Saints in Anglicanism

The term "saint" is a context-specific translation of the Latin "sanctus", meaning sacred, and originally referred to a sacred (extremely holy) person—however, since the 10th century, the Church has reserved the status of saint to people its official canon law (including calendar) has recognised for outstanding Christian service and conduct. When the Church of England was in union with Rome saints arose in the form of canonisation. Those martyrs and confessors recognised before the 10th century and since the break with Rome in the 16th century are generally still considered both "saints" and "Saints". "Hero/heroine" are sometimes to refer to those holy people whom the church synod or an individual church praises as having had special benevolence who have lived and died since the split with Rome. It considers such muted terms a reversion to a more simple and cautious doctrine which emphasises empowerment (subsidiarity) to all members and components of the church.

The provinces of the Anglican Communion therefore commemorate many of the saints in the General Roman Calendar, often on the same days. In some cases, Anglican Calendars have kept pre-1954 celebratory days that the Roman Catholic Church abolished or moved.

Early Christianity

See also: Category:Anglo-Saxon saints

Like the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion has special holy days in honour of Jesus Christ, the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Apostles. Many of the parishes churches in the Communion have the names Christ Church, and St. Mary the Virgin. The same can also be said for the four great patrons of Great Britain and Ireland, Saint George (England), Saint David (Wales), Saint Patrick (Ireland), and Saint Andrew (Scotland).

English saints

See also: Category:English saints

English and local saints are often emphasized, and there are differences between the provinces' calendars. King Charles I of England is the only person to have been treated as a new saint by some Anglicans following the English Reformation, after which he was referred to as a martyr and included briefly in a calendar of the Book of Common Prayer. This canonisation is, however, considered neither universal nor official in the Anglican Communion worldwide, and many national Churches list him as a martyr and not a Saint, or as neither.

English martyrs

Main articles: Marian Persecutions and Foxe's Book of Martyrs

There are several persons commemorated in the modern Anglican calendars who were opposed to the Roman Catholic Church. Of particular note are John Wycliffe and William Tyndale, for beginning the full translation of the Bible into English (a project which led to the Geneva Bible), and for writings against the Catholic Church.

The Oxford Martyrs, Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, and Hugh Latimer, are also commemorated for the courage they showed in death, and for their belief in a free Church of England.

Ugandan martyrs

Main article: Martyrs of Uganda

In the 19th century, a group of Anglican and Roman Catholic converts were martyred together in Uganda. On 18 October 1964, Pope Paul VI canonised the 22 Ugandan martyrs who were Roman Catholics.

Modern notables

Anglican Churches also commemorate various famous (often post-Reformation) Christians. The West front of Westminster Abbey, for example, contains statues of 20th-century martyrs like Maximilian Kolbe, Martin Luther King, Jr., Oscar Romero, Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Lucian Tapiedi (one of the Anglican New Guinea Martyrs).

