User:Marsupium/sandbox
Egyptian Arabic[edit]
TODO[edit]
- Egyptian Arabic: add notation in Arabic script across the article
- Publication plan
- Arabic verbs: add Wiktionary links, {{transliteration}} and something like {{lang-ar}}, maybe look further through Talk:Arabic verbs
- cf. de:Ägyptisch-Arabisch etc., maybe try out changes there first
- use the featured Levantine Arabic as a probably good example
- transcription
- wikt:Wiktionary:About Arabic/Egyptian: ى should probably not be transliterated as a long vowel???
- use ALA-LC (cf. "Sticking to one romanization scheme, apparently ALA-LC"[1]) here with ع as the glyph ⟨ʿ⟩.
- link to the variety romanizations from Romanization of Arabic
- Done create Wikidata items
- Done pattern/وزن/foobar
- verb morphology: use other example, not "اتكلّم" that has a non-regular verbal noun
- Hinds/Badawi's transcription of جافّ "dry" as "gaaff" (alternative to "gaff")[2] (same as Gadalla, p. 171) seems to contradict phonotactics? or rather not because (here) it's an orthographic rather than phonological transcription; write a short note on morphological/orthographical versus phonological representation of long vowels in the transcriptions
- Done (diff) Egyptian Arabic: "Egyptians generally call their vernacular" -> speakers of Egyptian Arabic
- find a better source than the master's thesis for Franco
- update the review of El Dik & Iskander 2021 at https://lib.reviews/yalla!-lets-learn-egyptian-colloquial-arabic-verbs with more weird (classification) stuff the book does:
- does the table imply to list all possibilities? that would even be misleading
- the choice of form "XI" is a bad one
- اِتْفَعّ, يِتْفَعّ is misclassified as V3a (p. XII), this is rather VIIt3a, this can be seen in the alternative VIIn3a, even of the given example and the existence of other forms for V3a
- unsystematic approach with this assignment IX 3(?)
Distribution[edit]
Excerpt Behnstedt & Woidich 2018[edit]
Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (2018). The Formation of the Egyptian Arabic Dialect Area. pp. 64–95. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-870137-8. Wikidata Q113840243. {{cite book}}
: |journal=
ignored (help)
sedentary and bedouin dialects, those "in Sinai and on the Mediterranean coast west of Alexandria up to the Libyan border" (p. 64)
"standard dialect of Cairo" (p. 64)
"There are ʻsedentaryʼ dialects with different amounts of Maghrebi admixture according to the area: in the western Delta, the northern oases, and Upper Egypt south of Asyut." (p. 64); eastern Delta closer to Sinai and Palestine (cf. de Jong 2000, p. 622); central and southern Egypt related to Hijazi Arabic (cf. Reichmuth 1983, p. 28ff.); further south to Sudanese Arabic (cf. de Jong 2002, p. 358) < -> Arabic dialect continuum!? >
"transitional are between eastern and western Arabic" (p. 64)
"immigration of different Arab tribes" (p. 64), but no "pidginization or creolization" (p. 64)
Arab settlement after conquest in 7th century (p. 65)
claim: dialects of Delta and Nile Valley until El Minya are "earliest linguistic stratum" (p. 65)
Yemeni and Northern Arab tribes in Egypt (p. 65)
"By the end of the tenth century" the Yemenis had left (tough maybe not all) in 10th century to Ifriqiya (p. 68f.): "presence of Yemenis is attested for the duration of three centuries" (p. 69)
3.1.2 Dialect (p. 69)
phonological communalities between Egyptian and Yemeni dialects (p. 69–71); "both dialect areas are very conservative", so no "evidence for an early Egypt-Yemen connection" here (p. 71)
short demonstratives are common among the two (p. 71)
lexically not much is common, two agricultural terms are given (p. 72)
"Certainly, modern EA shares more items with Levantine Arabic than with any other Arabic dialect region, but many of these go back to much later contacts in Mameluke and Ottoman times (Lentin 1995: 134)." (p. 72)
Dialect literature[edit]
(for the section "Publications" in Egyptian Arabic)
The dialogs in the following novels are partly in Egyptian Arabic, partly in Standard Arabic: Mahmud Tahir Haqqi's Adhra' Dinshuway (Arabic: عذراء دنشواي; 1906), Yaqub Sarruf's Fatat Misr (Arabic: فتاة مصر, romanized: Fatāt Miṣr; first published in Al-Muqtataf 1905–1906), and Mohammed Hussein Heikal's Zaynab (1914).[1]
Early stage plays written in Egyptian Arabic were translated from or influenced by European playwrights. Muhammad 'Uthman Jalal translated plays by Molière, Racine and Goldoni to Egyptian Arabic and adapted them as well as ten fables by Jean de La Fontaine. Yaqub Sanu translated to and wrote plays on himself in Egyptian Arabic.[2] Many plays were written in Standard Arabic, but performed in colloquial Arabic. Tawfiq al-Hakim took this a step further and provided for his Standard Arabic plays versions in colloquial Arabic for the performances.[3] Mahmud Taymur has published some of his plays in two versions, one in Standard, one in colloquial Arabic, among them: Kidb fi Kidb (Arabic: كذب في كذب, lit. 'All lies', 1951[4] or ca. 1952) and Al-Muzayyifun (Arabic: المزيفون, romanized: Al-Muzayyifūn, lit. 'The Forgers', ca. 1953).[5] TODO: xxxxxx add the others!!!
The writers of stage plays in Egyptian Arabic after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 include No'man Ashour, Alfred Farag, Saad Eddin Wahba , Rashad Roushdy, and Yusuf Idris.[4] Thereafter the use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic in theater is stable and common.[6] Later writers of plays in colloquial Egyptian include Ali Salem, and Naguib Surur.[4]
Novels in Egyptian Arabic after the 1940s and before the 1990s are rare. There are by Mustafa Musharrafah Qantarah Alladhi Kafar (Arabic: قنطرة الذي كفر, romanized: Qanṭarah Alladhī Kafar, lit. 'Qantara Who Disbelieved', Cairo, 1965) and Uthman Sabri's (Arabic: عثمان صبري, romanized: ʻUthmān Ṣabrī; 1896–1986) Journey on the Nile (Egyptian Arabic: رحلة في النيل, romanized: Riḥlah fī il-Nīl, 1965)[7] (and his Bet Sirri (بيت سري, Bēt Sirri, 'A Brothel', 1981) that apparently uses a mix of Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic[8]).
