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Nuclear reactor designs by coolant and moderator[edit]

  Proposed design
  Current commercial operation
  Past commercial operation
  Past military operation
  Past research operation
Moderator type Light-water Heavy-water Graphite None Liquid metal Liquid metal Hydride Organic Organic Molten-salt
Coolant type
Moderator
Coolant
Boiling water Japan ABWR Japan Fugen Russia RBMK Japan RMWR
Pressurized water Russia VVER-1000 Canada ACR
Pressurized heavy water Canada CANDU
Boiling heavy water Norway Halden
Gas Czechoslovakia KS 150 United Kingdom AGR
Gas China HTR-PM United States EM²
Molten-salt ChinaTMSR-LF1 Russia RMSR
Molten-salt United States TMSR-500
Molten-salt Canada IMSR
Molten-salt Canada FLEX Canada SSR
Liquid metal United States SGR Russia BN-800 United States S2G United States ARE
Liquid metal United States EBR-I
Liquid metal Russia BREST-300
Liquid metal Belgium MYRRHA Soviet Union BM-40A
Liquid metal United States Clementine
Liquid metal United States HPM
Organic Soviet Union Arbus
Organic CanadaWR-1 United States Piqua
Gas United States ML-1
Gas United Kingdom Windscale
None United States Pile-1

Nuclear reactor designs[edit]

Name Fuel Enrichment Moderator Coolant Temperature First built Thermal output (MWth) Electrical output (MWe)
ChinaTMSR-LF1 19.75%
China HTR-PM 8.5%
Russia RBMK-1000 2%
Russia BN-800 2100
France EPR 5%

Generation IV designs[edit]

