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Richard Cordray

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Richard Cordray
File:Rich Cordray CFPB.jpg
1st Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 4, 2012
PresidentBarack Obama
DeputySteven Antonakes
Preceded byRaj Date (Special Adviser)
49th Attorney General of Ohio
In office
January 8, 2009 – January 9, 2011
GovernorTed Strickland
Preceded byNancy Rogers
Succeeded byMike DeWine
46th Treasurer of Ohio
In office
January 8, 2007 – January 7, 2009
GovernorTed Strickland
Preceded byJennette Bradley
Succeeded byKevin Boyce
Treasurer of Franklin County
In office
December 9, 2002 – January 8, 2007
Preceded byWade Steen
Succeeded byEd Leonard
Solicitor General of Ohio
In office
1993–1994
GovernorGeorge Voinovich
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byJeffrey Sutton
Member of the Ohio House of Representatives
from the 33rd district
In office
January 7, 1991 – December 31, 1992
Preceded byDon Gilmore
Succeeded byPriscilla Mead
Personal details
Born (1959-05-03) May 3, 1959 (age 65)
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
SpousePeggy Cordray
Children2
Alma materMichigan State University
Brasenose College, Oxford
University of Chicago
WebsiteCampaign website

Richard Cordray (born May 3, 1959) is an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician who currently serves as the first Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.[1] Prior to his appointment in January 2012, Cordray served in various positions in the State of Ohio.

A Marshall Scholar at the University of Oxford from 1981 to 1983, Cordray was editor-in-chief of the University of Chicago Law Review and subsequently served as a law clerk for Judge Robert Bork on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and after that, Justice Anthony Kennedy of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1987 he became an undefeated five-time Jeopardy! champion.[2]

Cordray was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1990. After redistricting, Cordray decided to run for the United States House of Representatives in 1992 but was defeated. The following year he was appointed by the Ohio Attorney General as the first Solicitor General of Ohio. His experience as Solicitor led to his appearance before the United States Supreme Court to argue six cases, where he had previously clerked. Following Republican victories in Ohio statewide elections in 1994, Cordray left his appointed position and entered the private practice of law. While in private practice he unsuccessfully ran for Ohio Attorney General in 1998 and the United States Senate in 2000. He was elected Franklin County treasurer in 2002 and re-elected in 2004 before being elected Ohio State Treasurer in 2006.

Cordray was elected Ohio Attorney General in November 2008 to fill the remainder of the unexpired term ending January 2011. In 2010, Cordray lost his bid for re-election to former U.S. Senator Mike DeWine. On July 17, 2011, President Barack Obama announced he would nominate Cordray to lead the United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. On January 4, 2012, the White House announced that it would make a recess appointment of Cordray to the post.[3][4][5] On July 16, 2013, the U.S. Senate confirmed Cordray to a five-year term as Director in a 66–34 vote.[6]

Early life, education, and early law career

Cordray was raised in Grove City, Ohio, where he attended public schools. While attending Grove City High School, Cordray became a champion on the high school quiz show In The Know and worked for minimum wage at McDonald's.[7][8] He graduated from high school in 1977 as co-valedictorian of his class.[9] His first job in politics was as an intern for United States Senator John Glenn as a junior at Michigan State University's James Madison College.[7] Cordray earned Phi Beta Kappa honors and graduated summa cum laude with a BA in Legal & Political Theory in 1981. As a Marshall Scholar, he earned an MA with first class honours in Economics from the University of Oxford and earned a Varsity Blue in basketball in 1983.[7] At the University of Chicago Law School, where he earned his Juris Doctor with honors in 1986, he served as editor-in-chief of the University of Chicago Law Review.[7][10] After starting work as a law clerk at the U.S. Supreme Court, he came back to his high school to deliver the commencement speech for the graduating class in 1988.[9]