Some traditional Anglican saints

• Aelred of Hexham (1110–1167), Abbot of Rievaulx—January 12
• Aidan (d. 651), Bishop of Lindisfarne, Missionary—
• Alban (d. between 209–304), Protomartyr of Britain—June 22
• Alcuin of York (c. 735–804), Deacon, Abbot of Tours
• Aldhelm (c. 639–709), Bishop of Sherborne—May 25
• Alfred the Great (849–899), King of Wessex
• Alphege (954–1012), Archbishop of Canterbury, Martyr—April 19
• Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033–1109), Archbishop of Canterbury
• Augustine of Canterbury (d. c. 604), first Archbishop of Canterbury—
• Benedict Biscop (c. 628–690), Abbot of Wearmouth—January 12
• Birinus (c. 600–649), Bishop of Dorchester, Apostle of Wessex—September 4 (Church of England) December 3 (Roman Catholic)
• Brigid (c. 451–525), Abbess of Kildare—February 1
• Cedd (c. 620–644), Abbot of Lastingham, Bishop of the East Saxons—October 26
• Chad (d. 672), Bishop of Lichfield—March 2
• Charles I of England (1600–1649), King of England, Scotland, and Ireland—January 30
• Columba (521–597), Abbot of Iona, Missionary—June 9
• Crispin and Crispinian (d. c. 286)—October 25 Immortalized as Saint Crispin's Day in Henry V by Shakespeare
• Cuthbert (c. 634–687), Bishop of Lindisfarne—Church of England March 20; Church in Wales September 4); 31 August Episcopal Church (USA) August 31
• Dunstan (c. 909–989), Archbishop of Canterbury
• Edmund the Martyr (d. 869), King of the East Angles, Martyr
• Edward the Confessor (c. 1003 to 1005–1066), King of England—October 13 (Translation of relics)
• Etheldreda (c. 636–679), Abbess of Ely—June 23
• Felix of Burgundy (d. 647 or 648), Bishop, Apostle to the East Angles—March 8
• Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175–1253), Bishop of Lincoln, Philosopher, Scientist
• Hilda (c. 614–680), Abbess of Whitby
• Hildegard (1098–1179), Abbess of Bingen, Visionary—September 17
• Hugh (1135 to 1140–1200), Carthusian monk and Bishop of Lincoln—November 17
• Julian of Norwich (c. 1342-c. 1416), Spiritual Writer, Mystic—May 8, May 13
• Margery Kempe (c. 1373-after 1438), Housewife and Mystic
• Margaret (c. 1045–1093), Queen of Scotland, Mystic—June 10 or November 16
• Mellitus (d. 624), first Bishop of London—April 24
• Kentigern (d. 614), Bishop of Cumbria—January 13
• Ninian (4th or 5th century), Bishop of Galloway, Apostle of the Picts—September 16
• Osmund (d. 1099), Bishop of Salisbury—December 4
• Oswald (c. 604–642), King of Northumbria, Martyr—August 5
• Paulinus (d. 644), Archbishop of York, Missionary—October 10
• Petroc (d. c. 564), Missionary to the West Country—June 4
• Richard, Bishop of Chichester (1197–1253)—
• Richard Rolle (1290–1349) of Hampole, Spiritual Writer
• Edmund Rich of Abingdon (1175–1240), Archbishop of Canterbury—November 16
• Saint Swithun (d. c. 682), Bishop of Winchester—July 15 in England and July 2 in Norway
• Theodore of Tarsus (602–690), Archbishop of Canterbury—September 19
• Thomas Becket (c. 1118–1170), Archbishop of Canterbury, Martyr—December 29
• William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536), Translator of the Scriptures, Martyr—October 6
• The Venerable Bede (672 or 673–735), Monk at Jarrow, Scholar, Historian—Western Churches on May 25 and Orthodox Churches May 27
• Wilfrid (c. 633-c. 709), Bishop, Missionary—
• William of Ockham (c. 1287–1347), Friar, Philosopher
• Willibrord of York (c. 658–739), Bishop, Apostle of Frisia—November 7
• Wulfstan (d. 1095), Bishop of Worcester—January 19

Examples of modern Anglican saints

The ninth Lambeth Conference held in 1958 clarified the commemoration of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church in the Anglican Communion. Resolution 79 stated:

• In the case of scriptural saints, care should be taken to commemorate men or women in terms which are in strict accord with the facts made known in Holy Scripture.
• In the case of other names, the Calendar should be limited to those whose historical character and devotion are beyond doubt.
• In the choice of new names economy should be observed and controversial names should not be inserted until they can be seen in the perspective of history.
• The addition of a new name should normally result from a widespread desire expressed in the region concerned over a reasonable period of time.

Modern Anglican saints

Main article: Calendar of saints (Church of England)

The following have been identified as heroes of the Christian Church in the Anglican Communion (post-reformation individuals commemorated in the Church of England Calendar, excluding those primarily venerated by the Roman Catholic or Orthodox churches):

