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Robert Hanssen

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This article is about a former FBI official and convicted spy. For the American serial killer, see Robert Hansen.
Robert Hanssen
Robert Hanssen
Other namesRamon Garcia, Jim Baker, G. Robertson, "B"
OccupationFBI agent
SpouseBonnie Wauck
Criminal chargeViolations of the Espionage Act
Penaltylife imprisonment (without parole)

Robert Philip Hanssen (b. April 18, 1944) is a former American FBI agent who spied for the Soviet Union and Russia against the U.S. for over 20 years. He is serving a life sentence in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day at the Supermax Federal Penitentiary in Florence, Colorado.[1]

Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001, at Foxstone Park[2] near his home in Vienna, Virginia, charged with selling American secrets to Moscow for more than $1.4 million in cash and diamonds over a 22-year period.[3] On July 6, 2001, he pled guilty to 15 counts of espionage.[4][5] He was subsequently sentenced to life in prison. His activities have been described as "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in US history."[6]

Early life

Hanssen was born in Chicago, Illinois, to a Lutheran family of mixed Danish and German descent. His father, a Chicago police officer, was emotionally abusive to Hanssen during his childhood.[7] Once, for no known reason, Howard Hanssen arranged for his son to fail a driver's test. The elder Hanssen constantly disparaged his son and said Robert would never make anything of his life.[8]

Hanssen attended Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois and studied chemistry and Russian. He enrolled in Northwestern University Dental School.[9] He did well academically, but said that he "didn't like spit all that much".[10] He switched to business after three years,[11] and received an M.B.A. After graduating, he took a job with an accounting firm but quit to join the Chicago Police Department as an internal affairs investigator. Hanssen left the Department after two years, transferring to the FBI in January 1976.[7]

Hanssen met Bonnie Wauck while he was attending dental school in Chicago. Bonnie was one of eight children from a staunchly Catholic family. The couple married in 1968, and Hanssen converted to Roman Catholicism, becoming a fervent believer. Hanssen would eventually join the strict Catholic organization Opus Dei, in which the Wauck family was active .[12]

Early FBI career and first espionage activities (1979-81)

Hanssen joined the FBI as a special agent on January 12, 1976 and was transferred to the field office in Gary, Indiana. In 1978, Hanssen and his growing family (the Hanssens had three children at this time and eventually had six) moved to New York when the FBI transferred him to its field office there.[13] The next year, Hanssen was moved into counterintelligence and charged with compiling a database of Soviet intelligence for the Bureau. It was then, in 1979, only three years after joining the FBI, that Hanssen began his career as a Russian spy.

That year, Hanssen approached the GRU (the Soviet military intelligence agency) and offered his services. Hanssen neither then nor later indicated any ideological motive for his crimes, telling the FBI after he was caught that his only motivation was the money.[14] Hanssen told the GRU much during this first espionage cycle, including information on FBI bugging activities and Bureau lists of suspected Soviet intelligence agents, but his most important information was the betrayal of Dmitri Polyakov, code named TOPHAT. Polyakov was a CIA informant for over twenty years before his retirement in 1980, passing enormous amounts of information to American intelligence while he rose to the rank of General in the Red Army. For reasons that remain unclear, the Russians did not act on their intelligence about Polyakov until he was betrayed a second time by Aldrich Ames in 1985. Polyakov was arrested in 1986 and executed two years later. Ames was blamed for giving Polyakov's name to the Russians, and Hanssen's role remained unknown until after his arrest in 2001.[15]

Bonnie Hanssen caught her husband writing a letter to the Russians in their basement in 1981. He admitted to her that he had been giving the Russians information (based purely on his 'need' for money) and had received $30,000 as payment, but lied by saying he was only passing false intelligence. Bonnie insisted that her husband go to confession, and the Opus Dei priest that heard Robert's confession told him to give the money to charity as an act of penance. Hanssen told his wife that he gave the money to Mother Teresa but it is unknown if he actually did so.[16]

FBI counterintelligence unit, further espionage activities (1985-91)