Prose published in Egyptian Arabic since the 1990s include the following novels: Yusuf al-Qa'id's Laban il-Asfur (لبن العصفور, Laban il-ʿAṣfūr, 'The Milk of the Bird'; 1994),[9] Baha' Awwad's (Arabic: بهاء عواد, romanized: Bahāʾ ʿAwwād) Shams il-Asil (شمس الاصيل, Shams il-ʿAṣīl, 'Late Afternoon Sun'; 1998), Safa Abdel Al Moneim's Min Halawit il-Ruh (من حلاوة الروح, Min Ḥalāwit il-Rōḥ, 'Zest for Life', 1998), Samih Faraj's (Arabic: سامح فرج, romanized: Sāmiḥ Faraj) Banhuf Ishtirasa (بانهوف اشتراسا, Bānhūf Ishtirāsā, 'Bahnhof Strasse', 1999); autobiographies include the one by Ahmed Fouad Negm, by Mohammed Naser Ali Ula Awwil (اولى أول, Ūlá Awwil, 'First Class Primary School'), and Fathia al-Assal's Hudn il-Umr (حضن العمر, Ḥuḍn il-ʿUmr, 'The Embrace of a Lifetime').[10][11]
The epistolary novel Jawabat Haraji il-Gutt (Sa'idi Arabic: جوابات حراجى القط, romanized: Jawābāt Ḥarājī il-Guṭṭ, lit. 'Letters of Haraji the Cat', 2001) by Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi is exceptional in its use of Saʽidi Arabic.[10]
21th-century journals publishing in Egyptian Arabic include Bārti (from at least 2002), the weekly magazine Idhak lil-Dunya (اضحك للدنيا, Iḍḥak lil-Dunyā, 'Smile for the World', from 2005),[12][13] and the monthly magazine Ihna (احنا, Iḥna, 'We', from 2005).[14]
Literature:
- Borg, Gert (1 January 2007). How to Be Kool in Arabic Writing: Linguistic Observations from the Side Line. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. Vol. 49. pp. 525–542. doi:10.1163/EJ.9789004160156.I-762.144. ISBN 978-90-04-16015-6. Wikidata Q114863266.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Davies, Humphrey (2005). "Dialect Literature". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 1: 597–604. Wikidata Q114570074.
- Diem, Werner (1974). Hochsprache und Dialekt im Arabischen: Untersuchungen zur heutigen arabischen Zweisprachigkeit. Abhandlungen fuer die Kunde des Morgenlandes (in German). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-01834-0. OCLC 185628300. OL 5150940M. Wikidata Q114757930.
- Woidich, Manfred (2010). "Von der wörtlichen Rede zur Sachprosa: Zur Entwicklung der Ägyptisch-Arabischen Dialektliteratur" (PDF). Dialektliteratur heute – regional und international. Forschungskolloquium am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 19.11.2009–20.11.2009 (in German). Wikidata Q113680977.
- Zack, Elisabeth (2001). "The Use of Colloquial Arabic in Prose Literature: Laban ilʿaṣfūr by Yūsuf al-Qaʿīd". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 193–219. ISSN 1121-2306. JSTOR 25802939. Wikidata Q114586222.
a query with some works: https://w.wiki/5qxj
Yusuf Idris works with dialogs in Egyptian Arabic: Arkhaṣ Layāli (1954), …[15]
Excerpt Woidich 2006[edit]
Woidich 2006, pp. 1–6, Einleitung
"Das Kairenische, das oft schlechthin mit „Ägyptisch-Arabisch“ gleichgesetzt wird […] Position einer Standardsprache" (p. 1)
"Ausstrahlung, die dieses Land in der arabischen Welt besitzt." (p. 1)
movies and TV, dominating cinema and soaps in the Arab World and export of workers and academics in all Arab countries (p. 1)
Cairene variety takes part in the development of an "inter Arabic", recently concurrency of Gulf Arabic and Beirut Arabic (p. 1)
since long development to a written language (p. 2)
no standardization of orthography, grammar and lexicon (p. 2)
end of 19th century until mid 20th century boom of writing in dialect, another increase in the last 50 years (p. 2)
advertisement, comic strips and journals (Bārti and Iḥna); not only traditional genres like satirical magazines, poetry, caricatures, dialogs in novels, fictive memoirs and theater plays; also texts in prosa like novellas, novels and real memoirs (p. 2)
writers of theater plays: Saad al-Din Wahbah (Q12215902) (Saad Eddin Wahba), Rashad Roushdy, Noaman Ashour, …; Yusuf al-Qa'id novel "لبن العصفور" (Laban il-ʕAṣfūr); memoirs of Ahmad Fuad Nigm and Fathiyya al-Assal (p. 2)
references here: Diem 1974, Rosenbaum 2004 (=Egyptian Arabic as a Written Language), Davies 2005
orthography not fixed, between conservative close to Standard Arabic and closer to phonological situation in Egyptian Arabic, no one is consequent (p. 2)
Excerpt Woidich 2010[edit]
Yaqub Sanu, "der sich selbst als den »ägyptischen Molière« verstand" (p. 70)
Sanu's satire magazine Abu Naddara (here citing Gendzier 1966, p. 59) (p. 71)
Abdullah an-Nadeem' magazine Al Ustadh (الأستاذ) (p. 71) (Booth 1992, p. 424 : "colloquial dialogues")
Himarat Munyati (حمارة منيتي, Ḥimārat Munyatī, '(female) donkey of my desire') Himarat Munyati (Q108614624) by Muhammad Tawfiq: Booth 1992, p. 425: "chose to publish colloquial poems in almost every issue"
The writers of stage plays in Egyptian Arabic after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 include Noaman Ashour, Alfred Farag, Saad Eddin Wahba, Rashad Roushdy, and Yusuf Idris. Thereafter the use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic in theater is stable and common. (p. 74)
A recent novel in Egyptian Arabic is Yusuf al-Qa'id's Laban el-Asfur (Egyptian Arabic: لبن العصفور, romanized: Laban el-ʿAṣfūr, lit. 'The Milk of the Bird') 1994 (p. 79)
Excerpt Zack 2001[edit]
A. Introduction
"form of a monologue, in which a poor, illiterate woman […] tells us about the events that eventually led to her imprisonment" (p. 193); uses 3aammiiyat al-3ummiiyiin (p. 193)
B. Background
1. The use of colloquial in the Egyptian novel
use "in dialogues in the novel is nowadays more or less accepted" (references Diem 1974, pp. 98–99; Sa3iid 1980, pp. 381 ff.) (p. 194)
examples:
- Mohammed Hussein Heikal: Zaynab, 1914: "considered to be the first Egyptian novel, the dialogues are partially in dialect" (ref. Diem 1974, p. 109 (p. 194, fn. 4)
- muDakkiraat first in 1920s and 1930s "fictious autobiographies" "mostly written in colloquial, […] also some titles […] in Standard Arabic." (list in Diem 1974, p. 101) (p. 194 with fn. 5):
- Bayram al-Tunisi:
- isSayyid wi mraatu f-MaSr
- isSayyid wi mraatu f-Bariis (1925)
- 7usnii Yuusuf: Muzakkiraat fitiwwa (1930) ("حسني يوسف مذكرات فتوة"?) (same as that one by "المعلم يوسف أبو حجاج"?)
