Szabolcs–Szatmár–Bereg County

Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg megye (Hungarian)
Counties of Hungary
Flag Coat of arms
Country	Hungary
Region	Northern Great Plain
County seat	Nyíregyháza
Government
• President of the General Assembly	Oszkár Seszták (Fidesz-KDNP)
Area
• Total	5,935.83 km2 (2,291.84 sq mi)
• Rank	6th in Hungary
Population  (2011 census)
• Total	559,272
• Rank	3rd in Hungary
• Density	94/km2 (240/sq mi)
Postal code	423x, 4244 – 4246, 4267, 43xx – 49xx
Area code(s)	(+36) 42, 44, 45
ISO 3166 code	HU-SZ
Website	www.szszbmo.hu

Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈsɒbolt͡ʃ ˈsɒtmaːr ˈbɛrɛɡ]) is an administrative county (Hungarian: megye) in north-eastern Hungary, bordering Slovakia, Ukraine, and Romania. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Hajdú-Bihar and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén. The capital of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county is Nyíregyháza.

Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county was organised after World War II from the previous counties Szatmár-Ugocsa-Bereg and Szabolcs. Before 1991, it was called Szabolcs-Szatmár county.

History

Many settlements founded after the conquest of the Magyars were largely devastated by the Mongol invasion in 1241. Recovery then took decades. The history of Nyíregyháza provides an illuminating example of this process. The Turks hardly succeeded in invading the northern parts of the region: therefore, many buildings from Árpád's age and the Medieval Era were preserved in relatively good state. In the Romanesque church of Csaroda, there are wall paintings dating back to the 13th century, and the Medieval churches of Nyírbátor have been almost completely preserved. In the 16th century, the spread of Protestantism and Calvinism brought about changes in town life.

Geography

Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg is located in the north-eastern tip of Hungary. It borders Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania, and has good connections both by road and rail. Within Hungary, the county is bordered by Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county and the River Tisza to the north west and Hajdú-Bihar county to the south west.

The early Hungarians transformed this region significantly by clearing large areas of forest to make way for pastures and farmland. Approximately 5 to 6 square kilometres of forest were cleared for the construction of the Szabolcs earthwork in the ninth and tenth centuries, and its ruins are still present. The area was the gateway for the Mongol invasion of Hungary in the 1240s, and suffered considerable destruction and population decrease during the raids. With the subsequent development of the country, the region became even more marginalized in the 15th century. Ongoing civil war, rebellion, and war exacted a heavy price and further hindered the region's development.

The county's borders have been altered frequently over the years, its current territory being established in 1950 with the amalgamation of the counties of Szabolcs-Ung and Szatmár-Bereg-Ugocsa.

There are many forests, fields, pastures, meadows, and moorland forests in the county. The bog moss moors at Csaroda, the Nyíres lake, and the Bábtava lake are especially valuable, as they contain many rare species of fauna and flora.

Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg is Hungary's sixth biggest county with a total land area of 5,936 square kilometres. From a geographical aspect, it is possible to divide the county into two main regions: The Upper Tisza Valley and the Nyírség. Tisza is one of the most important rivers of the county, entering Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg — and Hungary — at Tiszabecs, and leaving at Tiszadob. Its segment in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county is 235 kilometres long, out of which 208 kilometres belongs to the Upper Tisza Valley, reaching the area of Tokaj and Rakamaz. The larger area named the Nyírség is derived from the word nyír meaning birch, as the region is dominated by birch woodlands. The northern part of Nyírség is covered with sandy forest soils, the southern areas have loose wind-blown sand. Alluvial and meadow soils are found in the Upper Tisza region.

The county has a continental climate; it is cooler than the Great Plain because it is further north. Summers are cooler than in other parts of the Plains. Annual precipitation is 550-600 millimetres. The higher than average number of days of sunshine make ideal conditions for the growing of tomatoes, sunflower, tobacco, apples, and other fruits such as plums—for which the county is famous, being eaten fresh, dried into prunes (some made into lekvar) and fermented into well-known brandies.

The county has 229 settlements, of which 20 are towns. The county capital and largest city is Nyíregyháza with a population of 116,900 in 2003. The other cities have relatively small populations, only those of Kisvárda and Mátészalka having around 18,000 inhabitants. The eastern part of the county is lightly populated and is dotted with small villages which often have very poor economic conditions.

River Tisza

The Upper Tisza region has many streams and rivers, but the Nyírség region has little surface water. The most important of River Tisza's tributaries is the River Szamos, which is also characterised by great variations in water volume. There are irrigation systems, a water barrage, and a hydroelectric power station on the Tisza at Tiszalök.

Lakes of various sizes have evolved in sandy areas such as the basin of the Sóstó (Salty lake) of Nyíregyháza, whose alkaline, hydrogen-carbonated waters have medicinal qualities. Many water reservoirs have been built according to local demand. Thermal waters of 55-65 °C can be brought to the surface from wells as shallow as 1,000 metres. The most important thermal water reserves are in Nyíregyháza, Kisvárda, Mátészalka, and Tiszavasvári. The county's geothermal energy still awaits exploitation.