Acronym Full name Design organization Country Type Coolant Moderator Fuel Enrichment (wt %) Design status Purpose Thermal output (MWth) Gross electrical output (MWe) Net electrical output (MWe) Net efficiency Thermodynamic cycle Neutron spectrum Non-electrical applications
4S super-safe, small and simple Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corp.  Japan SFR U-10Zr 17 Detailed design Commercial 30 10 10 33.3 Rankine Fast Multiple
ABWR Advanced Boiling Water Reactor GE-Hitachi  Japan BWR UO2 4 Operational Commerical 3926 1420 1350 34 Rankine Thermal -
ABWR-II Advanced Boiling Water Reactor II GE-Hitachi  USA BWR UO2 5.2 Under design Commerical 4960 1717 1638 33 Rankine Thermal -
ACR-1000 Advanced CANDU Reactor 1000 AECL  Canada HWR UO2 2.4 Under design Commerical 3200 1165 1082 36.5 Rankine Thermal H2 production
AHWR Advanced Heavy Water Reactor BARC  India HWR MOX 3.25 Under design Commerical 920 304 284 30.9 Rankine Thermal Desalination
ALFRED Advanced Lead Fast Reactor European Demonstrator Ansaldo Nucleare  EU LFR No Moderator MOX - Under design Demonstration 300 125 125 - - Fast -
ALLEGRO ALLEGRO EURATOM  EU GFR No Moderator MOX - Under design Demonstration 75 - - - - Fast -
AP 1000 Advanced Passive PWR Westinghouse  USA PWR UO2 4.8 Under construction Commerical 3400 1200 1100 32 Rankine Thermal -
AP-600 Advanced Passive Pressurized Water Reactor Westinghouse  USA PWR UO2 4.8 On Hold Commerical 1940 - 600 31 Rankine Thermal -
APR+ Advanced Power Reactor Plus KHNP  South Korea PWR UO2 4.26 Licensed Commerical 4290 1560 1505 35.1 Rankine Thermal -
APR1000 Advanced Power Reactor KEPCO/KHNP  South Korea PWR UO2 4 Operational Commerical 2815 1050 1000 35.5 Rankine Thermal -
APR1400 Advanced Power Reactor 1400 KEPCO/KHNP  South Korea PWR UO2 4.65 Operational Commerical 3983 1465 1400 35.1 Rankine Thermal -
APWR Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor Mitsubishi  Japan PWR UO2 - Under design Commerical 4466 1538 1500 34.4 Rankine Thermal -
ASTRID Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration CEA  France SFR No Moderator MOX 20 Under design Demonstration 1500 600 600 - Brayton/Rankine Fast -
ATMEA1 ATMEA1 ATMEA  France PWR UO2 and MOX 5 Under design Commerical 3150 1200 1150 36 Rankine Thermal -
BN-1200 BN-1200 JSC “Afrikantov OKBM”  Russia SFR No Moderator Nitride or MOX - Under construction Commerical 2800 1220 1140 40.7 Rankine Fast -
BREST-OD-300 BREST-OD-300 RDIPE  Russia LFR No Moderator PuN–UN 13.5 Under design Demonstration 700 300 300 - Rankine Fast -
BWRX-300 Boiling Water Reactor X-300 GE-Hitachi and Hitachi GE Nuclear Energy  USA BWR UO2 3.4 Conceptual design Commercial 870 300 290 33 Rankine Thermal Possible
CFR-600 China Fast Reactor 600 China Institute of Atomic Energy  China SFR No Moderator UO2 and MOX - Conceptual design Demonstration 1500 600 600 40 - Fast -
CLEAR-I China LEAd-based Research Reactor Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  China LFR No Moderator UO2 - Conceptual design Experimental 10 - - - - Fast -
CSR1000 Chinese Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor NPIC  China SCWR UO2 6.2 Conceptual design Demonstration 2300 1000 - 43.5 Rankine Thermal -
EC6 Enhanced CANDU 6 AECL  Canada HWR UO2 0.7 Under design Commerical 2084 740 690 35.5 Rankine Thermal H2 production
ELECTRA European Lead Cooled Training Reactor KTH  Sweden LFR No Moderator (Pu,Zr)N - Under design Experimental 0.5 - - - - Fast -
ELFR European Lead Fast Reactor Ansaldo Nucleare  EU LFR No Moderator MOX - Conceptual design Demonstration 1500 630 630 40 Rankine Fast -
EM2 Energy Multiplier Module General Atomics  USA GFR No Moderator UC 7.7 Conceptual design Commercial 500 272 265 53 Combined Fast -
EPR The Evolutionary Power Reactor AREVA  France PWR UO2 and MOX 4.95 Under construction Commerical 4590 1770 1650 36 Rankine Thermal -
