Thermal expansivities of the elements
Thermal expansion
| ×10−6 W · m−1 · K−1 | |
|---|---|
| 3 Li lithium | |
| use | 46 |
| CRC | 46 |
| LNG | 46 |
| WEL | 46 |
| 4 Be beryllium | |
| use | 11.3 |
| CRC | 11.3 |
| LNG | 11.3 |
| WEL | 11.3 |
| 5 B boron | |
| use | 5–7 |
| LNG | 5–7 |
| WEL | 6 |
| 6 C carbon | |
| use | |
| WEL | 7.1 |
| 11 Na sodium | |
| use | 71 |
| CRC | 71 |
| LNG | 71 |
| WEL | 71 |
| 12 Mg magnesium | |
| use | 24.8 |
| CRC | 24.8 |
| LNG | 24.8 |
| WEL | 8.2 |
| 13 Al aluminium | |
| use | 23.1 |
| CRC | 23.1 |
| LNG | 23.1 |
| WEL | 23.1 |
| 14 Si silicon | |
| use | 2.6 |
| WEL | 2.6 |
| 19 K potassium | |
| use | 83.3 |
| CRC | 83.3 |
| 20 Ca calcium | |
| use | 22.3 |
| CRC | 22.3 |
| LNG | 22.3 |
| WEL | 22.3 |
| 21 Sc scandium | |
| use | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.2 |
| CRC | 10.2 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 7.6 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 15.3 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.2 |
| LNG | 10.2 |
| WEL | 10.2 |
| 22 Ti titanium | |
| use | 8.6 |
| CRC | 8.6 |
| LNG | 8.6 |
| WEL | 8.6 |
| 23 V vanadium | |
| use | 8.4 |
| CRC | 8.4 |
| LNG | 8.4 |
| WEL | 8.4 |
| 24 Cr chromium | |
| use | 4.9 |
| CRC | 4.9 |
| LNG | 4.9 |
| WEL | 4.9 |
| 25 Mn manganese | |
| use | 21.7 |
| CRC | 21.7 |
| LNG | 21.7 |
| WEL | 21.7 |
| 26 Fe iron | |
| use | 11.8 |
| CRC | 11.8 |
| LNG | 11.8 |
| WEL | 11.8 |
| 27 Co cobalt | |
| use | 13.0 |
| CRC | 13.0 |
| LNG | 13.0 |
| WEL | 13.0 |
| 28 Ni nickel | |
| use | 13.4 |
| CRC | 13.4 |
| LNG | 13.4 |
| WEL | 13.4 |
| 29 Cu copper | |
| use | 16.5 |
| CRC | 16.5 |
| LNG | 16.5 |
| WEL | 16.5 |
| 30 Zn zinc | |
| use | 30.2 |
| CRC | 30.2 |
| LNG | 30.2 |
| WEL | 30.2 |
| 31 Ga gallium | |
| use | |
| CRC | 18[1] |
| LNG | (>30 C) ( liquid) 120 |
| WEL | (>30 C) (liquid) 120 |
| 32 Ge germanium | |
| use | 6.0 |
| LNG | 6.0 |
| WEL | 6 |
| 34 Se selenium | |
| use | (amorphous) 37 |
| LNG | (amorphous) 37 |
| 38 Sr strontium | |
| use | 22.5 |
| CRC | 22.5 |
| LNG | 22.5 |
| WEL | 22.5 |
| 39 Y yttrium | |
| use | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.6 |
| CRC | 10.6 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 6.0 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 19.7 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.6 |
| LNG | 10.6 |
| WEL | 10.6 |
| 40 Zr zirconium | |
| use | 5.7 |
| CRC | 5.7 |
| LNG | 5.7 |
| WEL | 5.7 |
| 41 Nb niobium | |
| use | 7.3 |
| CRC | 7.3 |
| LNG | 7.3 |
| WEL | 7.3 |
| 42 Mo molybdenum | |
| use | 4.8 |
| CRC | 4.8 |
| LNG | 4.8 |
| WEL | 4.8 |
| 44 Ru ruthenium | |
| use | 6.4 |
| CRC | 6.4 |
| LNG | 6.4 |
| WEL | 6.4 |
| 45 Rh rhodium | |
| use | 8.2 |
| CRC | 8.2 |
| LNG | 8.2 |
| WEL | 8.2 |
| 46 Pd palladium | |
| use | 11.8 |
| CRC | 11.8 |
| LNG | 11.8 |
| WEL | 11.8 |
| 47 Ag silver | |
| use | 18.9 |
| CRC | 18.9 |
| LNG | 18.9 |
| WEL | 18.9 |
| 48 Cd cadmium | |
| use | 30.8 |
| CRC | 30.8 |
| LNG | 30.8 |
| WEL | 30.8 |
| 49 In indium | |
| use | 32.1 |
| CRC | 32.1 |
| LNG | 32.1 |
| WEL | 32.1 |
| 50 Sn tin | |
| use | 22.0 |
| CRC | 22.0 |
| LNG | 22.0 |
| WEL | 22 |
| 51 Sb antimony | |
| use | 11.0 |
| CRC | 11.0 |
| LNG | 11.0 |
| WEL | 11 |
| 55 Cs caesium | |
| use | 97 |
| CRC | 97 |
| 56 Ba barium | |
| use | 20.6 |
| CRC | 20.6 |
| LNG | 20.6 |
| WEL | 20.6 |
| 57 La lanthanum | |
| use | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 12.1 |
| CRC | 12.1 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 4.5 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 27.2 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 12.1 |
| LNG | 12.1 |
| WEL | 12.1 |
| 58 Ce cerium | |
| use | (room temperature) (gamma, polycrystalline) 6.3 |
| CRC | 6.3 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (gamma, amorphous) 6.3 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (gamma, polycrystalline) 6.3 |
| LNG | 6.3 |
| WEL | 6.3 |
| 59 Pr praseodymium | |
| use | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 6.7 |
| CRC | 6.7 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 4.5 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 11.2 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 6.7 |
| LNG | 6.7 |
| WEL | 6.7 |
| 60 Nd neodymium | |
| use | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.6 |
| CRC | 9.6 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 7.6 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 13.5 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.6 |
| LNG | 9.6 |
| WEL | 9.6 |
| 61 Pm promethium | |
| use | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) est. 11 |
| CRC | est. 11 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) est. 9 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) est. 16 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) est. 11 |
| LNG | est. 11 |
| WEL | 11 |
| 62 Sm samarium | |
| use | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 12.7 |
| CRC | 12.7 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 9.6 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 19.0 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 12.7 |