- Luwiis AwaD: 1965: "last novel of this genre"
- Bayram al-Tunisi:
- "antara allaDi kafar (year unknown)
- Uthmaan Sabrii
- ri7la fi-nNiil ("رحلة في النيل") (1965)
- beet sirri (year unknown)
William Willcocks[edit]
Diem 1974, pp. 131–132 : he translated the Old and New Testament to the Cairene dialect
more[edit]
- Booth, Marilyn (August 1992). "Colloquial Arabic Poetry, Politics, and the Press in Modern Egypt". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24 (3): 419–440. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 164623. Wikidata Q114579687.
- De Angelis, Francesco (9 February 2022). "Literature in Dialect: The Great Absentee". Languages Cultures Mediation. 8 (2): 163–176. doi:10.7358/LCM-2021-002-DEAN. ISSN 2284-1881. Wikidata Q114586521. (2021 or 2022???)
- Zack, Liesbeth (2014). "Key to Mass Literacy or Professor's Hobby? FISKE'S PROJECT TO WRITE EGYPTIAN ARABIC WITH THE LATIN ALPHABET". Al-Arabiyya Monograph Series (in Arabic). 47: 1–19. ISSN 0889-8731. JSTOR 24635370. Wikidata Q112065053.
- Zack, Elisabeth (2001). "The Use of Colloquial Arabic in Prose Literature: Laban ilʿaṣfūr by Yūsuf al-Qaʿīd". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 193–219. ISSN 1121-2306. JSTOR 25802939. Wikidata Q114586222.
- Zack, Liesbeth (15 January 2016). Arabic language guides written for the British Army during the British occupation of Egypt, 1882–1922. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1515/9783110436907-002. ISBN 978-3-11-044222-9. Wikidata Q114587585.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Håland, Eva Marie (1 January 2017). Adab sākhir (Satirical Literature) and the Use of Egyptian Vernacular. pp. 142–165. doi:10.1163/9789004346178_008. ISBN 978-90-04-34616-1. Wikidata Q114588882.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Diem, Werner (1974). Hochsprache und Dialekt im Arabischen: Untersuchungen zur heutigen arabischen Zweisprachigkeit. Abhandlungen fuer die Kunde des Morgenlandes (in German). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-01834-0. OCLC 185628300. OL 5150940M. Wikidata Q114757930. (review: Johnstone, T. M. (February 1977). "Werner Diem: Hochsprache und Dialekt im Arabischen: Untersuchungen zur heutigen arabischen Zweisprachigkeit. (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Bd. XLI, 1.) xiii, 183 pp. Wiesbaden: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner GmbH, 1974. DM 48". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 40 (1): 144–145. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00040556. ISSN 0041-977X. Wikidata Q114757928.)
- Starkey, Paul (1993). "'From the City of the Dead To Liberation Square': the Novels of Yusuf Al-QaĪd". Journal of Arabic Literature. 24 (1): 62–74. doi:10.1163/157006493X00186. ISSN 0085-2376. JSTOR 4183290. Wikidata Q114797866.
- Cachia, P. J. E. (January 1967). "The Use of the Colloquial in Modern Arabic Literature". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 87 (1): 12–22. doi:10.2307/596590. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 596590. Wikidata Q114797990.
"In 1893, one of the most reviled interventions in promoting Egyptian colloquial Arabic (ECA) took place when the Bible was translated into ECA by Sir William Willcocks. He also translated some of Shakespeare's works into ECA (Saeed, 1964)." (Essa, Esraa. The use of Egyptian spoken Arabic in modern Egyptian novels. 2016. American University in Cairo, Master's Thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/602, p. 12)
p. 15: "The two novels under investigation in this study":
- Ahmed Murad’s The Blue Elephant ( الفيل الأزرق ), 2012
- Essam Youssef’s The Two Officers إثنين ضباط) September 2013, Essam Youssef’s second novel, "on the
bestseller rack in bookstores across Egypt for two consecutive weeks (Al- Shorouk, 2014)" (both contain Non-Modern Standard Arabic)
"The vast majority of Arab writers and literary critics consider that colloquial Arabic is ineligible for use in literature (Abdel-Malek, 1972)" (p. 19)
Phonology[edit]
Sibilant consonants before /ʃ/[edit]
"Thus, verbs that end with ( ش ْ / ظ ْ / ص ْ and are followed by the negation ْ / س ْ / )ز marker ()ش can have these letters replaced with ( ش ّ / ص ّ / )س." (Dina El Dik; Emad Iskander (14 September 2021). Yalla!: Let's Learn Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Verbs. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. p. XVIII. ISBN 978-977-416-909-0. OCLC 1286878505. OL 28920005M. Wikidata Q111664200.)
Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic[edit]
example for a word written with "ث", but pronounced t? doesn't seem to exist "ثلاثة" is not written with "ث"
various[edit]
- Imāla: see e.g. Woidich 2006, p. 9, 1.1.1.2.2, Anm.
- metathesis: see Woidich 2006, p. 20, 1.2.5 Metathesis
- examples: siHlifa ~ silHifa, faylasuuf ~ falyasuuf, …
- TODO: make the transclusions of {{transliteration}} in Metathesis (linguistics)#Egyptian Arabic use "arz" after checking that it's actually arz
- 4.4.2.1 sycope (Watson) is incomplete in Cairene apparently for lexicalized cases from Classical Arabic like e.g. the variant ظاهِرَة (cf. Hinds/Badawi, p. 557). (Same form is also an exception for and mentioned in Egyptian Arabic phonology#Vowel shortening.)
- pre-suffix vowel lengthening (Watson 8.1.1, p. 201ff.): this is not really related to stress as Egyptian Arabic phonology#Vowel lengthening suggests
- exception to Egyptian Arabic phonology#Vowel shortening? Watson, p. 204: "When an adjective or noun with the relational ending -i3 or the ending -gi or -li (see Section 7.3.1) takes a vowel-initial suffix, -i is subject to pre-suffix lengthening through mora reduplication" and "However, in contrast to other long vowels which result from pre-suffix lengthening, the resulting bimoraic vowel is resistant to unstressed long vowel shortening." Can this be observed in ordinal speech?