Cordray began his career clerking for Judge Robert Bork and Supreme Court associate justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy.[7][11] After clerking for White in 1987–1988, he was hired by the international law firm Jones Day to work in its Cleveland office.[10]

Early political career (1990–1995)

He also taught various courses at The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law and at Georgetown University.[7]

Ohio House of Representatives

In 1990 Cordray ran for an Ohio State House of Representatives seat, in the 33rd District (southern and western Franklin County), against six-term incumbent Republican Don Gilmore.[12] Unopposed for the Democratic nomination,[13] he defeated Gilmore by an 18,573–11,944 (61–39%) margin.[14]

1992 congressional election

In 1991 the state Apportionment Board, controlled by a 3–2 Republican majority despite the party's 61–38 minority in the state House of Representatives,[15] redrew state legislative districts following the results of the 1990 Census, in the hope of retaking control of the state House.[16] The new boundaries created nine districts each with two resident incumbent Democrats, pairing Cordray with the twenty-two-year incumbent Mike Stinziano.[17][18] Unable to be elected in another district due to a one-year residency requirement, Cordray opted not to run for re-election.[19]

Cordray ran for Ohio's 15th congressional district in the 1992 U.S. House of Representatives elections, and won the Democratic nomination over Bill Buckel by an 18,731–5,329 (78–22%) margin,[20] following the withdrawal of another candidate, Dave Sommer.[21][22] Cordray's platform included federal spending cuts, term limits for Congress and a line-item veto for the president.[23] When Pryce announced that she would vote to support abortion rights, Linda S. Reidelbach entered the race as an independent.[24] Thus, the general election was a three-way affair, with Pryce taking a plurality of 110,390 votes (44.1%), Cordray taking 94,907 votes (37.9%) and Linda Reidelbach taking 44,906 votes (17.9%).[25]

Ohio Solicitor General

While in private practice in 1993, Cordray co-wrote a legal brief for the Anti-Defamation League, in a campaign supported by Ohio's attorney general, for the reinstatement of Ohio's hate crime laws. This was considered by the U.S. Supreme Court, but not ruled on because of its similarity to a previous Wisconsin ruling.[26]

In 1993 the government of Ohio created the office of state solicitor general to handle the state's appellate work. The state solicitor, appointed by the Ohio attorney general, is responsible for cases that are to be argued before the Ohio Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court. Until 1998, the Solicitor worked without any support staff.[27] Cordray, who had earlier worked for a summer in the office of the United States solicitor general,[28] was the first Solicitor to be appointed, in September 1993.[28] He held the position until he resigned after Ohio Attorney General Lee Fisher was defeated by Betty Montgomery in 1994.[29][30] His cases before the Supreme Court included Wilson v. Layne (526 U.S. 603 (1999)) and Hanlon v. Berger (526 U.S. 808 (1999)).[7] Though he lost his first case, he won his second case, which garnered a substantial amount of media attention for its consideration of the constitutionality of media ride-alongs with police.[29] Other cases included Household Credit Services v. Pfennig (541 U.S. 232 (2004)), Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington (538 U.S. 216 (2003)), Demore v. Kim (538 U.S. 510 (2003)), and Groh v. Ramirez (540 U.S. 551 (2004)).

Cordray contested the Ku Klux Klan's right to erect a cross at the Ohio Statehouse after the state's Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board denied the Klan's request during the 1993 Christmas holiday. He argued that the symbolic meaning of the cross was different from the Christmas tree and menorah, which the state permits. The Klan prevailed in the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on December 21, 1993, and erected a 10-foot (3 m) cross the following day.[31][32] The same board denied the Klan a permit to rally on Martin Luther King Day (January 15, 1994) due to the group's failure to pay a $15,116 bill from its Oct. 23 rally and its refusal to post a bond to cover expenses for the proposed rally.[33] When the same 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the decision to deny the 1994 permit, the state chose not to appeal.[34] The following year the Klan again applied to erect a cross for the Christmas holiday season, and the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals concurred with the prior ruling.[35] The United States Supreme Court did not agree to hear arguments on the topic until a few weeks after Cordray resigned from his solicitor general position.[36] After his resignation in 1994 he several times represented the federal government in the U.S. Supreme Court: two of Cordray's appearances before were by appointment of the Democratic Bill Clinton Justice Department and two were by the Republican George W. Bush Justice Department.[37]