ESBWR Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor GE-Hitachi  USA BWR UO2 - Licensed Commerical 4500 1600 1520 34 Rankine Thermal -
FBNR Fixed Bed Nuclear Reactor FURGS  Brazil PWR CERMET 5 Under design Commerical 218 72 70 33 Rankine Thermal Desalination
FBR-1 & 2 Fast Breeder Reactors 1 & 2 IGCAR  India SFR No Moderator MOX - Under design Commerical 1250 500 500 41.7 Rankine Fast -
G4M Gen4 Module Gen4 Energy Inc.  USA LFR No Moderator Uranium nitride 19.75 Under design Commerical 70 25 25 - Rankine Fast -
GTHTR300C Gas Turbine High Temperature Reactor JAEA  Japan GCR UO2 and MOX 14.3 Conceptual design Demonstration 600 274 - 47 Brayton Thermal H2 production
HAPPY200 Advanced low-Pressurized and Passive SafetY system – 200 MWth SPIC  China PWR UO2 2.76 Detailed design Commercial 200 - - - - Thermal Civil heat supply
HP-LWR High Performance LWR KIT and partners  EU SCWR UO2 9 Conceptual design Demonstration 2300 1046 1000 43.5 Rankine Thermal -
HTR-PM High Temperature GCR - Pebble-Bed Module Tsinghua University  China GCR UO2 8.5 Under construction Demonstration 500 211 200 - Rankine Thermal -
IMR Integrated Modular Water Reactor Mitsubishi  Japan iPWR UO2 4.8 Under design Commerical 1000 350 350 35 Rankine Thermal -
IMSR-400 Integral Molten Salt Reactor-400 Terrestrial Energy  Canada MSR Fluoride Salts UF4 5-19 Under design Commerical 400 194 185 46 Rankine Thermal Multiple
IPHWR-220 Indian 220 MWe PHWR NPCIL  India HWR UO2 0.7 Operational Commerical 754 235.81 210 28 Modified Rankine Thermal -
IPHWR-700 Indian 700 MWe PHWR NPCIL  India HWR UO2 0.7 Operational Commerical 2166 700 630 29 Modified Rankine Thermal -
JSCWR Japanese Supercritical WCR Toshiba and partners  Japan SCWR UO2 7.2 Conceptual design Demonstration 3681 700 1620 44 Rankine Thermal -
JSFR Japan Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor JAEA  Japan SFR No Moderator MOX - Under design Commerical 3530 750 750 - - Fast -
KAMADO FBR KAMADO FBR CREIPI  Japan GFR Carbon Dioxide No Moderator UO2 and MOX 18 Conceptual design Demonstration 3000 1000 1000 33.3 Rankine Fast -
KERENA KERENA AREVA  France BWR UO2 and MOX 4.95 Under design Commerical 3370 1290 1250 37 Rankine Thermal -
KLT-40S KLT-40S OKBM  Russia PWR UO2 13 Under construction Commerical 300 70 60 23.3 Rankine Thermal Distric heat
LFR-AS-200 Lead-cooled Fast Reactor Amphora-Shaped 200 Hydromine Energy S.a.r.l  Luxembourg LFR No moderator MOX 19 Conceptual design Commercial 480 212 200 42 Rankine Fast Heat for industrial processes
LFTR Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor Flibe Energy  USA MSR Fluoride Salts Molten salt with thorium and uranium - Conceptual design Commerical 600 250 - 45 Brayton with IHX Thermal -
MBIR Multipurpose fast-neutron research reactor NIKIET  Russia SFR No Moderator MOX - Under design Experimental 150 60 60 - - Fast -
Mk1 PB-FHR Mark 1 Pebble-Bed Fluoride-Salt-Cooled High Temperature Reactor University of California, Berkeley  USA MSR Fluoride Salts UCO 19.8 Under design Commerical 236 100 - 42.5 Brayton Thermal -
MoveluX Mobile-Very-small reactor for Local Utility in X-mark Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions  Japan SMR (micro) Calcium hydride (CaH2) U3Si2 4.8 Conceptual design Commercial 10 3.5 3.5 35 Brayton Thermal Process heat supply, Hydrogen production
MSFR Molten Salt Fast Reactors CNRS  France MSR Molten Salt No Moderator LiF-(U,Pu)F3-ThF4 - Conceptual design Demonstration 3000 1500 1500 - - Fast -
MSR-FUJI Molten Salt Reactor-FUJI International Thorium Molten-Salt Forum: ITMSF  Japan MSR Fluoride Salts Molten salt with thorium and uranium 2 Conceptual design Commerical 450 207 200 44.4 Rankine Thermal Multiple
MSTW Molten Salt Thermal Wasteburner Seaborg Technologies  Denmark MSR Molten Salt Eutectic Sodium-actinide fluoride salt mixture - Conceptual design Commerical 270 115 - 42.5 Rankine Thermal Multiple
MYRRHA Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN)  Belgium LFR No Moderator MOX - Under design Experimental 100 - - - - Fast -