"Ellis" dead drop site in Foxstone Park used by Hanssen, including the day of his arrest

Hanssen was transferred to the Washington, D.C., office in 1981 and moved to the suburb of Vienna, Virginia. His new job in the FBI's budget office gave him access to all kinds of information involving many different FBI activities, including all the FBI activities related to wiretapping and electronic surveillance, which were Hanssen's responsibility. He became known in the Bureau as an expert on computers.[17] In 1983, Hanssen transferred to the Soviet analytical unit, which was directly responsible for studying, identifying, and capturing Soviet spies and intelligence operatives in the United States. Among other tasks, Hanssen's section was charged with evaluating Soviet agents who volunteered to give intelligence to the U.S., studying them to determine if they were genuine or double agents.[18]

In 1985, Hanssen was again transferred to the FBI's field office in New York, where he continued to work in counterintelligence against the Soviets. It was then, after the transfer but while on a business trip back to Washington, that he resumed his career in espionage. This time he would be an operative for the KGB. On October 1, 1985, he sent an anonymous letter to the KGB offering his services and asking for $100,000 in payment. In the letter, Hanssen gave the names of three KGB agents in the United States secretly working for the FBI: Boris Yuzhin, Valery Martynov and Sergei Motorin. Unbeknownst to Hanssen, all three had already been revealed earlier that year by another mole, CIA employee Aldrich Ames.[19] Martynov and Motorin were executed and Yuzhin was imprisoned for six years, eventually emigrating to the United States.[20] Because the FBI attributed the leak to Ames, the trail to Hanssen was diverted. The October 1 letter was the beginning of an active espionage period for Hanssen. He was busy with KGB correspondence over the next several years.

In 1987, Hanssen was recalled yet again to Washington. He was tasked with making a study of all past penetrations or rumored penetrations of the FBI in order to find the man who had betrayed Martynov and Motorin. He was looking for himself. Not only did Hanssen ensure that his study did not unmask himself, he turned over the entire study, including the list of all Soviets who had contacted the FBI about FBI moles, over to the KGB in 1988.[21] Also in 1987, Hanssen, according to a government report, "committed a serious security breach" by revealing secret information to a Soviet defector during a debriefing. The agents working underneath him reported this security breach to a supervisor but no action was taken.[7]

In 1989, Hanssen handed over extensive information about American planning for Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), an umbrella term for intelligence collected by a wide array of electronic means, such as radar, underwater hydrophones for naval intelligence, spy satellites, and signal intercepts.[22][23] Later that year he disclosed to the Soviets an expensive, elaborate effort to spy on their Washington embassy. When the Soviets began construction on a new embassy in 1977, the FBI dug a tunnel beneath the embassy and used it for eavesdropping. Hanssen told the Soviets of the tunnel in September 1989 and received a $55,000 payment the next month.[24] On two occasions, Hanssen gave the Soviets a complete list of American double agents.[25]

Also in the very busy year of 1989, Hanssen compromised the FBI investigation of Felix Bloch. Bloch was a State Department official who had served all over the world for more than thirty years when he came under suspicion in 1989. Bloch was seen meeting a known KGB operative and giving him a black bag. (Bloch, a stamp collector, later said that the bag contained stamp albums.) In May 1989, eight days after the meeting where Bloch passed the bag, Hanssen told the KGB that Bloch was under investigation. In June, the operative called Bloch and said he could not see Bloch anymore, saying "A contagious disease is suspected." The FBI believed that the call was a warning. Felix Bloch maintained his innocence through an aggressive interrogation and an investigation that continued for months afterward. The FBI never found any hard evidence and Bloch was never charged with a crime. The failure of the Bloch investigation, and the FBI's knowledge that somehow the KGB had found out an investigation was underway, would drive the mole hunt that eventually led to the arrest of Robert Hanssen.[26]