Orthography and romanization[edit]
Orthography[edit]
There is no fixed orthography for Egyptian Arabic. Where it is written in Arabic script the orthography varies between more conservative spellings closer to those of Standard Arabic and spellings closer to the phonology of Egyptian Arabic. This variability arises from the deficiency of the Arabic script for writing the colloquial Egyptian Arabic, for which it is not designed. Part of this is the unavailability of signs for some sounds of Egyptian Arabic that are not part of Standard Arabic.[16] Both options are used in parallel, often even in by one author or in one work.[17][18] The two options appears for example for these cases:
- treatment of originally long vowels that become short or deleted as a result of vowel shortening or vowel deletion, e.g. the feminine active participle of عرف, ʿirif, 'to know', that is pronounced [ˈʕarfa], can be written in two ways:
- etymological spelling with the shortly pronounced originally long vowel "ا": عارفة,
- phonetic spelling without the "ا": عرفة;
- words written with the letters "ث", "ذ", and "ظ" in Standard Arabic that are pronounced /t/, /z/, and /dˁ/ in Egyptian Arabic can keep their etymological Standard Arabic spelling or be phonetically respelled with "ت", "د" and "ض".
Romanization[edit]
TODO:
- perhaps add Aboul-Fetouh 1969, pp. 12–13, 1.41 Segmentals ?
- IPA: give only phonemes for Levantine Arabic#Orthography and writing systems as well??? perhaps change [] to //???
- note regarding the ye masriyy; also ي might not be used by Hinds/Badawi?
- (DONE) Spitta: add other locations of the book used: only for epenthetic vowel
- (NOT DONE) make table accessible (accessibility should be okay, no much needed modifications)
- add transcriptions for lost sounds/letters where I haven't looked them up yet
- write on the status of [e] and [o], cf. Watson 2002, p. 22, 2.4.3 Diphthongs : "Among some Cairene speakers, the monophthongs are shortened in closed syllables to give short e and o […]" and Woidich 2006, seems to be from Woidich in Watson 2002, cf. Watson 2002, p. 48.
In the table below romanizations by different authors starting with Spitta's from 1880 are given as examples of the variety of those used. Where authors use custom glyphs the ones given try the best available approximation. The use of transcribing glyphs among different authors and between those and a representation of Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script (in doubt Hinds & Badawi 1986 is used above) can't be exactly aligned because different authors use different analyses of the studied language, especially regarding the vowel system. Here also the table below tries to give a good approximation.
Arabic letter | Romanization | non-arz | IPA[19] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spitta[20] | Mitchell[21] | Harrell[22] | Abdel-Massih[23] | Hinds/ Badawi[24] |
Woidich[25] | Franco[26] | ALA-LC[27] | EALL[28] | ||
Consonants | ||||||||||
ب[29] | b | b | b | b (p) | b | b | b | b (p) | b | /b/ (/p/)[29] |
ت | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | /t/ |
ث[30] | s/t[31] | θ/t | s/t | (th) | /s/, /t/ | |||||
ج[29] | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | (j) | g | /ɡ/ |
j | ž | ž | j | ž | ž | (/ʒ/)[29] | ||||
ح | ḥ | ꞕ | ħ | ɦ | ꞕ | ḥ | 7/h (h[32]) | ḥ | ḥ | /ħ/ |
خ | ḫ | x | x | x | x | x | 5/7’/kh (Kh[32]) | kh | x | /x/ |
د | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | /d/ |
ذ[30] | d/z | d | (dh) | /d/, /z/ | ||||||
ر | r | r | r | r/ṛ | r | r | r | r | r | /ɾ/ |
ز | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | /z/ |
س | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | /s/ |
ش | ś | ʃ | ʃ | š | ʃ | š | sh | sh | š | /ʃ/ |
ص | ṣ | ʂ | ṣ | ʂ | ṣ | s | ṣ | ṣ | /sˁ/ | |
ض | ḍ | ɖ | ḍ | ɖ/ẓ | ḍ | z | ḍ | ḍ | /dˁ/ | |
ط | ṭ | ʈ | ṭ | ʈ | ṭ | t | ṭ | ṭ | /tˁ/ | |
ظ[30] | ʐ | ẓ | ᶎ/d̨ | ẓ | z | ẓ | /dˁ/ (/zˁ/) | |||
ع | ʿ | ƹ | ع | ʕ | ƹ | ʿ | 3 (not written[32]) | ʿ | ʿ | /ʕ/ |
غ | ġ | ɣ | ǥ | ɣ | ɣ | ġ | 3’/gh (gh[32]) | gh | ġ | /ɣ/ |
ف[29] | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | /f/ |
v | v | v | v | v | (/v/)[29] | |||||
ق | q (ʾ)[33] | q | ʔ | ʔ | ɢ | 2 | q̶ | /ʔ/ | ||
q | q | q | q | q | q | k/q | q | q | /q/ | |
ك | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | /k/ |
ل | l | l | l | l/ḷ | l | l | l | l | l | /l/ |
م | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | /m/ |
ن | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | /n/ |
ه | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | /h/ |
و | w | w | w | w | w | w | w | w | w | /w/ |
ي | j | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | /j/ |
ء | ʾ | ʕ | ʔ | ʔ | ʕ | ʾ | 2 (not written[34]) | ʾ | ʾ | /ʔ/ |
Long vowels | ||||||||||
ا | ɑ̂/(ɑ̊)[35] | aa | a: | aa | aa | ā | a | ā | ā | /a(ː)/: [æ(ː)] |
ɑ̈ | aa | a: | aa | ɑɑ | ā | a | ɑ̄ | ā | /a(ː)/: [ɑ(ː)] | |
و | û | uu | u: | uu | uu | ū | o/oo/ou | ū | ū | /u(ː)/ |
oo | o: | oo | oo | ō | oo/ou/o | ō | ō | /o(ː)/ | ||
ي | y | ii | i: | ii | ii | ī | ee/e/i | ī | ī | /i(ː)/ |
ee | e: | ee | ee | ē | e/ee/ei | ē | ē | /e(ː)/ | ||
Short vowels | ||||||||||
ـَ/ا | ɑ/ɑ̈/(e/ɑ̊)[36] | a | a | a | a/ɑ | a | a/not written | a | a | /a/ |
ـُ/و | o/u | o/u | u/(o) | o/u | o/u | o/u | o | u | u/o | /u/ |
ـِ/ي | i/(e/ü)[37] | i/e | i/(e) | e/i | e/i | e/i | e/not written | i | i/e | /i/ |
((unstressed) anaptyctic vowel)[38] |
e̊/å/i̊/ů[39] | ĭ/ă/ŭ | a/e/i/o/u[40] | ⁱ/ᵃ/…[41] | i/i̊/u/ů[42] | not written/i/e[43] | partly i̊ | [ə], [ʊ][44] |
References:
- Spitta, Wilhelm (1880), Grammatik des arabischen Vulgärdialectes von Ägypten (in German), Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, OCLC 14714297, OL 23438029M, Wikidata Q112070596
- Mitchell, T. F. (1978). An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815148-9. OL 18702205M. Wikidata Q114400645.
