SARS-CoV-2

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Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Betacoronavirus
Subgenus: Sarbecovirus
Virus:
Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
SARS-CoV-2 is located in China
SARS-CoV-2
Wuhan, China, the primary location of the only recorded outbreak
Synonyms
  • Wuhan coronavirus
  • Wuhan flu
  • Wuhan pneumonia
  • Yewei (Wild animal) pneumonia
  • Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus
Genomic information
NCBI genome IDMN908947
Genome size30473 bases
Year of completion2020

Novel coronavirus, denoted 2019-nCoV by the WHO[1][2] and also known as Wuhan coronavirus, Wuhan flu, Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus, and Wuhan pneumonia,[3] is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA coronavirus first reported in 2019. The virus was genomically sequenced after nucleic acid testing on a positive patient sample in a patient with pneumonia during the 2019–20 outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).[4][5][6]

Pathology

Main article: 2019–20 outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

On January 20th, 2020, human-to-human transmission was confirmed in Guangdong, China, according to Zhong Nanshan, head of the health commission team investigating the outbreak.[7] No specific treatment for the new virus is currently available, but existing anti-virals could be repurposed.[8]

These Novel Coronaviruses belong to the family of Coronaviruses. Coronaviruses form a large family of viruses and the illness they cause can range from common cold to more severe diseases such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV) were previously known to infect people; this new one, 2019-nCoV, would make it seven.

The virus has spread to Bangkok (Thailand), Tokyo (Japan), Seoul (South Korea), Beijing (China), Shanghai (China), Guangdong (China), Dayuan (Taiwan), Hong Kong[9] Macau, USA[10], Vietnam[11] and Singapore[12]. There have been 17 fatalities, mostly in and around Wuhan, and 913 known cases.[13][14][15][16] Scientists at the Medical Research Council's Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at the Imperial College London estimate up to 4,000 people are infected with the coronovirus within the city of Wuhan.[17]

Scientists believe that the diseases could have originated from the Bungarus multicinctus, a highly venomous snake at the Wuhan Food Market, where bushmeat is sold.[18]

Virus containment

On 22 January 2020, the Chinese government placed the cities of Wuhan, Huanggang and Ezhou with a combined population of approximately 15 million people, under lockdown in an attempt to contain the viral outbreak.[17][19][20] The Chinese authorities have suspended planes, trains, buses and ferries in and out of Wuhan.[17] To aid in limiting the spread of the virus, the Wuhan health authority has made wearing face masks mandatory in public places.[17]

Source of virus

On 22 January 2020, the Journal of Medical Virology published a report with genomic analysis that reflects that snakes in the Wuhan area are "the most probable wildlife animal reservoir" for the virus, but more research is required.[17][21] A homologous recombination event may have mixed a "clade A" (Bat SARS-like viruses CoVZC45 and CoVZXC21) virus with the RBD of a yet-unknown Beta-CoV.[22][23]

Phylogenetics

Sequences of Wuhan betacoronavirus show similarities to betacoronaviruses found in bats; however, the virus is genetically distinct from other coronaviruses such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS).[6] Like SARS-CoV, it is a member of Beta-CoV lineage B[24][25] (i. e. subgenus Sarbecovirus[26]). Eighteen[27] genomes of the novel coronavirus have been isolated and reported including BetaCoV/Wuhan/IVDC-HB-01/2019, BetaCoV/Wuhan/IVDC-HB-04/2020, BetaCoV/Wuhan/IVDC-HB-05/2019, BetaCoV/Wuhan/WIV04/2019, and BetaCoV/Wuhan/IPBCAMS-WH-01/2019 from the China CDC, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital.[6][28][29] Its RNA sequence is approximately 30 kb in length.[6]

The new genome has led to several protein modeling experiments on the receptor binding protein (RBD) of the nCoV spike (S) protein. Two Chinese groups, as of 23 January 2020, believe that the S protein retains sufficient affinity to the SARS receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2) to use it as a mechanism of cell entry.[30]

See also

Diseases caused by genetically similar viruses:

References

  1. ^ "Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV)". who.int. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  2. ^ "Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Wuhan, China". cdc.gov. cdc.gov. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Zhang, Y.-Z.; et al. (12 January 2020). "Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome". GenBank. Bethesda MD. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  4. ^ "中国疾病预防控制中心". chinacdc.cn. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  5. ^ "New-type coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert – Xinhua | English.news.cn". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d "CoV2020". platform.gisaid.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ "China confirms human-to-human transmission of new coronavirus". CBC News. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "WHO says new China coronavirus could spread, warns hospitals worldwide". Reuters. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  9. ^ "China coronavirus: Hong Kong widens criteria for suspected cases after second patient confirmed, as MTR cancels Wuhan train ticket sales". South China Morning Post. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  10. ^ "China Virus Spreads to U.S. With Health Officials on High Alert". Bloomberg L.P. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  11. ^ hermesauto (23 January 2020). "Wuhan virus: Vietnam confirms 2 cases of Sars-like coronavirus". The Straits Times. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  12. ^ hermesauto (23 January 2020). "Singapore confirms first case of Wuhan virus". The Straits Times. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  13. ^ "Wuhan virus: China reports fourth death in pneumonia outbreak; 15 medical workers infected". The Straits Times. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  14. ^ "CNBC: CDC confirms first US case of coronavirus that has killed 9 in China". Berkeley Lovelace Jr. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  15. ^ "China virus death toll rises to nine". 9news.au. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  16. ^ "Death toll from virus outbreak in China's Hubei reaches 17: State TV". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d e BBC: China coronavirus: Fear grips Wuhan as lockdown begins
  18. ^ SCIMEX (1579755600). "EXPERT REACTION: Could new coronavirus have come from snakes?". Scimex. Retrieved 23 January 2020. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Wuhan virus spreads as China puts cities on lockdown and scraps New Year celebrations
  20. ^ Straits Times: Wuhan virus: China locks down Huanggang, imposes tough travel restrictions in 3 other cities, after Wuhan lockdown
  21. ^ CNN: Snakes could be the source of the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak
  22. ^ Ji, Wei; Wang, Wei; Zhao, Xiaofang; Zai, Junjie; Li, Xingguang (22 January 2020). "Homologous recombination within the spike glycoprotein of the newly identified coronavirus may boost cross‐species transmission from snake to human". Journal of Medical Virology. doi:10.1002/jmv.25682.
  23. ^ Haitao Guo; Guangxiang "George" Luo; Shou-Jiang Gao (22 January 2020). "Snakes could be the original source of the new coronavirus outbreak in China". The Conversation. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  24. ^ "Phylogeny of SARS-like betacoronaviruses". nextstrain. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  25. ^ Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 14;91:264–266. PMID 31953166 doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 Open access icon
  26. ^ Antonio C. P. Wong, Xin Li, Susanna K. P. Lau, Patrick C. Y. Woo: Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses, in: Viruses. 2019 Feb; 11(2): 174, doi:10.3390/v11020174
  27. ^ Trevor Bedford and Richard Neher. "Genomic epidemiology of novel coronavirus (nCoV) using data generated by Fudan University, China CDC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Thai National Institute of Health shared via GISAID". nextstrain.org. Retrieved 22 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ "Initial genome release of novel coronavirus". Virological. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  29. ^ "Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome". ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 17 January 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ^ "Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission". SCIENCE CHINA Life Sciences,. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5. Retrieved 23 January 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

External links

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