In 1990, Hanssen's brother-in-law, Mark Wauck, who was also an FBI employee, reported to the bureau that Hanssen should be investigated for espionage. Bonnie Hanssen's sister Jeanne Beglis found a pile of cash sitting on the Hanssens' dresser in 1990. She told their brother, Mark Wauck. Five years before, in 1985, Bonnie had told her brother that her husband once talked about retiring in Poland, then part of the Eastern Bloc and under Soviet domination. Wauck also knew that the FBI was hunting for a mole. After some hesitation, Wauck spoke with his supervisor, who took no action.[7][27]

Later FBI career, continued espionage activities (1992-2001)

The Soviet Union ceased to exist in December of 1991. The Communist government collapsed and the political ties between the republics of the USSR were dissolved. Robert Hanssen, possibly worried that he could be exposed during this time of upheaval in Russia, broke off communications with his handlers that same month, and would be out of contact for years.[28]

In 1991 Hanssen had an incident with a female agent. Agent Kimberly Lichtenberg, whom Hanssen had physically intimidated in minor ways in the past such as leaning over her desk, went to Hanssen's office for a meeting on a minor administrative matter. When Lichtenberg left his office without being dismissed, Hanssen, a big man, followed her, grabbed her by the arm, and physically dragged her back to his office, screaming at her all the way. Lichtenberg suffered strained tendons in her left arm. She filed a civil suit, which was dismissed. Lichtenberg received a letter of censure for leaving Hanssen's office, while Hanssen also received a letter of censure and was suspended for five days. No further action was taken.[29][7]

Shortly after the Lichtenberg incident, Hanssen made a very risky approach to the GRU, whom he had not been in contact with since his initial foray into espionage, 1979-81. Hanssen, who had always taken care to keep his face and his name hidden from the Russians, went in person to the Soviet embassy and approached a GRU officer in the embassy's parking garage. Hanssen, carrying a package of documents, identified himself as "Ramon Garcia", a "disaffected FBI agent", and offered his services as a spy. The Russian officer, who evidently did not recognize the "Ramon Garcia" code name, got into his car and drove off. The Russians then filed an official protest with the State Department, believing the man in the garage to be a double agent. Amazingly, despite showing his face, giving away his code name, and revealing that he was in the FBI, Hanssen escaped arrest when the FBI's investigation went nowhere.[30]

Hanssen continued to take long chances in 1993. That same year, he hacked into the computer of a fellow FBI agent, Ray Mislock, printed out a classified document from Mislock's computer, and brought the document to Mislock, saying "You didn't believe me that the system was insecure." FBI officials believed him when he told them that he was merely demonstrating flaws in the FBI's security system. Mislock later theorized that Hanssen went into Mislock's computer to see if the FBI was investigating him, and invented the document story to cover his tracks.[31]

Hanssen expressed interest in a transfer to the new National Counterintelligence Center, founded in 1994 and charged with coordinating counterintelligence activities. But when a superior told him that he'd have to take a lie detector test to join, Hanssen changed his mind.[32]

Three years later, convicted FBI mole Earl Edwin Pitts told the Bureau that he suspected Robert Hanssen of being a spy because Hanssen had broken into another agent's computer. Pitts was the second FBI agent to mention Hanssen by name as a possible mole (the first being Mark Wauck), but the Bureau wrote this off as a reference to the Mislock incident and, again, no action was taken.[33]

While Hanssen faced no serious disciplinary action for his confrontation with Kimberly Lichtenberg, it did end his prospects of advancing to higher supervisory positions. Instead he was sent in 1995 to the Office of Foreign Missions at the State Department, as the senior FBI liaison, tasked with coordinating travel by foreign diplomats in the United States.[7][34]

In 1997, IT personnel fixing Hanssen's computer after it crashed found a password breaker, a program used to hack through computer passwords. His excuse was that he wanted to connect a color printer to his machine and needed the password breaker to get around the administrative password. The FBI believed this story and Hanssen was let off with a warning not to do it again.[35]

Periodically between 1997 and 1999, Hanssen would go onto the FBI's internal computer case record and search to see if he was under investigation. He was indiscreet enough to type his own name into FBI search engines. Finding nothing, he decided to resume his spy career after eight years without contact with the Russians. He reconnected with the SVR (the successor to the Soviet-era KGB) in the fall of 1999. Incredibly, he continued to do highly incriminating searches of FBI files for his own name and address.[36] In November 2000, he sent his last letter to the Russians.