NuScale NuScale SMR NuScale Power Inc.  USA iPWR UO2 4.95 Under regulatory review Commerical 200 60 57 28.5 Rankine Thermal -
NUWARD NUWARD CEA EDF Naval Group and Technicatome  France PWR UO2 4.95 Conceptual design Commercial 540 185 170 31 Rankine Thermal Optional
OPR1000 Advanced Power Reactor KEPCO/KHNP  South Korea PWR UO2 4 Operational Commerical 2815 1050 1000 35.5 Rankine Thermal -
PBMR Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Limited  South Africa GCR UO2 - On Hold Commerical 400 165 165 40 - Thermal -
PEACER Proliferation-resistant Environment-friendly Accident-tolerant Continuable and Economical Reactor Seoul National University  South Korea LFR No Moderator U-TRU-Zr - Conceptual design Demonstration 850 300 300 - - Fast -
PGSFR Prototype Gen-IV Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor KAERI  South Korea SFR No Moderator U-Zr and U-TRU-Zr - Conceptual design Demonstration 150 - - - - Fast -
PRISM Power Reactor Innovative Small Reactor GE-Hitachi  USA SFR No Moderator U-Pu-Zr 26 Under design Commerical 840 311 311 - Rankine Fast -
Prismatic HTR Prismatic Modular High Temperature GCR General Atomics  USA GCR UO2 15.5 Under design Commerical 350 150 - 42.8 Rankine Thermal -
RMWR Reduced-Moderation Water Reactor JAEA  Japan BWR UO2 and MOX 11.4 Under design Demonstration 3926 1356 1300 40 - Thermal -
SC-HTGR Steam Cycle High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Framatome  USA GCR UCO 15.5 Conceptual design Commercial 625 282 272 43 Rankine Thermal Industrial process heat
SEALER Swedish Advanced Lead Reactor LeadCold  Sweden LFR No Moderator UN 11.8 Conceptual design Commercial 140 58 55 39.3 Rankine Fast -
SmAHTR Small fluoride salt-cooled High Temperature Reactor Oak Ridge National Laboratory  USA MSR Fluoride Salts UCO 8 Under design Demonstration 125 - - - - Thermal H2 production
SMART System-Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor KAERI  South Korea iPWR UO2 4.8 Licensed Commerical 330 100 90 30.3 Rankine Thermal Desalination
SVBR-100 SVBR-100 AKME Engineering  Russia LFR No Moderator UO2 16.5 Under design Commerical 280 101 101 - Rankine Fast -
ThorCon ThorCon ThorCon US, Inc.  USA MSR Molten Salt UF4, ThF4 19.7 Detailed design Commercial 557 258 250 46.4 Rankine Thermal -
TWR-P Travelling Wave Reactor-Prototype TerraPower  USA SFR No Moderator U-Zr - Under design Commerical 1475 600 600 - - Fast -
UK-SMR UK Small Modular Reactor Rolls Royce & Partners  United Kingdom PWR UO2 4.95 Conceptual design Commercial 1276 443 443 34.7 Rankine Thermal Optional, configurable
VBER-300 VBER-300 OKBM  Russia PWR UO2 4.95 Under design Commerical 917 325 300 33 Rankine Thermal Distric heat
VVER-1000 (V-466B) VVER-1000 (V-466B) Gidropress  Russia PWR UO2 4.45 Under construction Commerical 3000 1060 1011 33.7 Rankine Thermal District heat
VVER-1200 (V-392M) VVER-1200 (V-392M) Gidropress  Russia PWR UO2 4.79 Under construction Commerical 3200 1170 1082 33.9 Rankine Thermal District heat
VVER-1200 (V-491) VVER-1200 (V-491) Gidropress  Russia PWR UO2 4.79 Under design Commerical 3200 1170 1082 33.9 Rankine Thermal District heat
VVER-1500 (V-448) VVER-1500 (V-448) Gidropress  Russia PWR UO2 4.92 Under design Commerical 4250 1560 1560 35.7 Rankine Thermal -
VVER-300 (V-478) VVER-300 (V-478) Gidropress  Russia PWR UO2 4.79 Under design Commerical 850 - 300 35.3 Rankine Thermal -
VVER-600 (V-498) VVER-600 (V-498) Gidropress  Russia PWR UO2 - Under design Commerical 1600 600 600 35 Rankine Thermal -
VVER-640 (V-407) VVER-640 (V-407) Gidropress  Russia PWR UO2 3.18 Under design Commerical 1800 645 603 33.3 Rankine Thermal District heat
W-LFR Westinghouse Lead-cooled Fast Reactor Westinghouse Electric Company LLC  USA LFR No Moderator Oxide (UO2 or MOX) (prototype) Advanced fuel(commercial) - Conceptual design Demonstration 950 468 460 48.4 "Brankine" (Condensing sCO2) Fast -

