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Taumako

Coordinates: 9°57′S 167°13′E / 9.950°S 167.217°E / -9.950; 167.217
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Taumako is the largest of the Duff Islands. This 5.7-kilometre-long (3.5-mile) island has steep sides and rises to a height of 400 metres (1,312 feet) above sea level. It is composed of basaltic lavas and pyroclastics like the other islands in the Duffs .

Taumako seen from space. Lua, one of the small Bass Islands can be seen on the right-hand side. Courtesy NASA.

The inhabitants of the Duff Islands are Polynesians, and their language, Vaeakau-Taumako, is a member of the Samoic branch of Polynesian languages. On the Duff Islands live about 439 people (1999 census). The islands were settled at least as early as 900 BC, by people who made pottery known as Lapita. Archaeological research has shown that this pottery was made using local clay and sand from the island. These Lapita people spread far as wide from the coastal area of Papua New Guinea to the islands of Tonga and Samoa; that is, throughout islands known as both Melanesia and Polynesia. Consequently, the people of Taumako experienced wide-ranging influences, and could be said to have been both Melanesian and Polynesian throughout their long history.

The way of life is traditional by subsistence gardening and fishing. Taumako has no roads, airport, telephones, or electricity. Contact with outsiders comes by battery-powered marine radio and the regular monthly inter-island ship from Honiara.

Traditional Navigation

Studies of David Lewis and Marianne (Mimi) George uncovered that full traditional Polynesian navigational technique is still preserved in these islands (Finney and Lowe, 2006, p163). The people of Taumako are the builders of one of the oldest documented proa sailing canoe, called Te Puke and known to westerners as Tepukei.

Prehistory

People have been living in the Duff Islands for 3,000 years. The first people on these islands made pottery using clay and sand temper which was available locally. A small amount of this pottery was decorated in the distinctive Lapita style with dentate stamping. These first inhabitants made stone tools using high quality chert which was also local. This same chert has been found in archaeological sites in the nearby Reef Islands, dating at least two centuries before the first known evidence in the Duff Islands.[1]

Prehistoric pottery vessels, including some with Lapita designs, from the island of Taumako

Later archaeological sites dating from AD 1,000 through to the 19th century contain a diverse range of personal ornaments, many of which are similar to those present in ethnographic collections from Santa Cruz displayed in numerous museums around the world. Several of these ornaments can now be shown to be present throughout the 3,000 years of their prehistory. Amongst these are the famous Tridacna shell breast pendants. [2][3] Several specimens have imprints of fine loom woven cloth, representing the first unequivocal evidence for the presence of the loom in prehistoric Oceania.[4] The backstrap loom has an unusual distribution in the Pacific region, including amongst the Atayal people of Taiwan, the islands of Yap in Micronesia, the Polynesian atholl of Kapingamarangi, and the Santa Cruz area in the Solomons.

Throughout the Duff Islands' prehistory there is clear archaeological evidence of contact with other Pacific Island peoples from as far afield as the Fiji-Samoa area. This is evident from stone adzes in these islands made from a form of basalt only found in the stone quarries of Tutuila in American Samoa.[5] Most evidence of contact, however, is predictably from closer to Taumako, especially the nearby Santa Cruz region. These wide-ranging external contacts have resulted in a population of people which shows a profound mixture of Melanesian and Polynesian physical features.[6]

Life in the Duff Islands during the prehistoric period was far from idyllic with a high incidence of the infectious disease yaws.[7] This affected children as well as adults and in later life was often debilitating (ibid.: 229). There is also archaeological evidence of inter-personal hostility with deaths being caused by spear wounds .[8] Some of this may have resulted from warfare between different groups, either locally or with arrivals from further afield.

History

The first known European visit to the Duff Islands was the expedition led by the Spanish explorer Quiros in AD 1606. One of the late archaeological sites contained objects made from European materials. Amongst these, a piece of pottery has a mineralogy consistent with Spanish pottery of Quiros' period. In addition a small piece of brass has a chemical composition suggesting the same derivation.[9]

Starting in 1996 the Vaka Taumako project has been working to perpetuate the ancient Polynesian seafaring techniques of the people of Taumako.[10]

Notes

  1. ^ Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp., page 295
  2. ^ Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp.
  3. ^ Davidson, J.M. and Leach, B.F. 1991. Bird-man amulets and Tridacna shell discs from Taumako, Solomon Islands. pp. 478-483 In: Pawley, A. (ed.) Man and a Half: Essays in Pacific Anthropology and Ethnobiology in Honour of Ralph Bulmer. The Polynesian Society, Auckland. Memoir 48.
  4. ^ Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp., page 190
  5. ^ Campbell, H.J. Geological report on nine adzes from the Solomon Islands. pp. 427-431. In: Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication.
  6. ^ Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp., page 245
  7. ^ Houghton, P. The people of Namu. pp. 325-352 In: Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication.
  8. ^ Buckley, H.R. 2000. A possible fatal wounding in the prehistoric Pacific Islands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10(2): 135-141.
  9. ^ Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp., page 272
  10. ^ Vaka Taumako Project website

References

  • Article on Duff islands
  • Ben Finney and Sam Low, "Navigation", in K.R.Howe(eds), "Vaka Moana:Voyages of the Ancestors", Bateman, 2007.
  • Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The archaeology of Taumako: A Polynesian outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication.

9°57′S 167°13′E / 9.950°S 167.217°E / -9.950; 167.217

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