Investigation and arrest

The existence of two moles working simultaneously – Aldrich Ames at CIA and Hanssen at FBI – complicated counterintelligence efforts in the 1990s. Ames was arrested in 1994, and his capture explained many of the asset losses American intelligence suffered in the 1980s, including the arrest and execution of Martynov and Motorin. However, the Felix Bloch case remained a mystery. Ames had been stationed in Rome at the time of the Bloch investigation and the mysterious telephone warning, and had had no knowledge of the case. The exposure of the tunnel under the Russian embassy in Washington was a second intelligence failure that could not be traced to Ames.[37]

In 1994, after Ames, the FBI and CIA formed a joint mole-hunting team to find the suspected second intelligence leak. They formed a list of all agents known to have access to cases that were compromised. Some promising suspects were cleared, and the mole hunt found other penetrations such as CIA officer Harold James Nicholson, but Hanssen escaped detection.[38]

By 1998 the hunters had zeroed in on the wrong man: Brian Kelley, a CIA operative. Kelley had himself identified the KGB agent that took a bag from Felix Bloch, but now he, Kelley, was suspected of being the long-time leak that had blown the Bloch case, the FBI tunnel, and so many other intelligence operations. The CIA and FBI searched his house, tapped his phone, and had him followed. In November 1998 they had a man with a foreign accent come to Kelley's door, warn him that the FBI knew he was a spy, and tell him to show up at a metro station the next day in order to escape. Kelley reported the incident to the FBI. In 1999 the Bureau finally called Kelley in for questioning and directly accused him of being a Russian spy. Over the next two days the FBI interrogated his ex-wife, two sisters, and three children. Kelley and his family denied everything. He was then placed on administrative leave, where he would remain, falsely accused, for nearly two years, until after Robert Hanssen was arrested.[39][7]

A full year after interrogating Brian Kelley, and having failed to either bring a case against him or find another suspect, the FBI decided on another tactic: buy the mole's identity. They searched for likely candidates and found one: a Russian businessman and former KGB agent whose identity remains classified. An American company cooperated by inviting him to the United States for a business meeting. He came to New York and the FBI offered him a large sum of money if he would give the name of the mole. The Russian said that while he did not know the name, he had the actual KGB/SVR file, which he had spirited out of headquarters. The file covered the mole's correspondence with the KGB from 1985 to 1991 and included a tape recording of "Ramon Garcia". The FBI agreed to pay seven million dollars for the file and set up the KGB officer and his family with new identities in the United States. In November 2000 the FBI finally obtained the file, consisting of a package the size of "a medium-sized suitcase". Among the host of documents and computer disks was an audiotape of a July 21, 1986 conversation between the mole and a KGB agent.

That November, the FBI listened to the tape. They expected to hear the voice of Brian Kelley, still the prime suspect. The voice on the recording was definitely not Kelley. FBI agent Michael Waguespack, listening to the tape, recognized the voice as familiar but could not remember who it was. Rifling through the rest of the file, they found notes of the mole using a quote from General George S. Patton about "the purple-pissing Japanese".[40] FBI agent Bob King remembered Robert Hanssen using that same quote. Waguespack listened to the tape again and recognized it as the voice of Robert Hanssen.