Cordray was granted a ruling by the Ohio Supreme Court that lower courts could not grant a stay of execution for a death row inmate. At the same time, Fisher, Cordray's boss, sought a referendum to mandate that appeals in death penalty cases be made directly to the Supreme Court.[38] In 1994 the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Steffen v. Tate (39 F.3d 622 1994) limited death row inmates to a single federal appeal and said that federal courts cannot stay an execution if the case is still in a state court.[39]

Latter political career (1995–2007)

In early 1996, Cordray was elected to the Ohio Democratic Party Central Committee from the 15th district by a 5,472–1,718 margin over John J. Kulewicz.[40]

In late 1996 Cordray, who was in private practice at the time, was a leading contender and finalist for a United States Attorney position during the second term of the Clinton Administration, along with Kent Markus and Sharon Zealey.[41][42] Zealey was eventually selected.[43]

1998 Ohio Attorney General election

During the 1998 election for Ohio attorney general, Cordray ran unopposed in the Democratic primary[44] but was defeated, 62%–38%, by one-term Republican incumbent Betty Montgomery.[45][46]

2000 U.S. Senate election

Main article: United States Senate election in Ohio, 2000

Cordray entered the U.S. Senate elections in a race that began as a three-way contest for the Democratic nomination to oppose first-term Republican incumbent Mike DeWine. The three-way race was unusual since the three candidates (Cordray, Rev. Marvin McMickle, and Ted Celeste) were encouraged to campaign together in order to promote name recognition, conserve resources and lessen infighting.[47] Ohio Democratic party leaders believed Cordray was better suited for an Ohio Supreme Court seat and urged him to drop out of the Senate race. Despite the Ohio Democrats not endorsing any candidate in the primary election,[48] the entry of Dan Radakovich as a fourth competitor,[49] and the anticipated entry of former Mayor of Cincinnati and television personality Jerry Springer, Cordray persisted in his campaign.[50] Celeste, the younger brother of former Ohio governor Dick Celeste,[51] won with 369,772 votes. He was trailed by McMickle (the only black Senate candidate in the country in 2000)[49] with 204,811 votes, Cordray with 200,157, and Radakovich with 69,002.[52]

Franklin County Treasurer

Cordray as an Ohio Attorney General

Cordray was unopposed in the May 7, 2002, primary election for the Democratic nomination as Franklin County treasurer.[53] He defeated Republican incumbent Wade Steen, who had been appointed in May 2001 to replace Bobbie M. Hall.[54] The election was close, unofficially 131,199–128,677 (50.5%–49.5%), official margin of victory 3,232.[55][56] Cordray was the first Democrat to hold the position since 1977,[57] and he assumed office on December 9, 2002, instead of after January 1 because he was filling Hall's unexpired term.[58]

In the 2004 race for re-election, the Franklin County Republican party made no endorsement,[59] but Republican Jim Timko challenged Cordray.[60] Cordray defeated him and was elected to a four-year term by a 272,593–153,625 (64%–36%) margin.[61][62]

As Franklin County treasurer, Cordray focused on four major initiatives: collection of delinquent tax revenue through a tax lien certificate sale, creation of a land bank, personal finance education, and the development of a community outreach program.[63] He managed a portfolio that averages $650 million and consistently beat its benchmarks, and he set new records for delinquent tax collection in Franklin County, which was the only Ohio county with a AAA credit rating.[64][65] He also served as president of the Board of Revision and chair of the Budget Commission.[66] In 2005, Cordray was named the national "County Leader of the Year" by American City & County magazine.[67]