Gen IV compact[edit]

Acronym Country Type Coolant Moderator Fuel Enrichment (wt %) Design status Thermal output (MWth) Gross electrical output (MWe) Net electrical output (MWe) Net efficiency
4S  Japan SFR U-10Zr 17 Detailed design 30 10 10 33.3
ABWR  Japan BWR UO2 4 Operational 3926 1420 1350 34
ABWR-II  USA BWR UO2 5.2 Under Design 4960 1717 1638 33
ACR-1000  Canada HWR UO2 2.4 Under Design 3200 1165 1082 36.5
AHWR  India HWR MOX 3.25 Under Design 920 304 284 30.9
ALFRED  EU LFR No Moderator MOX - Under Design 300 125 125 -
ALLEGRO  EU GFR No Moderator MOX - Under Design 75 - - -
AP 1000  USA PWR UO2 4.8 Construction 3400 1200 1100 32
AP-600  USA PWR UO2 4.8 On Hold 1940 - 600 31
APR+  South Korea PWR UO2 4.26 Licensed 4290 1560 1505 35.1
APR1000  South Korea PWR UO2 4 Operational 2815 1050 1000 35.5
APR1400  South Korea PWR UO2 4.65 Operational 3983 1465 1400 35.1
APWR  Japan PWR UO2 - Under Design 4466 1538 1500 34.4
ASTRID  France SFR No Moderator MOX 20 Under Design 1500 600 600 -
ATMEA1  France PWR UO2 and MOX 5 Under Design 3150 1200 1150 36
BN-1200  Russia SFR No Moderator Nitride or MOX - Construction 2800 1220 1140 40.7
BREST-OD-300  Russia LFR No Moderator PuN–UN 13.5 Under Design 700 300 300 -
BWRX-300  USA BWR UO2 3.4 Conceptual Design 870 300 290 33
CFR-600  China SFR No Moderator UO2 and MOX - Conceptual Design 1500 600 600 40
CLEAR-I  China LFR No Moderator UO2 - Conceptual Design 10 - - -
CSR1000  China SCWR UO2 6.2 Conceptual Design 2300 1000 - 43.5
EC6  Canada HWR UO2 0.7 Under Design 2084 740 690 35.5
ELECTRA  Sweden LFR No Moderator (Pu,Zr)N - Under Design 0.5 - - -
ELFR  EU LFR No Moderator MOX - Conceptual Design 1500 630 630 40
EM2  USA GFR No Moderator UC 7.7 Conceptual Design 500 272 265 53
EPR  France PWR UO2 and MOX 4.95 Construction 4590 1770 1650 36
ESBWR  USA BWR UO2 - Licensed 4500 1600 1520 34
FBNR  Brazil PWR CERMET 5 Under Design 218 72 70 33
FBR-1 & 2  India SFR No Moderator MOX - Under Design 1250 500 500 41.7
G4M  USA LFR No Moderator Uranium nitride 19.75 Under Design 70 25 25 -
GTHTR300C  Japan GCR Graphite UO2 and MOX 14.3 Conceptual Design 600 274 - 47
HAPPY200  China PWR UO2 2.76 Detailed design 200 - - -
HP-LWR  EU SCWR UO2 9 Conceptual Design 2300 1046 1000 43.5
HTR-PM  China GCR Graphite UO2 8.5 Construction 500 211 200 -
IMR  Japan iPWR UO2 4.8 Under Design 1000 350 350 35
IMSR-400  Canada MSR Fluoride Salts Graphite UF4 5-19 Under Design 400 194 185 46
IPHWR-220  India HWR UO2 0.7 Operational 754 235.81 210 28
IPHWR-700  India HWR UO2 0.7 Operational 2166 700 630 29
JSCWR  Japan SCWR UO2 7.2 Conceptual Design 3681 700 1620 44
JSFR  Japan SFR No Moderator MOX - Under Design 3530 750 750 -
KAMADO FBR  Japan GFR Carbon Dioxide No Moderator UO2 and MOX 18 Conceptual Design 3000 1000 1000 33.3
KERENA  France BWR UO2 and MOX 4.95 Under Design 3370 1290 1250 37
KLT-40S  Russia PWR UO2 13 Construction 300 70 60 23.3
LFR-AS-200  Luxembourg LFR No moderator MOX 19 Conceptual Design 480 212 200 42
LFTR  USA MSR Fluoride Salts Graphite Molten salt with thorium and uranium - Conceptual Design 600 250 - 45
MBIR  Russia SFR No Moderator MOX - Under Design 150 60 60 -
Mk1 PB-FHR  USA MSR Fluoride Salts Graphite UCO 19.8 Under Design 236 100 - 42.5
MoveluX  Japan SMR (micro) Calcium hydride (CaH2) U3Si2 4.8 Conceptual Design 10 3.5 3.5 35
MSFR  France MSR Molten Salt No Moderator LiF-(U,Pu)F3-ThF4 - Conceptual Design 3000 1500 1500 -
MSR-FUJI  Japan MSR Fluoride Salts Graphite Molten salt with thorium and uranium 2 Conceptual Design 450 207 200 44.4
MSTW  Denmark MSR Molten Salt Graphite Eutectic Sodium-actinide fluoride salt mixture - Conceptual Design 270 115 - 42.5
MYRRHA  Belgium LFR No Moderator MOX - Under Design 100 - - -
NuScale  USA iPWR UO2 4.95 Under Regulatory Review 200 60 57 28.5
NUWARD  France PWR UO2 4.95 Conceptual Design 540 185 170 31
OPR1000  South Korea PWR UO2 4 Operational 2815 1050 1000 35.5
PBMR  South Africa GCR Graphite UO2 - On Hold 400 165 165 40
PEACER  South Korea LFR No Moderator U-TRU-Zr - Conceptual Design 850 300 300 -
PGSFR  South Korea SFR No Moderator U-Zr and U-TRU-Zr - Conceptual Design 150 - - -
PRISM  USA SFR No Moderator U-Pu-Zr 26 Under Design 840 311 311 -
Prismatic HTR  USA GCR Graphite UO2 15.5 Under Design 350 150 - 42.8
RMWR  Japan BWR UO2 and MOX 11.4 Under Design 3926 1356 1300 40
SC-HTGR  USA GCR Graphite UCO 15.5 Conceptual Design 625 282 272 43
SEALER  Sweden LFR Lead No Moderator UN 11.8 Conceptual Design 140 58 55 39.3
SmAHTR  USA MSR Fluoride Salts Graphite UCO 8 Under Design 125 - - -
SMART  South Korea iPWR UO2 4.8 Licensed 330 100 90 30.3
SVBR-100  Russia LFR No Moderator UO2 16.5 Under Design 280 101 101 -
ThorCon  USA MSR Molten Salt Graphite UF4, ThF4 19.7 Detailed design 557 258 250 46.4
TWR-P  USA SFR No Moderator U-Zr - Under Design 1475 600 600 -
UK-SMR  United Kingdom PWR UO2 4.95 Conceptual Design 1276 443 443 34.7
VBER-300  Russia PWR UO2 4.95 Under Design 917 325 300 33
VVER-1000 (V-466B)  Russia PWR UO2 4.45 Construction 3000 1060 1011 33.7
VVER-1200 (V-392M)  Russia PWR UO2 4.79 Construction 3200 1170 1082 33.9
VVER-1200 (V-491)  Russia PWR UO2 4.79 Under Design 3200 1170 1082 33.9
VVER-1500 (V-448)  Russia PWR UO2 4.92 Under Design 4250 1560 1560 35.7
VVER-300 (V-478)  Russia PWR UO2 4.79 Under Design 850 - 300 35.3
VVER-600 (V-498)  Russia PWR UO2 - Under Design 1600 600 600 35
VVER-640 (V-407)  Russia PWR UO2 3.18 Under Design 1800 645 603 33.3
W-LFR  USA LFR No Moderator Oxide (UO2 or MOX) (prototype) Advanced fuel(commercial) - Conceptual Design 950 468 460 48.4