- Harrell, Richard S. (1957), The Phonology of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic, New York City: American Council of Learned Societies, Wikidata Q113667309
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1978). A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic, vol. 1: Conversations, cultural texts, sociolinguistic notes. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies. ISBN 978-0-932098-11-5. OCLC 777140122. OL 11480326M. Wikidata Q112066001.
- Hinds, Martin; Badawi, El-Said (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic. Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85341-003-1. OCLC 928122887. OL 15378288M. Wikidata Q112961267.
- Woidich, Manfred (2006). Das Kairenisch-Arabische: Eine Grammatik. Porta linguarum Orientalium (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05315-0. OL 19689820M. Wikidata Q113722341.
- Abu Elhija, Dua'a (23 January 2014). "A new writing system? Developing orthographies for writing Arabic dialects in electronic media". Writing Systems Research. 6 (2): 190–214. doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.868334. ISSN 1758-6801. Wikidata Q114356394.
- Bjørnsson, Jan Arild (November 2010), Egyptian Romanized Arabic: A Study of Selected Features from Communication Among Egyptian Youth on Facebook (PDF), University of Oslo Library, Wikidata Q114356281
Additions to vowels:
- epenthetic vowel:
- Woidich 2006, p. XXVII, Zur Umschrift : "Der Sproßvokal [ə] im Sandhi wird mit ⟨i̊⟩ bezeichnet, s. 1.3.2.3.", dann aber bei Woidich 2006, p. 8, 1.1.1.2.1 : "baʿdi kida"
- Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. XVIII : "vi) Anaptyxis/Unstressed anaptyctic vowels are represented in small elevated form, while stressed anaptyctic vowels are given in the normal fount", that means "ⁱᵃᵅᵉᵒᵘ"?, e.g. "ʕil-ʕɑgrᵃ ʕal-ɑllɑ"[45]
- Spitta 1880, p. 41, § 15b. Die Transscription der Vocalfärbungen : use that information
ث, ذ and ظ spelling examples:
- :ث
- sawra (in Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 441 only with ث)
- Harrell, p. 54: "sawra"
- sanya (in Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 140 only with ث)
- sawra (in Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 441 only with ث)
Why not to use a romanization/IPA mix:
- what does "j" mean now? "ʕ" is also unclear
- giving a phonetic or phonemic phonology(?) is not the idea of a transcription, rather to give something between original orthography/morphology/phonology, so probably IPA characters will be used (morphologically) in places where they're not pronounced like they might indicate read as IPA literally
- IPA is further from Latin alphabet, so contradict the idea of making it easier to grasp morphophonology
Adaptions to ALA-LC[edit]
- use ⟨g⟩, ⟨ɑ⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨ɑ̄⟩ ⟨ō⟩, ⟨ē⟩
- use ⟨ʿ⟩ ⟨ʾ⟩
- TODO: how to handle two phonologies of qaf? Levantine Arabic#Orthography and writing systems gives ⟨q̄⟩ from Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018, pp. 3–4, 13–17, 20 (pages?), but it says "The strike-through bar is used […]" (p. 20), so maybe rather use ⟨q̶⟩ (q with long stroke overlay) (or ⟨q̵⟩ (q with short stroke overlay))
- Hinds & Badawi 1986 uses ⟨ɢ⟩ which is used in IPA for the voiced uvular plosive, which is not the best choice in my eyes
Morphology[edit]
Wikidata modelling[edit]
maybe like this?:
pattern: Semitic morphological pattern (Q114032232)
- Fa3L (Q114032261) has use (P366) Egyptian Arabic adjective (Q114032428) (creates lexeme type (P5923) (with domain also items)?)
- Fa3L (Q114032261) subclass of (P279) C₁VC₂C₃ (Q114032194)
lexeme: pattern and root
- سهل (L705785) instance of (P31) Fa3L (Q114032261) (or uses (P2283)?)
- سهل (L705785) root (P5920) س ه ل (L705777)
Noun morphology[edit]
(following Woidich 2006, pp. 90–105, 2.4.2 Nominalschemata )
triliteral root (Q40437546)[edit]
Woidich 2006, 2.4.2.1 TODO notation:
- harmonize notation of long vowels with two letters or letter with macron
- use F3L₁L₂ notation because e.g. "CiCCiC" can be "Fi33iL" or from quadriliteral root, also change in Wikidata
- (DONE) consider notation, see also International Phonetic Alphabet#Capital letters
- 1 syllable (Woidich 2006, pp. 90–91, 2.4.2.1.1 )
- CvCC: C₁VC₂C₃ (Q114032194)
- CaCC: Fa3L (Q114032261) =SA[46] (adj)
- CiCC: Fi3L (Q114063350) =SA[46] (adj)
- CuCC: Fu3L (Q114048272) =SA[46]/<SA: CaaCiC[47] (adj)
- Cv̄C
- CāC (from roots med. inf., like CaCaC or CaCC)
- CēC (from roots med. y, like CaCC)
- CīC (from roots med. w or y, like CiCC)
- CōC (from roots med. /w/, like CaCC)
- CūC (from roots med. /w/, like CuCC)
- CvCC: C₁VC₂C₃ (Q114032194)
- 2 syllables (Woidich 2006, pp. 91–97, 2.4.2.1.2 )
- CvCv (from roots tert. inf.)
- CaCa (like CaCaC or CaCāC)
- CaCi (like CaCīC) (adj)
- CiCa (like CiCāC)
- CiCi (like CiCīC)
- CuCa (like CuCāC)
- CvCvC
- CaCaC
- CiCiC (adj)
- CiCaC
- CuCaC (adj)
- CuCuC (adj)
- CvCv̄C
- CaCāC
- CaCīC ~ CiCīC (with back(?) ~ with front consonants(?)) (adj)
- CayyiC (from roots med. inf.) (adj)
- CaCūC (adj)
- CiCāC
- CiCēC
- CuCāC (adj)
- CuCūC ~ CiCūC
- CuCēC
- CvCvCC
- CaCaCC
- CaCiCC
- CiCiCC(a)
- CuCuCC
- Cv̄CvC
- CāCaC (cf. Peter Behnstedt; Manfred Woidich (1985). Dialektatlas von Ägypten (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-88226-227-3. OCLC 158521151. OL 2766206M. Wikidata Q123378938.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) map 122 for this and for CāCiC) - CāCiC (PA > adj)
- CiiCiC
- CeeCaC
- CooCaC
- CuuCiC
- CāCaC (cf. Peter Behnstedt; Manfred Woidich (1985). Dialektatlas von Ägypten (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-88226-227-3. OCLC 158521151. OL 2766206M. Wikidata Q123378938.
