnel | tunnel | Villach to Jesenice | Austria, Slovenia | 8.0 | |
| Lötschberg Base Tunnel | tunnel | Spiez to Brig | Switzerland | 34.6 | |
| Lötschberg Tunnel | tunnel | Spiez to Brig | Switzerland | 14.6 | |
| Oberalp Pass | pass | Andermatt to Disentis | Switzerland | 2044 | |
| Semmering | tunnel | Gloggnitz to Mürzzuschlag | Austria | 1.5 | 965 |
History
 | This section is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, which was produced in 1911. (January 2011) |
This section incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Alps s.v. 5. Principal Passes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. Places where the Alps were crossed are called passes, and are points at which the alpine chain sinks to form depressions, up to which deep-cut valleys lead from the plains & hilly pre-mountainous zones. The oldest names for such passes are Mont (still retained in cases of Mont Cenis and Monte Moro), for it was many ages before this term was applied to mountains themselves, which with a few very rare exceptions (e.g. Monte Viso was known to the Romans as Vesulus) were for a long time disregarded.
Native inhabitants of the Alps were naturally the first to use the passes. The passes first became known to the outside world when the Romans crossed them to raid or conquer the region beyond. Romans, once having found an "easy" way across the chain, did not trouble to seek for harder and more devious routes. Hence, passes that can be shown as certainly known to them are relatively few in number: they are, in topographical order from west to east, the Col de l'Argentiere, the Col de Montgenèvre, the col du Mont Cenis, the two St Bernard passes (Little St Bernard Pass and Great St. Bernard Pass), the Splügen Pass, the Septimer Pass, the Reschen Pass, the Brenner Pass, the Plöcken Pass, the Pontebba Pass (or Saifnitz Pass), the Radstädter Tauern Pass and the Solkscharte Pass or Sölk Pass.
Of these the Montgenèvre and the Brenner were the most frequented. In the Central Alps only two passes (the Splügen and the Septimer) were certainly known to the Romans. In fact the central portion of the Alps was by far the least Romanised region until the early Middle Ages. Thus the Simplon is first definitely mentioned in 1235, the St Gotthard in 1236, the Lukmanier in 965, the San Bernardino in 941; of course they may have been known before, but authentic history is silent as regards them till the dates specified. Even the Mont Cenis (from the 15th to the 19th century the favourite pass for travellers going from France to Italy) is first heard of only in 756.
In the 13th century many hitherto unknown passes came into prominence, even some of the easy glacier passes. In the Western and Central Alps there is only one ridge to cross, to which access is gained by a deep-cut valley, though often it would be shorter to cross a second pass in order to reach the plains, e.g. the Montgenèvre, that is most directly reached by the Col du Lautaret; and the Simplon, which is best reached by one of the lower passes over the western portion of the Bernese Oberland chain. On the other hand, in the Eastern Alps, it is generally necessary to cross three distinct ridges between the northern and southern plains, the Central ridge being the highest and most difficult to cross. Thus the passes which crossed a single ridge, and did not involve too great a detour through a long valley of approach, became the most important and the most popular, e.g. the Mont Cenis, the Great St Bernard, the St Gotthard, the Septimer and the Brenner.
As time went on the Alpine passes were improved to make travel easier. A few passes (e.g. the Semmering, the Brenner, the Col de Tende and the Arlberg) had carriage roads constructed before 1800, while those over the Umbrail and the Great St Bernard were not completed till the early years of the 20th century. Most of the carriage roads across the great alpine passes were thus constructed in the first half of the 19th century, largely due to the Napoleon's need for such roads as modes of military transport. As late as 1905, the highest pass over the main chain that had a carriage road was the Great St Bernard (2,472 m (8,111 ft)), but three still higher passes over side ridges have roads—the Stelvio Pass (2,760 m (9,055 ft)), the Col du Galibier (2,658 m (8,721 ft)), in the Dauphiné Alps, and the Umbrail Pass (2,512 m (8,242 ft)).
Railway lines, like the Brenner and the Pontebba lines, were added to speed travel through the passes and tunnels supplemented passes at the Col de Tenda, the Mont Cenis, the Simplon and the St Gotthard.
See also
- Alps
- List of highest paved roads in Europe
- List of mountain passes
- List of mountain passes in Switzerland
- Valleys of the Alps
References
Bibliography
- Pyatt, E. C. The Passage of the Alps: From Hannibal to the Motorway. London: Robert Hale, 1984.
- Matthew, Donald. Atlas of Medieval Europe. New York: Facts on File, 1992. ISBN 0-87196-133-4.