The FBI finally had their man. Once they knew the name, everything else fit – places, cases, dates, references to Chicago and Mayor Daley. But that was not all. Also in the file was one of Hanssen's original packages for the KGB, complete with trash bag, and with two fingerprints belonging to Robert P. Hanssen.[41][42][43]

The FBI placed Hanssen under round-the-clock surveillance and soon discovered that he was again in contact with the Russians. In order to bring him back to FBI headquarters, where he could be monitored and kept from sensitive data, they promoted him in December and gave him a new job supervising FBI computer security. In January Hanssen got an office and an assistant, Eric O'Neill, who was actually a young FBI employee assigned to watch Hanssen. O'Neill ascertained that Hanssen was using a Palm III PDA to store his information; when he was able to obtain Hanssen's PDA briefly and have agents download and decode its encrypted contents, the FBI had its "smoking gun."[44][45][46]

Hanssen realized in his final days with the FBI that something was wrong. In early February, he asked a friend of his at a computer tech company for a job. Hanssen believed he was hearing noises on his car radio that indicated his car was bugged. (The FBI was unable to reproduce the noises Hanssen said he heard.) In the last letter he ever wrote to the Russians (which was picked up by the FBI when he was arrested), Hanssen said that he had been promoted to a "do-nothing job...outside of regular access to information", and that "Something has aroused the sleeping tiger."[47]

However, his suspicions did not stop Hanssen from making another drop. After dropping his good friend Jack Hoschouer off at the airport on February 18, 2001, Hanssen drove to Virginia's Foxstone Park. He placed a white piece of tape on a park sign – this was a signal to his Russian contacts that there was information at the dead drop. He then followed his usual routine, taking a package that consisted of a sealed garbage bag full of classified material and taping it to the bottom side of a wooden footbridge over a creek. The FBI, having caught him in the act, swooped in and arrested Hanssen on the spot.[48] Upon the arrest, Hanssen realized his espionage days against the FBI were over, and said on the spot, "What took you so long." The FBI waited two days for any of Hanssen's SVR handlers to show up at the Foxstone Park site. When they failed to do so, the Justice Department announced the arrest on Feb. 20.[49]

Guilty plea and imprisonment

With the representation of famed Washington lawyer Plato Cacheris, Hanssen negotiated a plea bargain that enabled him to escape the death penalty in exchange for cooperating with authorities.[4] Hanssen was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. His wife, along with their six children, received the survivor's part of Hanssen's pension, $38,000 per year. Hanssen is required to submit to a gag order with respect to public comments.

Hanssen is currently serving his sentence at ADX Florence, a Supermax federal penitentiary in Florence, Colorado, where he spends 23 hours per day in solitary confinement.[50] He is allowed mail correspondence with his wife and family and occasional personal visits from them, separated by glass.[51]

Personal life, religion, sexual practices

According to USA Today, those who knew the Hanssens described them as a close family. They attended Mass weekly and were active in Opus Dei. His three sons attended The Heights School in Potomac, Maryland, an all-boys preparatory school.[52] His daughters attended Oakcrest School for Girls, a Roman Catholic parochial school. Both schools are associated with Opus Dei. Hanssen's wife, Bonnie, teaches religion at Oakcrest.

The priest at the Oakcrest School said that Hanssen had regularly attended a 6:30 a.m. Daily Mass for more than a decade.[53] Opus Dei member Father C. John McCloskey III said Hanssen also occasionally attended the daily noontime Mass at the Catholic Information Center in downtown Washington, D.C. After going to prison Hanssen claimed he periodically admitted his espionage to priests in confession. He urged fellow Catholics in the Bureau to attend Mass more often, and denounced the Russians (for whom he was spying) as "godless".[54]

However, there was a second side to Hanssen's private life much as there was a second side to his professional life. Unbeknownst to his wife, he secretly videotaped their sex life and shared the videotapes with his close friend, Jack Hoschouer. He also explicitly described the sexual details of his marriage on Internet chat rooms, giving information sufficient for those who knew them to recognize the couple.[55] At Hanssen's suggestion, Hoschouer would sneak outside when he was visiting their home and watch Robert and Bonnie having sex through a window. Later, Hanssen hid a videocamera in the bedroom and hooked up a closed-circuit TV line so Hoschouer could peep on the Hanssens from the comfort of their living room.[56]

Hanssen frequently visited DC strip clubs, often with Hoschouer. He spent a great deal of time with a Washington D.C. stripper named Priscilla Sue Galey. She went to Hong Kong with Hanssen on a trip and on a visit to the FBI training facility in Quantico, VA.[57] He gave her money, jewels and a used Mercedes, but cut off contact with her prior to his arrest, when she fell into drug abuse and prostitution. Galey said that although she offered to sleep with him, Hanssen declined, saying that he was trying to convert her to Catholicism.[58]