- CvCCa
- CaCCa
- CiCCa
- CuCCa
- CvCCvC
- CaCCiC (adj)
- CiCCiC (concrete nouns)
- CuCCuC
- CuCCaC (adj)
- CvCCv̄C
- CaCCaaC (adj (intensive))
- CaCCiiC (adj)
- CaCCooC
- CaCCuuC
- CiCCaaC
- CiCCeeC
- CiCCiiC (adj)
- CuCCaaC
- CuCCeeC
- CvCv (from roots tert. inf.)
- 3 syllables (Woidich 2006, pp. 97–100, 2.4.2.1.3 )
- CvCvCv
- CaCaCa
- CaCaCi (error in Woidich: "CaCaCa") (adj)
- CiCaCi (adj)
- CuCaCi (adj)
- CvCv̄Cv
- CaCaaCa
- CaCaaCi
- CaCiiCa ~ CiCiiCa
- CaCuuCa
- CiCaaCa
- CiCeeCa
- CiCeeCi
- CuCaaCa
- CuCeeCa
- CuCeeCi
- CuCuuCa ~ CiCuuCa
- CvCayyvC
- CuCayyiC ~ CiCayyiC (adj)
- Fu3ayyaL (not in Woidich)
- CvCvCCv (error in Woidich: not centered)
- CuCuCCa ~ CaCuCCa ~ CaCuCCi
- CvCCvCv
- CiCCiCa
- CvCCv̄Cv
- CaCCaaCa
- CaCCaaCi (adj)
- CaCCiiCa
- CaCCuuCa
- CiCCeeCa
- CuCCaaCa (adj)
- CuCCeeCa
- CuCCeeCi
- CvCvCv
- with "Postformativ"(Woidich)/suffix(?) -ān (Woidich 2006, pp. 100–101, 2.4.2.1.4 )
- CaCCān (adj)
- CuCCān
- CaCaCān: verbal nouns
- with "Präformativen"(Woidich)/prefixes(?) (Woidich 2006, pp. 101–102, 2.4.2.1.5 )
- aCCaC (adj: colors, personal characteristics)
- maCv̄C(a) (from roots med. inf.) ~ maCaCC(a) (from roots med. gem.)
- maCCaC
- maCCaCa
- maCCūC: PP
- miCaCC ~ miCaCCa (from roots med. gem.)
- miCCāC (adj)
- miCCiC (adj)
- muCCāC
- taCCīCa: nomen vicis (instance noun (Q16127432)); "Konkretisierung des Verbalnomens"
quadriliteral root (Q25563977)[edit]
(Woidich 2006, 2.4.2.2 )
- 2 syllables (Woidich 2006, pp. 102–103, 2.4.2.2.1 )
- CvCvCC
- CaCCaC
- CiCCiC (concrete nouns)
- CuCCiC ~ CuCCuC
- CaCCīC
- CaCCōC
- CaCCūC (adj)
- CiCCāC (adj)
- CiCCēC
- CuCCāC
- CuCCēC (adj)
- 3 syllables (Woidich 2006, p. 104, 2.4.2.2.2 )
- CvCvCv̄C
- CaCCaCa
- CiCCiCa
- CuCCaCa
- CaCCīCa
- CaCCūCa
- CuCCēCa
- 4 syllables (Woidich 2006, p. 105, 2.4.2.2.3 )
- CaCaCāCa
- CvCvCvCCa: "Scherzbildungen"
quinqueliteral root (Q12411577)[edit]
(Woidich 2006, p. 105, 2.4.2.3 )
- CvCvCvCC(a)
- CvCvCCvCi
- CvCvCCv̄C(a) and similar
- CvCCvCv̄C(a) and similar
Broken noun plural[edit]
cf. Gadalla 2000, pp. 159–166, 3.6.3.3. Broken Plural
Noun and adjective derivation[edit]
(heading like Arabic nouns and adjectives#Noun and adjective derivation) cf.:
- Gadalla 2000, 3.2. Deverbal Nouns
- Gadalla 2000, 3.8. The Diminutive Form
Adjective morphology[edit]
Adjectival stem forms[edit]
cf. Gadalla 2000, pp. 169–212
"Table (50) shows that adjectival stem forms which are identical in SA and EA have one of six templates: [CVCC], [CVCVC], [CVCVVC], [CVCCVVC], [CVCCaan], or [?aCCVC]. The last template is also used in comparative forms (See 4.6.2)."
Adjectives follow several stem forms or patterns. The nominal patterns for adjectives are often the same like those for nouns. But some are especially used for adjectives, e.g. Fa3iiL (فَعِيل faʿīl), Fa3uuL, Fi3aLi and Fu3aLi.[48]
In most cases the unmarked adjective forms are the forms for the masculine singular or the forms for all genders and numbers. An exception is the pattern Fa3La for feminine adjectives corresponding to the masculine aF3aL.
The following table shows known adjective patterns, their consonant/vowel templates and their equivalents in Standard Arabic (SA).