| LNG | 12.7 |
| WEL | 12.7 |
| 63 Eu europium | |
| use | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 35.0 |
| CRC | 35.0 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (amorphous) 35.0 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 35.0 |
| LNG | 35.0 |
| WEL | 35 |
| 64 Gd gadolinium | |
| use | (100 °C) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.4 |
| CRC | (100 °C) 9.4 |
| CR2 | (100 °C) (alpha, amorphous) 9.1 |
| CR2 | (100 °C) (alpha, crystalline) 10.0 |
| CR2 | (100 °C) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.4 |
| LNG | (100 °C) 9.4 |
| WEL | 9.4 |
| 65 Tb terbium | |
| use | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.3 |
| CRC | 10.3 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 9.3 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 12.4 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.3 |
| LNG | 10.3 |
| WEL | 10.3 |
| 66 Dy dysprosium | |
| use | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.9 |
| CRC | 9.9 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 7.1 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 15.6 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.9 |
| LNG | 9.9 |
| WEL | 9.9 |
| 67 Ho holmium | |
| use | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 11.2 |
| CRC | 11.2 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (amorphous) 7.0 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (crystalline) 19.5 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 11.2 |
| LNG | 11.2 |
| WEL | 11.2 |
| 68 Er erbium | |
| use | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 12.2 |
| CRC | 12.2 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (amorphous) 7.9 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (crystalline) 20.9 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 12.2 |
| LNG | 12.2 |
| WEL | 12.2 |
| 69 Tm thulium | |
| use | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 13.3 |
| CRC | 13.3 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (amorphous) 8.8 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (crystalline) 22.2 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 13.3 |
| LNG | 13.3 |
| WEL | 13.3 |
| 70 Yb ytterbium | |
| use | (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 26.3 |
| CRC | 26.3 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (beta, amorphous) 26.3 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 26.3 |
| LNG | 26.3 |
| WEL | 26.3 |
| 71 Lu lutetium | |
| use | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 9.9 |
| CRC | 9.9 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (amorphous) 4.8 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (crystalline) 20.0 |
| CR2 | (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 9.9 |
| LNG | 9.9 |
| WEL | 9.9 |
| 72 Hf hafnium | |
| use | 5.9 |
| CRC | 5.9 |
| LNG | 5.9 |
| WEL | 5.9 |
| 73 Ta tantalum | |
| use | 6.3 |
| CRC | 6.3 |
| LNG | 6.3 |
| WEL | 6.3 |
| 74 W tungsten | |
| use | 4.5 |
| CRC | 4.5 |
| LNG | 4.5 |
| WEL | 4.5 |
| 75 Re rhenium | |
| use | 6.2 |
| CRC | 6.2 |
| LNG | 6.2 |
| WEL | 6.2 |
| 76 Os osmium | |
| use | 5.1 |
| CRC | 5.1 |
| LNG | 5.1 |
| WEL | 5.1 |
| 77 Ir iridium | |
| use | 6.4 |
| CRC | 6.4 |
| LNG | 6.4 |
| WEL | 6.4 |
| 78 Pt platinum | |
| use | 8.8 |
| CRC | 8.8 |
| LNG | 8.8 |
| WEL | 8.8 |
| 79 Au gold | |
| use | 14.2 |
| CRC | 14.2 |
| LNG | 14.2 |
| WEL | 14.2 |
| 80 Hg mercury | |
| use | 60.4 |
| CRC | 60.4 |
| 81 Tl thallium | |
| use | 29.9 |
| CRC | 29.9 |
| LNG | 29.9 |
| WEL | 29.9 |
| 82 Pb lead | |
| use | 28.9 |
| CRC | 28.9 |
| LNG | 28.9 |
| WEL | 28.9 |
| 83 Bi bismuth | |
| use | 13.4 |
| CRC | 13.4 |
| LNG | 13.4 |
| WEL | 13.4 |
| 84 Po polonium | |
| use | 23.5 |
| CRC | 23.5 |
| 90 Th thorium | |
| use | 11.0 |
| CRC | 11.0 |
| LNG | 11.1 |
| WEL | 11.0 |
| 92 U uranium | |
| use | 13.9 |
| CRC | 13.9 |
| LNG | 13.9 |
| WEL | 13.9 |
| 94 Pu plutonium | |
| use | 46.7 |
| CRC | 46.7 |
| LNG | 46.7 |
Notes
All values refer to 25 °C unless noted.
References
- ^ The value is highly anisotropic and temperature dependent, see Fred Rosebury (1992). Handbook of Electron Tube and Vacuum Techniques. Springer. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-56396-121-2.
CRC
As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals
- Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975.
CR2
As quoted in an online version of:
- David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
which further refers to:
- Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173.
- McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411.
LNG
As quoted from this source in an online version of: J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4; Table 4.1, Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements
- Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, Plenum, New York, 1975.
WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
- D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
- A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
- G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
- J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, 1992.