Statewide office (2007–2011)

Ohio Treasurer

In the 2006 Democratic party primary election for state treasurer he was set to face Montgomery County Treasurer Hugh Quill who filed an entry,[68] but in the end, he was unopposed.[69] He defeated Republican nominee Sandra O'Brien for state treasurer in the 2006 election. Cordray succeeded Jennette Bradley in a near-statewide sweep by the Democratic Party.[61] Cordray noted that when he assumed statewide office, Ohio was challenged with restoring public trust after the misdeeds of former Ohio Governor Bob Taft. Referring to what in a similar way would be required to follow Ohio Attorney General Marc Dann and his interim successor Nancy Rogers he said: "... we have been patiently rebuilding the public trust there [in the state government] and I think it would be a very similar task there in the Attorney General's office."[70][71]

Ohio Attorney General

2008 election

Cordray campaigning for Barack Obama on October 13, 2008 in Columbus, Ohio

Cordray announced his 2008 candidacy for Ohio state attorney general on June 11, 2008. He was endorsed by Ohio Governor Ted Strickland.[72][73] The vacancy in the office of the attorney general was created by the May 14, 2008, resignation of Marc Dann who was embroiled in a sex scandal.[73][74][75] Several leading Republican party contenders such as Montgomery, Jim Petro, DeWine, Maureen O'Connor, and Rob Portman declined to enter the race.[73][76] Cordray's opponents in the race were Michael Crites (Republican), and Robert M. Owens (Independent).[77] Cordray had a large financial advantage over his opponents with approximately 30 times as much campaign financing as Crites.[78] Crites' campaign strategies included attempts to link Cordray with Dann—an association The Columbus Dispatch called into question[79]—and promoting himself as having more years of prosecutorial experience.[80] Cordray asserted that he managed the state's money safely despite the turbulence of the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[81][82]

Ohio statewide offices are regularly contested every four years in the midterm election years. 2008 is Class 2 senatorial election year, and Ohio is a state with class 1 and class 3 senators. Thus, the Attorney General race was the only non-presidential race in the 2008 election aside from contests for two seats on the Ohio Supreme Court. Cordray defeated Republican Mike Crites, 57%-38%.[83]

Tenure

Bank of America In July 2009, Denny Chin, a judge on the United States district court for the Southern District of New York, granted lead plaintiff status to a group of five public pension funds for investor class-action lawsuits against the Bank of America Corporation over its acquisition of Merrill Lynch & Company. The claim is that Bank of America misled investors about Merrill's financial well-being prior to the January 1, 2009 acquisition despite awareness that Merrill was headed toward a significant loss that amounted to $15.84 billion in its fourth quarter.[84] The suit also alleges that significant bonus payments were concealed.[85]

The curious dealings led to congressional hearings about why the merger commenced without any disclosures.[84] In September 2009, Cordray, on behalf of Ohio's largest public employee pension funds (State Teachers Retirement System of Ohio and the Ohio Public Employees Retirement System), the Teacher Retirement System of Texas and pension funds from Sweden and the Netherlands, filed suit alleging that Bank of America, its directors and four executives (Bank of America Chief Executive Kenneth Lewis, Bank of America Chief Financial Officer Joe Price, accounting chief Neil Cotty and former Merrill chairman and CEO John Thain) acted to conceal Merrill's growing losses from shareholders voted to approve the deal the prior December.[86]

Prior to the filing the five funds had filed individual complaints, but the September filing of an amended complaint joined the actions with Cordray representing the lead plaintiff.[86] The amended complaint includes details about conversations and communications between Bank of America and Merrill Lynch executives that were revealed in media reports, congressional testimony and investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission.[85] The filing is an attempt to recover losses endured when Bank of America's share price fell after the transaction. The damages are sought from Bank of America, individual executives, the bank's board of directors, including any insurers that cover directors' legal liabilities.[86] Among the specifics of the claim are that Bank of America agreed to allow Merrill Lynch to pay as much as $5.8 billion in undisclosed year-end discretionary bonuses to executives and employees and that Bank of America and Merrill Lynch executives were aware of billions of dollars in losses suffered by Merrill Lynch in the two months before the merger vote but failed to disclose them.[85]