Modus operandi

Hanssen never told the KGB or GRU his identity and refused to meet them personally, with the exception of the abortive 1993 contact. The FBI believes the Russians never knew the name of their source.[59] He went by the alias "Ramon" or "Ramon Garcia" when corresponding with the Soviets.[60] He passed intelligence and received payments via an old-fashioned dead drop system where Hanssen and his KGB handlers would leave packages in public places and place unobtrusive but visible marks in the area to let the other party know that a package was waiting.[61]

In the words of David Major, one of his superiors at CI3, Hanssen was "diabolically brilliant".[62] He refused to use the dead drop sites that his handler, Victor Cherkashin, suggested and instead picked his own dead drop sites. He even designated a code to be used when dates were exchanged. A "6" was to be added to each part of a drop time (e.g., January 6 (01/06) at 1:00 pm would be July 12 (07/12) at 7:00 pm, that is 01+6=07 for the month, 06+6=12 for the day, and 1+6=7 for the time).[63]

Despite these efforts at caution and security, he could at times be incredibly reckless. He once said in a letter to the KGB that it should emulate the management style of Mayor Richard J. Daley – a comment that easily could have led an investigator to look at people from Chicago.[64] He took the huge risk of recommending to his handlers that they try to recruit his closest friend, Jack Hoschouer, a colonel in the Army.[65] Hanssen's mistake in using the Patton quote about "the purple-pissing Japanese" led directly to his downfall. His later career showed an increasing carelessness, with the 1993 approach to the GRU and the cracking of Ray Mislock's computer the most notable incidents.

In an early letter to Cherkashin, he claims, "[a]s far as the funds are concerned, I have little need or utility for more than the 100,000".[66] Hanssen never divulged why he made his deals with the Soviets. Sources have reasoned, however, that he felt that his skills were underused and sought acceptance and appreciation from his peers that never materialized; therefore, he began to spy for the KGB, which recognized his lack of friends and attempted to compensate. For example, his handlers would often make small talk with him.

In film

The story of Eric O'Neill's role in the capture of Robert Hanssen was dramatized in the film Breach, released February 16, 2007, in which Chris Cooper plays the role of Hanssen and Ryan Phillippe plays O'Neill.

Hanssen also was the subject of a 2002 made-for-television movie, Master Spy: The Robert Hanssen Story, starring William Hurt as Hanssen. Robert Hanssen's jailers allowed him to watch this movie, but Hanssen was so angered by the film that he turned it off.[67]