• Lancelot Andrewes (1555–1626), Bishop of Winchester, spiritual writer, theologian
• Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1801–1885), Earl of Shaftesbury, social reformer
• Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah (1874–1945), bishop in South India, evangelist
• Samuel Barnett (1844–1913) and Henrietta Barnett (1851–1936), social reformers
• Richard Baxter (1615–1691), Puritan divine
• Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945), Lutheran pastor, martyr
• William Booth (1829–1912) and Catherine Booth (1829–1890), founders of the Salvation Army
• Thomas Bray (1658–1730), founder of the SPCK
• John Bunyan (1628–1688), spiritual writer
• Joseph Butler (1692–1752), Bishop of Durham, philosopher
• Josephine Butler (1828–1906), social reformer
• John Calvin (1509–1564), reformer
• Wilson Carlile (1847–1942), founder of the Church Army
• Edith Cavell (1865–1915), nurse
• Charles I (1600–1649), king and martyr
• Caroline Chisholm (1808–1877), social reformer
• Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556), Archbishop of Canterbury, Reformation martyr
• John Donne (1572–1631), priest, poet
• Elizabeth Ferard (1825–1883), first Deaconess of the Church of England, founder of the Community of St Andrew
• Nicholas Ferrar (1592–1637), deacon, founder of the Little Gidding Community
• George Fox (1624–1691), founder of the Society of Friends (the Quakers)
• Elizabeth Fry (1780–1845), prison reformer
• Allen Gardiner (1794–1851), missionary, founder of the South American Mission Society
• Isabella Gilmore (1842–1923), deaconess
• Charles Gore (1853–1932), bishop, founder of the Community of the Resurrection
• James Hannington (1847–1885), bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa, martyr in Uganda
• George Herbert (1593–1633), priest, poet
• Octavia Hill (1838–1912), social reformer
• Richard Hooker (1554–1600), priest, apologist, theologian
• Eglantyne Jebb (1876–1928), social reformer, founder of 'Save The Children'
• Samuel Johnson (1709–1784), moralist
• John Keble (1792–1866), priest, tractarian, poet
• Thomas Ken (1637–1711), Bishop of Bath and Wells
• Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy (1883–1929), priest, poet
• Edward King (1829–1920), Bishop of Lincoln
• Apolo Kivebulaya (c. 1864–1933), priest, evangelist in Central Africa
• Ini Kopuria (d. 1945), founder of the Melanesian Brotherhood
• Hugh Latimer (c. 1487–1555), Bishop of Worcester, Reformation martyr
• William Laud (1573–1645), Archbishop of Canterbury
• William Law (1686–1761), priest, spiritual writer,
• Charles Fuge Lowder (1820–1880), priest
• Martin Luther (1483–1546), reformer
• Janani Luwum (c. 1922–1977), Archbishop of Uganda, martyr
• Frederick Denison Maurice (1805–1872), priest
• Henry Martyn (1781–1812), translator of the Scriptures, missionary in India and Persia
• Bernard Mizeki (c. 1861–1896), apostle of the MaShona, martyr
• Harriet Monsell (1811–1883), founder of the Community of St John the Baptist
• John Mason Neale (1818–1866), priest, hymn writer
• John Henry Newman (1801–1890), Cardinal, tractarian, theologian
• Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), nurse, social reformer
• John Coleridge Patteson (1827–1871), first Bishop of Melanesia and martyr
• Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800–1882), priest, tractarian
• Pandita Mary Ramabai (1858–1922), translator of the Scriptures
• Nicholas Ridley (c. 1500–1555), Bishop of London, Reformation martyr
• Oscar Romero (1917–1980), Archbishop of San Salvador, martyr
• Christina Rossetti (1830–1894), poet
• Samuel Seabury (1729–1796), first Anglican bishop in North America
• Priscilla Lydia Sellon, a restorer of the religious life in the Church of England
• George Augustus Selwyn (1809–1878), first Anglican Bishop of New Zealand
• Sadhu Sundar Singh ( 1889– ? ), evangelist, teacher of the Faith
• Mary Slessor (1848–1915), missionary in West Africa
• Mary Sumner (1828–1921), founder of the Mothers' Union
• Jeremy Taylor (1613–1667), Bishop of Down and Connor
• William Temple (1881–1944), Archbishop of Canterbury
• Thomas Traherne (1636 or 1637–1674), poet, spiritual writer
• William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536), translator of the Scriptures, Reformation martyr
• Evelyn Underhill (1875–1941), spiritual writer
• Henry Venn (1725–1797), John Venn (1759–1813), and Henry Venn the younger (1796–1873), priests, evangelical divines
• Isaac Watts (1674–1748), hymn writer
• Charles Wesley (1707–1788), evangelist, hymn writer
• John Wesley (1703–1791), priest, evangelist, founder of Methodism
• William Wilberforce (1759–1833), social reformer

See also

• List of Anglican Church calendars
• List of saints
• Saints in Methodism

Further reading

• 1958 Lambeth Conference resolution on The Commemoration of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church in the Anglican Communion
• The Commemoration of Saints and Heroes of the Faith in the Anglican Communion; the report of a Commission appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury. London, S.P.C.K., 1957.