Generation V designs[edit]

Name Fuel phase Fuel Moderator Coolant Enrichment Organization
GCR/VCR-MHD Gas or University of Florida
GCR-U-C-F   Gas and Eindhoven University of Technology
GCR-UF6 Gas Los Alamos National Laboratory
Plasma Core Gas Los Alamos National Laboratory
LM-FR Liquid or

US nuclear bomb evolution[edit]

Mark Alternate name Fuel Tamper Design Yield Role No. built Service
Min. Max. Began Ended
Mark 1 Little Boy HEU Tungsten carbide Gun 13 kt 18 kt SNW 6 1945 1950
Mark 2 Thin Man Plutonium Depleted uranium Gun SNW 0 Cancelled 1944
Mark 3 Fat Man Plutonium Depleted uranium Implosion 21 kt 21 kt SNW 120 1945 1950
Mark 4 W4 Composite Depleted uranium Implosion 1 kt 31 kt SNW 550 1949 1953
Mark 5 W5 Composite Depleted uranium Implosion 1 kt 120 kt SNW 140 1952 1963
Mark 6 Composite Depleted uranium Implosion 8 kt 160 kt SNW 1100 1951 1962
Mark 7 Thor Composite Depleted uranium Implosion 8 kt 61 kt TNW 1750 1952 1967
Mark 8 HEU Depleted uranium Gun 25 kt 30 kt EPW 40 1951 1957
Mark 10 HEU Depleted uranium Gun 12 kt 15 kt EPW 0 Cancelled 1952
Mark 11 HEU Depleted uranium Gun 8 kt 30 kt EPW 40 1956 1960
Mark 12 Composite Beryllium Implosion 12 kt 14 kt 250 1958 1962
Mark 13 Composite Depleted uranium Implosion 32 kt 32 kt SNW 1 Cancelled 1954
Mark 14 Lithium deuteride Depleted uranium Teller-Ulam 5 Mt 5 Mt SNW 5 1954 1954
Mark 15 Lithium deuteride Depleted uranium Teller-Ulam 1.7 Mt 3.8 Mt SNW 1200 1955 1965
Mark 16 Liquid deuterium Depleted uranium Teller-Ulam 6 Mt 8 Mt SNW 5 1954 1954

Confirmed Pre-Columbian transoceanic contacts[edit]

Contact began Contact ended Location
Paleo-Indian migration 18,000 BCE 13,000 BCE  Alaska
Norse settlements in Greenland 986 1350-1500  Greenland
Norse settlement in Newfoundland 1000s 1000s  Newfoundland
Austronesian-South American contact 1150 1380  Colombia
Trans-Bering Strait contact
Columbus' first voyage 1492  Bahamas

List of X-planes[edit]