Bid rigging case In April 2010, he reached a 1 billion dollar settlement with American International Group (AIG), one of four remaining named defendants (along with Marsh & McLennan, Hartford Financial Services and Chubb Corp.), in a 2007 antitrust case regarding business practices between 2001 and 2004. The settlement is to be divided among 26 Ohio universities, cities and schools. Zurich Financial Services settled in 2006. Cordray believes that Marsh was the organizing company for the illegal practices and notes that a trial could commence in 2011. AIG admitted no wrongdoing and that the settlement was to avoid risks and prolonged expenses.[87]

2010 election

On November 2, 2010, Cordray lost his re-election bid to former U.S. senator Mike DeWine by two points.[88][89][90]

Cordray was repeatedly mentioned as a potential 2014 candidate for Governor of Ohio.[91][92] However, he upon being confirmed to a five-year term to head the CFPB, he was effectively eliminated from contention.[93]

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2012–present)

President Barack Obama announces the nomination of Cordray as the first director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau on July 18, 2011

On Wednesday, December 15, 2010, Special Advisor to President Barack Obama, Elizabeth Warren announced that she had selected Richard Cordray to lead the enforcement arm of the newly created United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). She added that "Richard Cordray has the vision and experience to help us build a team that ensures every lender in the marketplace is playing by the rules." In announcing his appointment to this position Cordray also stated that he intends to once again run for statewide office in Ohio in 2014.[94][95][96] Cordray described the opportunity to The Wall Street Journal as a chance to resume "... in many ways doing on a 50-state basis the things I cared most about as a state attorney general, with a more robust and a more comprehensive authority."[97]

On July 17, 2011, Cordray was selected over Warren as the head of the entire CFPB.[98] However, his nomination was immediately in jeopardy because 44 Senate Republicans had previously vowed to derail any nominee in order to push for a decentralized structure to the organization. This was part of a pattern of conflict between Republicans in the Senate and the Obama administration that had led to record numbers of blocked and failed nominations.[99][100] On July 21, 2011, Senator Richard Shelby wrote an op-ed article for The Wall Street Journal affirming continued opposition (that went back to a May 5 letter to the President) to a centralized structure, noting that both the Securities Exchange Commission and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had executive boards and that the CFPB should be no different.[101] Politico interpreted Shelby's statements as saying that Cordray's nomination was "Dead on Arrival".[102] In October, as the nomination continued to be on hold, the National Association of Attorneys General endorsed Cordray.[103] On December 8, 2011, the Senate failed to secure cloture on Cordray's nomination. The final vote was 53-45, with 50 out of 51 Democrats voting for cloture, and 45 out of 47 Republicans voting against.[104][105]

For the Senate's cloture vote on Cordray's confirmation, see Template:Obama confirmations, 2010.

On January 4, 2012, a White House communications director announced in a tweet that President Obama would be giving Cordray a recess appointment to the post, bypassing the Senate.[3][4][5] The move was criticized by Republican senators, who argued that Congress had not officially been in recess, and that Obama did not have the authority to bypass Congressional approval.[106] Writing for The New Republic, Timothy Noah, a supporter of Cordray, wrote, "As someone who strongly supported a recess appointment for Richard Cordray to run the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, I'm confused as to why President Obama chose to act today. ... The trouble is that the Senate isn't in recess."[107]

The United States Supreme Court unanimously vacated Cordray's recess appointment as unconstitutional as the U.S. Senate was not in recess.[108] On January 24, 2013, Obama renominated Cordray to the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau position.[109][110][111][112]