- Root type
- Given if it is only used for root types that are not sound (was before: "sound" can also mean not sound root types use the same pattern/does not mean not sound root types use another pattern)
No. of radicals | Root type | No. of syl. | Template | Pattern | SA equivalent | ECA=SA? | No. of ECA equivalents | Example(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 1 | CVCC | Fa3L | Fa3L | yes | 1 | Gadalla: sahl "easy" | |
3 | 1 | CVCC | Fi3L | |||||
3 | 1 | CVCC | Fu3L | Faa3iL | no | 2 | Gadall: suxn (also A-F) | |
3 | R2=R3 | 1 | CVCC |
|
Fu33 | yes | 1 | Gadalla: 7urr "free" |
3 | R2=y | 2 |
|
FaaʔiL | no | 1 | غايب; Gadalla: ghaayib "absent" | |
3 | R3=hamza | 2 |
|
Faa3iʔ | no | 1 | (comes twice) Gadalla: haadi "calm" | |
3 | R3=w | 1 | CVCC |
|
Fu3w | no | 1 | Gadalla: Hilw "sweet"; rixw |
3 | 2 | CVCVC | Fa3aL | Fa3aL | yes | 1 | Gadalla: baTal "courageous"; A-F: shala3 "rude" | |
3 | 2 | CVCVVC | Fa3aaL | Fa3aaL | yes | 1 | Gadalla: gabaan "coward"; A-F: 7alaal "honest (religiously legal)" | |
3 | 2 | CVCVVC | Fa3uuL | Fa3uuL | yes | 1 | Gadalla: Sabuur "patient"; A-F: ghafuur "forgivable" | |
3 | 2 | CVCVVC | Fu3aaL | Fu3aaL | yes | 1 | Gadalla: shugaa3 "brave"; A-F: suxaam "bad" | |
3 | 2 | CVCCVVC | Fa33aaL | Fa33aaL | yes | 1 | Gadalla: Tammaa3 "greedy"; A-F: makkaar "cunning" | |
3 | 2 | CVCCVVC | Fi33iiL | Fi33iiL | yes | 1 | Gadalla: sikkiir "alcoholic" (also A-F) | |
3 | 2 | CVCCVVC | Fu33uuL | Fu33uuL | yes | 1 | Gadalla: qudduus "holy" | |
3 | 2 | CVCCaan | Fa3Laan | Fa3Laan | yes | 1 | far7aan, bardaan, talmaan, shab3aan, za3laan, HaRRaan, ghayRaan, dablaan | |
3 | R2=w | 2 |
|
FawLaan | no | 1 | Gadalla: ga3aan "hungry" | |
3 | R3=y | 2 |
|
Fu3yaan | no | 1 | Gadalla: 3iryaan "naked" | |
3 | R3=hamza(cf. wikt:ملآن) or y(Hinds & Badawi 1986, pp. 833–834 )? | 2 |
|
Fa3ʔaan | no | 1 | Gadalla: malyaan "full" | |
3 | 2 | VCCVC | aF3aL | aF3aL | yes | 1 | abyaD, aHmaR, asmaR, azraq(2), axDar, akta3, aRwash, atRam, aSla2, ashwal, abraS | |
3 | R3=y | 2 |
|
aF3aa | no | 1 | Gadalla: a3ma "blind" | |
3 | f. | 2 | CVCCV | (Fa3La) | Fa3Laaʔ | no | 1 | Gadalla: 7amra "red" |
3 | R2=y, f. | 2 |
|
FayLaaʔ | no | 1 | Gadalla: beeDa "white" (f.) | |
3 | R2=w, f. | 2 |
|
FawLaaʔ | no | 1 | Gadalla: sooda "black" (f.) | |
3 | 2 | Fi3iL | Fa3iL | no | 1 | Gadalla: nitin "stinking"; A-F: wisix "dirty" | ||
3 | 2 | CVCVVC | Fa3iiL | Fa3iiL | yes | 4 | رحيم raḥīm "merciful"; A-F: gamiil "beautiful" | |
3 | R3=y | 2 | CVCV |
|
Fa3iyy | no | 1 | تقي "pious" (Aboul-Fetouh); Gadalla: ghani "rich" |
3 | R2=y | 2 |
|
FayyiL | yes | 2 | Gadalla: gayyid "good" | |
3 | R2=y | 2 |
|
FayyiL | no | 2 | Gadalla: dayya? "narrow" | |
3 | 2 | CVCVVC | Fi3iiL | Fa3iiL | no | 4 | Gadalla: kibiir "big; old"; A-F: shidiid "strong" | |
3 | 3 | Fu3ayyaL | Fa3iiL | no | 4 | رفيع rufayyaʿ, ru2ayya2, Sughayyar, q(2)uSayyar | ||
3 | 3 | Fu3ayyiL | Fa3iiL | no | 4 | kuwayyis, q(2)ulayyil, ruhayyif | ||
3 | 2 | CVVCVC | Faa3iL | Faa3iL | yes | 2 | Gadalla: gaamid "solid"; A-F: baarid "cold" | |
3 | R2=R3 | 1 | CVVCC |
|
Faa33 | yes | 2 | شاذّ "peculiar" (A-F), جافّ "dry" |
3 | R2=R3 | 1 |
|
Faa33 | no | 2 | 7arr (Gadalla) | |
3 | R3=y | 2 |
|
Faa3ii | no | 1 | (comes twice) Gadalla: baa?i "remaining" | |
3 | 2 | Fu3aL | buRam, shukal | |||||
3 | 2 | Fu3uL | shuruk | |||||
3 | 2 | Fa33iL | dayyi2, layyin, mayyit | |||||
3 | 2 | Fu33aL | kummal | |||||
3 | 2 | Fa33iiL | fayyiis, lammii2, labbiis, fahhiim; A-F: 7assiib "clever in bookkeeping" | |||||
3 | 2 | Fa33uuL | (Woidich 2006: Intensiv: walluud "clever"; balluushi "umsonst" (Fa33uuLi? against phonotactics?); A-F: dalluu3 "spoilt" (person) | |||||
3 | 3 | Fa3aLi | SaHafi | |||||
3 | 3 | Fi3aLi | biTani, lika3i~luka3i, li3abi, widani, ghishashi, nimaki, Hiyali, siwa2i, ni2ari | |||||
3 | 3 | Fu3aLi | shukali, nukati, fuDahi, shuDali, kusali, kunazi, nu2ari | |||||
3 | 3 | Fi3ayyiL | rixayyiS, Hinayyin, xifayyif | |||||
3 | 3 | Fa33aaLi | ka33aabi, Hammaari, gammaali, labbaani, shayyaali, xaRRaami, SabbaaHi, Tawwaali, ga33aaSi, Tayyaari | |||||
3 | 3 | Fu33aaLa | kubbaaRa | |||||
3 | 2 | miF3aaL | mitlaaf | |||||
3 | 2 | miF3iL | mifrid, migwiz, mitxin, mibxit, midhin, mish2ir | |||||
4 | 2 | Fa3L₁uuL₂ | kalbuuZ, shamluul, laZluuZ, zafluuT, za2zuu2, zarbuun, falHuus, falfuus, ba2luuZ; A-F: 2anzuu7 "showy" | |||||
4 | 2 | Fi3L₁aaL₂ | mihyaaS, biSbaaS | |||||
4 | 2 | Fu3L₁eeL₂ | ruSreeS | |||||
4 | R2=y,R3=y | 1 | Fayy | Fayy | yes | 1 | 7ayy |
TODO:
- perhaps add complex stems from Aboul-Fetouh 1969, pp. 104–105, 7.153 Complex stems and from Woidich 2006 suffix stuff