Type Manufacturer Agency Date Status Regime Control Role Notes
X-1 Bell USAF, NACA 1946 Flew Supersonic Manned High-speed and high-altitude flight First aircraft to break the sound barrier in level flight. Proved aerodynamic viability of thin wing sections.[1]
X-1A X-1B X-1C X-1D Bell USAF, NACA 1951 Flew Supersonic Manned High-speed and high-altitude flight
X-1E Bell USAF, NACA 1955 Flew Supersonic Manned High-speed and high-altitude flight
X-2 Bell USAF 1952 Flew Supersonic Manned High-speed and high-altitude flight First aircraft to exceed Mach 3.[2]
X-3 Stiletto Douglas USAF, NACA 1952 Flew Supersonic Manned Highly loaded trapezoidal wing Titanium alloy construction; Underpowered, but provided insights into inertia coupling.[3]
X-4 Bantam Northrop USAF, NACA 1948 Flew Transonic Manned Transonic tailless aircraft[4]
X-5 Bell USAF, NACA 1951 Flew Transonic Manned variable geometry First aircraft to fly with variable wing sweep.[5]
X-6 Convair USAF, AEC 1957 Subsonic Manned Nuclear Propulsion Not built. The Convair NB-36H experiment, a B-36 modified to carry (but not powered by) a nuclear reactor, flew from 1955 to 1957.[6][7]
X-7 Lockheed USAF, USA, USN 1951 Flew Supersonic Unmanned Ramjet engines.[8]
X-8 Aerobee Aerojet NACA, USAF, USN 1949 Flew Unmanned Upper air research[9] Later models used as sounding rockets.
X-9 Shrike Bell USAF 1949 Flew Unmanned Guidance and propulsion technology Assisted development of GAM-63 Rascal missile.[10]
X-10 North American USAF 1953 Flew Unmanned SM-64 Navajo missile testbed.[11]
X-11 Convair USAF 1953 Flew Unmanned Proposed SM-65 Atlas missile testbed.[12]
X-12 Convair USAF 1953 Flew Unmanned Proposed SM-65 Atlas missile testbed.[13]
X-13 Vertijet Ryan USAF, USN 1955 Flew Manned Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) tailsitting VTOL flight.[14]
X-14 Bell USAF, NASA 1957 Flew Manned VTOL Vectored thrust configuration for VTOL flight.[15]
X-15 North American USAF, NASA 1959 Flew Hypersonic Manned Hypersonic, high-altitude flight First crewed hypersonic aircraft; capable of suborbital spaceflight.[16]
X-15A-2 North American USAF, NASA 1964 Flew Hypersonic Manned Hypersonic, high-altitude flight Major Pete Knight flew the X-15A-2 to a Mach 6.70, making it the fastest piloted flight of the X-plane program.
X-16 Bell USAF 1954 Manned High-altitude reconnaissance[17] "X-16" designation used to hide true purpose.[18] Canceled and never flew.
X-17 Lockheed USAF, USN 1956 Flew Unmanned High Mach number reentry.[19]
X-18 Hiller USAF, USN 1959 Flew Subsonic Manned Vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) Evaluated the tiltwing concept for VTOL flight.[20]
X-19 Curtiss-Wright Tri-service 1963 Flew Subsonic Manned Tandem tiltrotor VTOL[21] XC-143 designation requested but turned down.[22]
X-20 Dyna-Soar Boeing USAF 1963 Subsonic Manned Reusable spaceplane Intended for military missions.[23] Canceled and never built.
X-21A Northrop USAF 1963 Flew Subsonic Manned Boundary layer control[24]
X-22 Bell Tri-service 1966 Flew Subsonic Manned Quad ducted fan tiltrotor STOVL[25]
X-23 PRIME Martin Marietta USAF 1966 Maneuvering atmospheric reentry[26] Designation never officially assigned.[22]
X-24A Martin Marietta USAF, NASA 1969 Supersonic Manned Low-speed lifting body[27]
X-24B Martin Marietta USAF, NASA 1973 Supersonic Manned Low-speed lifting body[28]
X-25 Bensen USAF 1955 Manned Commercial light autogyro for downed pilots.[29]
X-26 Frigate Schweizer DARPA, US Army, USN 1967 Manned Training glider for yaw-roll coupling Quiet observation aircraft[30]
X-27 Lockheed None 1971 high-performance research aircraft. High-performance fighter[31] Proposed development of Lockheed CL-1200 Lancer. Canceled and never flew.
X-28 Sea Skimmer Osprey USN 1970 Low-cost aerial policing seaplane[32]
X-29 Grumman DARPA, USAF, NASA 1984 Manned Forward-swept wing[33]
X-30 NASP Rockwell NASA, DARPA, USAF 1993 Single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane[34] Canceled and never built.
X-31 Rockwell-MBB DARPA, USAF, BdV 1990 Thrust vectoring supermaneuverability[35]
X-32A Boeing USAF, USN, USMC, RAF 2000 Supersonic Manned Joint Strike Fighter[36]
X-32B 2001 Supersonic Manned
X-33 Lockheed Martin NASA 2001 Manned Half-scale reusable launch vehicle prototype.[37] Prototype never completed.
X-34 Orbital Sciences NASA 2001 Hypersonic Reusable pilotless spaceplane.[38] Never flew.
X-35A Lockheed Martin USAF, USN, USMC, RAF 2000 Supersonic Manned Joint Strike Fighter[39]
X-35B 2001 Supersonic Manned First in family to use VTOL. Also used unconventional mode of lift engine (lift fan).
X-35C 2000 Supersonic Manned
X-36 McDonnell Douglas NASA 1997 Manned 28% scale tailless fighter[40]
X-37 Boeing USAF, USSF, NASA 2010 Hypersonic Reusable orbital spaceplane[41] Drop test performed in 2006. Seven flights to space since 22 April 2010
X-38 Scaled Composites NASA 1998 Hypersonic Lifting body Crew Return Vehicle[42]
X-39 Unknown USAF Future Aircraft Technology Enhancements (FATE) program.[43] Designation never officially assigned.[22]
X-40A Boeing USAF, NASA 1998 80% scale Space Maneuver Vehicle X-37 prototype.[44]
X-41 Unknown USAF Hypersonic Maneuvering re-entry vehicle.[45]
X-42 Unknown USAF Expendable liquid propellant upper-stage rocket.[46]
X-43 Hyper-X Micro-Craft NASA 2001 Hypersonic Hypersonic Scramjet[47]
X-44 MANTA Lockheed Martin USAF, NASA 2000 F-22-based Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft thrust vectoring[48] Canceled, never flew.
X-45 Boeing DARPA, USAF 2002 Unmanned Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)[49]
X-46 Boeing DARPA, USN 2003 Unmanned Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV).[50] Naval use. Canceled, never flew.
X-47A Pegasus Northrop Grumman DARPA, USN 2003 Unmanned Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)[51] Naval use.
X-47B Northrop Grumman DARPA, USN 2011 Unmanned UCAV Naval use.
X-47C Northrop Grumman USAF Manned bomber Proposal for a new-generation strategic bomber. Design only.
X-48 Boeing NASA 2007 Blended Wing Body (BWB)[52]
X-49 SpeedHawk Piasecki US Army 2007 Compound helicopter Vectored Thrust Ducted Propeller (VTDP) testbed.[53]
X-50 Dragonfly Boeing DARPA 2003 Canard Rotor/Wing[54]
X-51 Waverider Boeing USAF 2010[55] Hypersonic Unmanned Hypersonic scramjet[56]
X-52 — — — — Number skipped to avoid confusion with Boeing B-52 Stratofortress.[22]
X-53 Boeing NASA, USAF 2002 Supersonic Manned Active Aeroelastic Wing[57]
X-54 Gulfstream NASA Low-noise supersonic transport[58] in development.
X-55 Lockheed Martin USAF 2009 Advanced Composite Cargo Aircraft (ACCA)[59]
X-56 Lockheed Martin USAF/NASA 2013 Active flutter suppression and gust load alleviation Part of the high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) reconnaissance aircraft program.[60]
X-57 Maxwell ESAero/Tecnam NASA 2023 Low emission plane powered entirely by electric motors[61] Part of NASA's Scalable Convergent Electric Propulsion Technology Operations Research project[61] (SCEPTOR). Cancelled in 2023, never flew.
X-58 — — — — Number skipped; slot apparently assigned to Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie.[62]
X-59 Quesst Lockheed Martin NASA 2024 Prototype quiet supersonic transport aircraft[63]
X-60 Generation Orbit Launch Services USAF Hypersonic rocket Unmanned Air-launched rocket for hypersonic flight research[64]
X-61 Gremlins Dynetics DARPA 2020 Unmanned Air-launched and air-recoverable reconnaissance unmanned air vehicle (UAV)[65][66]
X-62 VISTA Lockheed Martin/Calspan USAF 2021 Supersonic Manned Variable In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft. First flew in 1993 as the NF-16D (for the MATV program). Designated the X-62A during a major research system upgrade in 2021. Assigned to the USAF Test Pilot School.[67]
X-63 — — — — Number skipped
X-64 — — — — Number skipped
X-65 CRANE Aurora Flight Sciences DARPA 2025 Subsonic Control of Revolutionary Aircraft with Novel Effectors[68]
X-66 Boeing NASA 2028 Transonic Manned Transonic Truss-Braced Wing[69]