References

  1. ^ Laura Sullivan, National Public Radio Timeline: Solitary Confinement in U.S. Prisons July 26, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2007
  2. ^ Adrian Havill, crimelibrary.com. His fate is sealed. Retrieved September 10, 2007
  3. ^ Wise 2003, p. 8
  4. ^ a b Transcript of Hanssen Guilty Plea, July 6, 2001. Retrieved February 22, 2007
  5. ^ United States Department of Justice Thompson Statement Regarding Hanssen Guilty Plea July 6, 2001. Retrieved February 22, 2007
  6. ^ U.S. Department of Justice "A Review of FBI Security Programs" March 2002
  7. ^ a b c d e f g U.S. Department of Justice "A Review of the FBI's Performance in Deterring, Detecting, and Investigating the Espionage Activities of Robert Philip Hanssen", August 14, 2003 Cite error: The named reference "oig" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ Wise 2003, p. 10
  9. ^ Adrian Havill, Court TV, Robert Philip Hanssen: The Spy who Stayed out in The Cold. Retrieved February 6, 2007
  10. ^ Monica Davey, the Chicago Tribune, Secret Passage April 21, 2002. Retrieved February 6, 2007
  11. ^ Dolores Flaherty, Chicago Sun-Times Hanssen, the spy with two faces Nov 23, 2003. Retrieved February 6, 2007
  12. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 13–15, 86
  13. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 18–19
  14. ^ Wise 2003, p. 21
  15. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 21–24
  16. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 24–27
  17. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 28–33
  18. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 37–38
  19. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 50–51
  20. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 56–57
  21. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 3–4, 67–68, 82–83
  22. ^ Cherkashin & Feifer 2005, p. 246
  23. ^ Wise 2003, p. 95
  24. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 98–110
  25. ^ Wise 2003, p. 159
  26. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 111–119
  27. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 120–128
  28. ^ Wise 2003, p. 141
  29. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 153–158
  30. ^ Wise 2003, p. 160
  31. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 160–161
  32. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 176–177
  33. ^ Wise 2003, p. 181
  34. ^ Wise 2003, p. 184
  35. ^ Wise 2003, p. 188
  36. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 190–192
  37. ^ Wise 2003, p. 170
  38. ^ Wise 2003, p. 173
  39. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 205–213
  40. ^ Wise 2003, p. 140
  41. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 218–228
  42. ^ Cherkashin & Feifer 2005, p. 251
  43. ^ Schiller 260
  44. ^ Fresh Air Eric O'Neill and Billy Ray Discuss 'Breach' January 31, 2007
  45. ^ ABC 20/20 Report on Eric O'Neill Dec. 27, 2002. Retrieved January 31, 2007
  46. ^ CNN CNN, Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees October 1, 2003. Retrieved January 31, 2007
  47. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 236–239
  48. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 7–8
  49. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 246–247
  50. ^ Laura Sullivan, National Public Radio Timeline: Solitary Confinement in U.S. Prisons July 26, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2007
  51. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 302
  52. ^ CI Centre [1] Retrieved February 20, 2007
  53. ^ Shannon & Blackman 2002, p. 86
  54. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 85–89
  55. ^ CNN, American Morning with Paula Zahn Look at FBI Spy Robert Hannsen January 8, 2002. Retrieved January 31, 2007
  56. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 252–253
  57. ^ Wise 2003, p. 149
  58. ^ CNN Ex-stripper describes her time with accused spy. Retrieved December 11, 2006
  59. ^ Wise 2003, p. 75
  60. ^ Wise 2003, p. 165
  61. ^ Wise 2003, p. 54
  62. ^ Cherkashin & Feifer 2005, p. 230
  63. ^ Cherkashin & Feifer 2005, p. 230
  64. ^ Wise 2003, p. 137
  65. ^ Wise 2003, p. 138
  66. ^ Cherkashin & Feifer 2005, p. 236
  67. ^ Wise 2003, p. 302

References and further reading

  • Cherkashin, Victor; Feifer, Gregory (2005), Spy Handler: Memoir of a KGB Officer : The True Story of the Man Who Recruited Robert Hanssen and Aldrich Ames, Basic Books, ISBN 0465009697
  • Havill, Adrian (2002), The Spy Who Stayed Out in the Cold: The Secret Life of FBI Double Agent Robert Hanssen, St. Martin's Paperbacks, ISBN 0312986297
  • Schiller, Lawrence (2004), Into The Mirror: The Life Of Master Spy Robert P. Hanssen, Diane Pub Co., ISBN 0756774357
  • Shannon, Elaine; Blackman, Ann (2002), The Spy Next Door: The Extraordinary Secret Life of Robert Philip Hanssen, the Most Damaging FBI Agent in U.S. History, Little, Brown and Co., ISBN 0316718211
  • Vise, David A. (2001), The Bureau and the Mole: The Unmasking of Robert Philip Hanssen, the Most Dangerous Double Agent in FBI History, Grove Publishers, ISBN 0641579985
  • Wise, David (2003), Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America, Random House Publishers, ISBN 0375758941
  • Fine, Glenn A. (2003), A Review of the FBI's Performance in Deterring, Detecting, and Investigating the Espionage Activities of Robert Philip Hanssen, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General; PDF Version
  • Vise, David A. (January 6, 2002), "From Russia With Love...", The Washington Post
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