The county has relatively few mineral reserves. Almost all of the large energy source transport systems cross the county.

Demographics

In 2015, it had a population of 562,357 and the population density was 92/km².

Year	County population	Change
1949	558,098	n/a
1960	586,451	5.08%
1970	565,557	-3.56%
1980	593,829 (record)	5.00%
1990	572,301	-3.63%
2001	582,256	1.74%
2011	559,272	-3.95%

Ethnicity

Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Roma (approx. 44,000), Germans (2,000) and Ukrainians (1,000).

Total population (2011 census): 559,272
Ethnic groups (2011 census): Identified themselves: 525 958 persons:

• Hungarians: 476 256 (90.55%)
• Gypsies: 44 133 (8.40%)
• Others and indefinable: 5 569 (1.06%)

Approx. 66,000 persons in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.

Religion

Religious adherence in the county according to 2011 census:

• Reformed – 34.6%;
• Catholic – 32.6% (Roman Catholic – 19.4%; Greek Catholic – 13.1%);
• Evangelical – 2.0%;
• Orthodox – 0.1%
• other religions – 1.8%;
• Non-religious – 7.9%;
• Atheism – 0.4%;
• Undeclared – 20.6%.

Regional structure

District of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County

№	English and Hungarian names	Area (km²)	Population (2011)	Density (pop./km²)	Seat	№ of municipalities
1	Baktalórántháza District Baktalórántházai járás	254.47	19,123	75	Baktalórántháza	12
2	Csenger District Csengeri járás	246.51	13,485	55	Csenger	11
3	Fehérgyarmat District Fehérgyarmati járás	707.37	37,259	53	Fehérgyarmat	50
4	Ibrány District Ibrányi járás	304.91	23,679	78	Ibrány	8
5	Kemecse District Kemecsei járás	246.41	22,066	90	Kemecse	11
6	Kisvárda District Kisvárdai járás	523.09	56,114	107	Kisvárda	23
7	Mátészalka District Mátészalkai járás	624.70	64,015	102	Mátészalka	26
8	Nagykálló District Nagykállói járás	377.36	30,403	81	Nagykálló	8
9	Nyírbátor District Nyírbátori járás	695.94	43,040	62	Nyírbátor	20
10	Nyíregyháza District Nyíregyházi járás	809.61	168,118	208	Nyíregyháza	15
11	Tiszavasvári District Tiszavasvári járás	381.61	27,684	73	Tiszavasvári	6
12	Vásárosnamény District Vásárosnaményi járás	617.94	35,323	57	Vásárosnamény	28
13	Záhony District Záhonyi járás	145.95	18,963	130	Záhony	11
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County		5,935.83	559,272	94	Nyíregyháza	229

Economy

The county borders three countries, and it is the only Hungarian county bordering Ukraine. The railway border crossing towards Ukraine is well developed; its high capacity is able to meet the requirements of transit and bilateral trade. Following the reconstruction of the road border crossing, the county is also able to cope with increased road transportation.

Several regions in the county have tourism potential, mostly unexploited. Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg has several agricultural products of excellent quality, with capacity for higher production. There is an abundance of low-cost, semiskilled labour.

The county's biggest problem is the economic crisis. There is a shortage of local capital and inward investment, which restrains the creation of new jobs, thus the unemployment rate remains the second highest in Hungary. Manufacturing lags the rest of the country, most notably lacking high quality, high value-added products. The marginal soil quality limits the scope of agricultural production to a few products which suffer from shrinking export markets to the east.

It is home to the Szakoly Power Plant.

Politics

Main article: Government of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg

The Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County Council, elected at the 2014 local government elections, is made up of 25 counselors, with the following party composition:

	Party	Seats	Current County Assembly
	Fidesz-KDNP	16
	Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik)	5
	Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP)	3
	Unity for Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County	1

Municipalities

Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County has 1 city with county rights (megyei jogú város), 27 towns (város) and 200 villages (falu):

City with county rights

• Nyíregyháza – county seat; 118,125 (as of 2011)

Towns

(ordered by population, as of 2011 census)

3

Villages

6

municipalities are large villages.

Gallery

• 
  Nyíregyháza, the capital of the county
• 
  Greek Catholic church in Máriapócs
• 
  Andrássy Mansion, Tiszadob
• 
  Reformed Church in Fehérgyarmat
• 
  Nyíregyháza Zoo

Notable people from Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg

• Krúdy Gyula - Nyíregyháza
• Kállay Miklós - Nyíregyháza
• Váci Mihály - Mandabokor II-
• Friderikusz Sándor - Nyíregyháza
• Victor Varconi né Várkonyi Mihály - Kisvárda

International relations

Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County has a partnership relationship with:

Heilongjiang Province, China Khust Raion, Zakarpattia, Ukraine

Satu Mare County, Romania Vynohradiv Raion, Zakarpattia, Ukraine

External links

• Official site in Hungarian
• Szabolcs Online (szon.hu) - The county portal
• Hungary at GeoHive