List of Tupolev aircraft[edit]

Image Name NATO Year Role Status Notes
Tu-144 "Charger" 1968 Passenger Retired
Tu-160 "Blackjack" 1981 Bomber In service

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 5–7.
  2. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 8.
  3. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 9.
  4. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 10.
  5. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 11.
  6. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 12.
  7. ^ Miller 1983.
  8. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 13.
  9. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 14.
  10. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 15.
  11. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 16.
  12. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 17.
  13. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 18.
  14. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 19.
  15. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 20.
  16. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 21–22.
  17. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 23.
  18. ^ "X-16". Global security, accessed 11 May 2010.
  19. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 24.
  20. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 25.
  21. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 26.
  22. ^ a b c d Parsch 2024, "Missing Designations"
  23. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 27.
  24. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 28.
  25. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 29.
  26. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 30.
  27. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 31.
  28. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 32.
  29. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 33.
  30. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 34.
  31. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 35.
  32. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 36.
  33. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 37.
  34. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 38.
  35. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 39.
  36. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 40–41.
  37. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 42.
  38. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 43.
  39. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 44–45.
  40. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 46.
  41. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 47.
  42. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 48.
  43. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 49.
  44. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 50.
  45. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 51.
  46. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 52.
  47. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 53.
  48. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 54.
  49. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 55.
  50. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 56.
  51. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 57.
  52. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 58.
  53. ^ Parsch 2024, "DOD 4120.15-L"
  54. ^ Jenkins, Landis & Miller 2003, p. 60.
  55. ^ "X-51 Waverider makes historic hypersonic flight". US Air Force Public Affairs. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
  56. ^ "X-51 Scramjet Engine Demonstrator - WaveRider" globalsecurity.org. Accessed 2010-05-11.
  57. ^ Jordan 2006
  58. ^ 412015-L
  59. ^ Kaufman 2009
  60. ^ Norris 2012
  61. ^ a b Harrington, J.D.; Kamlet, Matt; Barnstorff, Kathy (17 June 2016). "NASA Hybrid Electric Research Plane Gets X Number, New Name". NASA.gov. NASA. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  62. ^ The Air Force Valkyrie Drone, a Sidekick for Human-Piloted Planes, Will Fly This Year
  63. ^ Jim, Banke (27 June 2018). "NASA's Experimental Supersonic Aircraft Now Known as X-59 QueSST". NASA. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  64. ^ "U.S. Air Force Designates GO1 Hypersonic Flight Research Vehicle as X-60A". generationorbit.com. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  65. ^ "Earthquake damage delays Gremlins trial". Flight International. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  66. ^ "Dynetics X-61A Gremlins makes first flight, but destroyed after parachute fails". Flight International. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  67. ^ Giancarlo Casem (30 Jul 2021) NF-16D VISTA becomes X-62A, paves way for Skyborg autonomous flight tests
  68. ^ Hadley, Greg (2023-05-16). "Meet the X-65: DARPA's New Plane Has No External Control Surfaces". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
  69. ^ O’Shea, Claire (12 June 2023). "Next Generation Experimental Aircraft Becomes NASA's Newest X-Plane". NASA. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
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