Amid a push by Senate Democrats in July 2013 to eliminate the filibuster for all executive-branch nominees, senators struck a deal to pave the way for a final, up-or-down vote on Cordray's nomination. With that senators voted 71–29 on July 16, 2013 to invoke cloture on Cordray's nomination.[113][114] The U.S. Senate confirmed Cordray in a 66–34 vote on July 16, 2013.[113]

Personal life

Cordray was born in Columbus, Ohio,[70] the middle child between brothers Frank, Jr. and Jim.[7] He was married in 1992 to Margaret "Peggy" Cordray,[7][115] a law professor at Capital University Law School. The Cordrays have twins, a daughter and son, and currently reside near Grove City, Ohio.[70] His father retired as an Orient Developmental Center program director for mentally retarded residents after 43 years of service.[7] His mother, from Dayton, Ohio,[70] died in 1980.[7][10] was a social worker, teacher and founder of Ohio's first foster grandparent program for individuals with developmental disabilities. Richard Cordray carried the Olympic Flame through Findlay, Ohio, as part of the nationwide torch relay to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia and has served as a member of the Advisory Board for the Friends of the Homeless and part of Al Gore's select group known as Leadership '98.[7]

Appearances on Jeopardy!

Cordray has the distinction of being an undefeated five-time champion and Tournament of Champions semifinalist on Jeopardy![116] In 1987, he won $45,303 from the show, which he used to pay law school debt, to pay taxes and to buy a used car.[117] The total winnings came from $40,303 in prize money during his five-contest streak and $5,000 for a first round win on the Tournament of Champions.[118] His campaign for public office in 1990 precluded him from participating in the Super Jeopardy! elimination tournament of champions.[119] ABC, the network that carried the tournament, had a policy against political contestants appearing on the show (excluding Celebrity Jeopardy!).[117] He did, however, compete in the Battle of the Decades tournament, appearing in the show aired February 5, 2014, but finished second to aerospace consultant Tom Nosek.[120] Because of his duties as a federal employee, however, he turned down the $5,000 consolation money he won in the match.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Nichols, Hans; Laura Litvan (2012-01-04). "Obama Defies Republicans, Installs Cordray at Consumer Bureau". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2012-01-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "J! Archive - Richard Cordray". Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  3. ^ a b Clarke, Dave; Matt Spetalnick (2012-01-04). "Stymied by Congress, Obama to boldly seat nominees". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2012-01-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Cooper, Helene; John H. Cushman, Jr. (2012-01-04). "Defying Republicans, Obama to Name Cordray as Consumer Agency Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Cooper, Helene; Steinhauer, Jennifer (2012-01-04). "Bucking Senate, Obama Appoints Consumer Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  6. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Full Biography for Richard Cordray". League of Women Voters of California Education Fund. 2000-02-06. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
  8. ^ Yost, Mary (1990-11-01). "Democrat's Campaign Appeal Crosses Party Lines In 33rd District". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  9. ^ a b "Graduates Say - Last Goodbye". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. 1988-05-15. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  10. ^ a b c Fiely, Dennis (1988-10-26). "Supremely Trained - Columbus Law Firm Lures Two High-Court Clerks In Recruiting Coup". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  11. ^ Greene, Jenna (2011-09-13). "CFPB Chief Richard Cordray's Confirmation in Jeopardy". Law.com. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
  12. ^ Curtin, Mike (1990-01-17). "Democrats Pick Lawyer To Run Against Gilmore". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  13. ^ Johnson, Alan (1990-05-06). "Two Legislators Face Foes in County". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  14. ^ "Ohio House of Representatives". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. 1990-05-06. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  15. ^ Leonard, Lee (1991-01-08). "130 State Legislators Take Their Oath of Office - Families, Friends Watch At Statehouse". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  16. ^ Suddes, Thomas; Mary Beth Lane (1991-10-03). "Republicans Hope New Lines Will Help Win House Control". The Plain Dealer. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-18. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Underwood, Jim; Thomas Suddes (1991-10-06). "Remap Sends Lawmakers Scrambling To New Homes". The Plain Dealer. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-18. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Carmen, Barbara (2008-07-31). "New director will face first ballot in 3 months". Dispatch Politics. The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  19. ^ Curtin, Mike (1992-02-21). "7 Presidential Hopefuls File For Primary". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  20. ^ "U.S. House Democrat". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. 1992-06-03. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  21. ^ Curtin, Mike (1992-04-07). "Democrat Pulls Out of the 15th Congressional District Race". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  22. ^ Curtin, Mike (1992-04-04). "Democrats - Not GOP - To Battle For House in Primary". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  23. ^ Bradshaw, James (1992-05-27). "Candidates' Name Recognition Might Win In Primary Tuesday". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  24. ^ Curtin, Mike (1992-06-02). "Conservative Jumps Into 15th House District Race". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  25. ^ Dendy, Dallas L., Jr. (1993-05-31). "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1992" (PDF). U. S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2008-10-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Bradshaw, James (1993-09-12). "Ohio's Justices Asked to Reinstate Hate-Crimes Law". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  27. ^ Gormley, David M. (Spring 2003). "State solicitor: An appellate lawyer's dream". Ohio State Bar Association Section Newsletters. Ohio State Bar Association. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  28. ^ a b Suddes, Thomas (1993-09-19). "Fisher Appoints Solicitor General". The Plain Dealer. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  29. ^ a b Buchanan, Doug (2000-12-15). "The U.S. Supreme Court: making a lawyer's career". Business First of Columbus. American City Business Journals, Inc. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  30. ^ "New Solicitor General Named By Montgomery - Jeffrey S. Sutton". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. 1995-04-19. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  31. ^ Edwards, Randall (1993-12-22). "Klan May Raise Cross, Judge Rules". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  32. ^ "Judge OKS New Cross By Klan Display To Be Erected Outside Statehouse". Akron Beacon Journal. Newsbank. 1993-12-22. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  33. ^ "State Stops Klan Rally On King's Birthday Board Cites Unpaid Bill For Earlier Event, Plus Concern For Public Safety". The Plain Dealer. Newsbank. 1994-01-07. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  34. ^ "State Won't Appeal KKK Holiday Rally". The Plain Dealer. Newsbank. 1994-01-07. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  35. ^ Edwards, Randall (1994-07-26). "KKK Wins Round in Statehouse Cross Dispute". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  36. ^ Lowe, Roger K. (1995-01-14). "High Court Takes KKK Cross Case - U.S. Justices Expected to Decide By July on Statehous Display". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  37. ^ "Richard Cordray". The Cordray Committee. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Snell, Roger (1994-09-29). "Death-Row Appeals Cut Off/Ohio Supreme Court Bars Lower Courts From Stopping The Process For Inmates Due For Execution. Public Defender Says They'll Just Turn To Federal Courts For Relief". Akron Beacon Journal. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  39. ^ Sloat, Bill (1994-10-25). "Court Limits Delay In Ohio Executions Death Row Inmates Will Now Get Only One Federal Appeal". The Plain Dealer. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  40. ^ "Election Results". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. 1996-03-20. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
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  42. ^ "3 Former Fisher Staffers On List For U.S. Attorney Post". The Plain Dealer. Newsbank. 1997-01-04. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  43. ^ Diemer, Tom (1997-01-09). "Ex-Fisher Aide Zealey Picked For Prosecutor". The Plain Dealer. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  44. ^ "Statewide Returns". The Columbus Dispatch. Newsbank. 1998-05-06. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  45. ^ Ayers, B. Drummond, Jr. (1999-07-22). "Political Briefing; A Run for the Senate, Or a Brawl for It?". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-10-15.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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