Pattern | Template | SA equivalent | Root type | Example(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fa3L | CVCC | Fa3L | ||
Fayy | Fayy | R2=y,R3=y | ||
Fa3aL | CVCVC | Fa3aL | ||
Fa3aaL | CVCVVC | Fa3aaL | ||
Fa3uuL | CVCVVC | Fa3uuL | ||
Fu3aaL | CVCVVC | Fu3aaL | ||
Fa33aaL | CVCCVVC | Fa33aaL | ||
Fi33iiL | CVCCVVC | Fi33iiL | sikkiir | |
Fu33uuL | CVCCVVC | Fu33uuL | qudduus | |
Fa3Laan | CVCCaan | Fa3Laan | far7aan, bardaan, talmaan, shab3aan, za3laan, HaRRaan, ghayRaan, dablaan | |
|
FawLaan | R2=w | ||
|
Fu3yaan | R3=y | ||
|
Fa3ʔaan | R3=hamza(cf. wikt:ملآن) or y(Hinds & Badawi 1986, pp. 833–834 )? | ||
aF3aL | VCCVC | aF3aL | abyaD, aHmaR, asmaR, azraq(2), axDar, akta3, aRwash, atRam, aSla2, ashwal, abraS | |
|
aF3aa | R3=y | ||
(Fa3La) | CVCCV | Fa3Laaʔ | f. | |
|
FayLaaʔ | R2=y, f. | ||
|
FawLaaʔ | R2=w, f. | ||
Fi3iL | Fa3iL | |||
Fi3w | CVCC | Fu3w | R3=w | |
Fa3iiL | CVCVVC | Fa3iiL | رحيم raḥīm "merciful" | |
|
CVCV | Fa3iyy | R3=y | |
|
FayyiL | R2=y | ||
|
FayyiL | R2=y | ||
Fi3iiL | CVCVVC | Fa3iiL | ||
Fu3ayyaL | Fa3iiL | رفيع rufayyaʿ, ru2ayya2, Sughayyar, q(2)uSayyar | ||
Fu3ayyiL | Fa3iiL | kuwayyis, q(2)ulayyil, ruhayyif | ||
Faa3iL | CVVCVC | Faa3iL | ||
|
Faa33 | R2=R3 | ||
|
Faa33 | R2=R3 | ||
|
Faa3ii | R3=y | ||
Fu3L | CVCC | Faa3iL | ||
|
CVCC | Fu33 | R2=R3 | |
|
FaaʔiL | R2=y | غايب | |
|
Faa3iʔ | R3=hamza | ||
Fi3L | Hilw, rixw | |||
Fu3aL | buRam, shukal | |||
Fu3uL | shuruk | |||
Fa33iL | dayyi2, layyin, mayyit | |||
Fu33aL | kummal | |||
Fa33iiL | fayyiis, lammii2, labbiis, fahhiim | |||
Fa3aLi | SaHafi | |||
Fi3aLi | biTani, lika3i~luka3i, li3abi, widani, ghishashi, nimaki, Hiyali, siwa2i, ni2ari | |||
Fu3aLi | shukali, nukati, fuDahi, shuDali, kusali, kunazi, nu2ari | |||
Fi3ayyiL | rixayyiS, Hinayyin, xifayyif | |||
Fa33aaLi | ka33aabi, Hammaari, gammaali, labbaani, shayyaali, xaRRaami, SabbaaHi, Tawwaali, ga33aaSi, Tayyaari | |||
Fu33aaLa | kubbaaRa | |||
miF3aaL | mitlaaf | |||
miF3iL | mifrid, migwiz, mitxin, mibxit, midhin, mish2ir | |||
quadriliteral: | ||||
Fa3L₁uuL₂ | kalbuuZ, shamluul, laZluuZ, zafluuT, za2zuu2, zarbuun, falHuus, falfuus, ba2luuZ | |||
Fi3L₁aaL₂ | mihyaaS, biSbaaS | |||
Fu3L₁33L₂ | ruSreeS |
Inflection for gender[edit]
- masculine: unmarked
- feminine:
- suffix -a
- -i + ya > -iiya > -iyya
- participles with the pattern CaaCi: elision of the -i: CaaCi + ya > CaaCiya > CaCya
- aCCaC (aF3aL): CaCCa (Fa3La)
- some: feminine used rarely, e.g. mazbut, sa3b, sa77, makhsus, kiteer[50] or genderless: baladi, miiri and some color adjectives: burtu2aani, bunni, ramaadi[51]
- Fa3Laan: Fa3Laana (SA: Fa3Laa)[52]
Inflection for number[edit]
Sound adjective plural[edit]
- CiCiC, CaCCaan, CaCCaaC, CaCuuC, CuCayyiC, CaCCuuC and with nisba -i: plural with suffix -iin
- CaCCiiC: plural suffix -a (TODO: is this sound? listed as external plural by Woidich 2006, p. 125, 2.4.9.6.2 Pluralbildung, a.
Broken adjective plural[edit]
cf. Gadalla 2000, pp. 184–189, 4.5.3.3. Broken Plural , Woidich 2006, p. 125, 2.4.9.6.2 Pluralbildung, b. , Aboul-Fetouh 1969, pp. 100–102, 7.132–7.133
- aCCaC: CuCC
- roots med. inf.: abyaD, biiD, a3war[53]
- CaCiiC ~ CiCiiC: mostly CuCaaC, also CuCaCa (Aboul-Fetouh 1969, p. 102, 7.133 Predictability of plural forms, 2. : for "Fa3iiL" plural: "Fu3aaL"; exceptions take "Fu3aLa" and "Fi3aL" (error? is "Fi3aL" meant?))
- ??? (from roots tert. inf.): aCCiyya (Aboul-Fetouh 1969, p. 102, 7.133 Predictability of plural forms, 1. : "?aF3iya"; exceptions with only or also "Fu3aay")
Elative[edit]
cf. Gadalla 2000, 4.6. Inflection for Degree , Woidich 2006, p. 125–127, 2.4.9.6.4 Elativ aKKaK
Elative adjectives (those adjectives having a comparative and superlative meaning) aren't inflected (as they are in Standard Arabic); instead, one form serves for all genders and numbers.
- aCCaC (aF3aL)
- aCaCC (aFa33) (from roots med. gem.) (rule: Identical-Consonant Metathesis)
- aCCa (from roots tert. inf.)[54]
- aCwaC/aCyaC (from roots med. inf.)[54]
- participles and nouns: partly formed with following aktar
- adjectives: CaCCaan, CaCCaaC, CaCuuC etc. and nisba -i: following aktar
Verb morphology[edit]
Table of verb forms[edit]
model: Arabic verbs#Formation of derived stems ("forms")
Patterns of quadriliteral roots (roots with four radicals) are typically given using the dummy verb faʿlal (root: ف-ع-ل-ل). However, the choice of this particular verb is somewhat non-ideal in that the third and fourth consonants of an actual verb are typically not the same, despite the same consonant used for both; this is a particular problem e.g. for form IVq. The verb table below uses the dummy verb faʿlaq (root: ف-ع-ل-ق) instead.
Rare forms are marked in silver.
Form | Root type | E D/I # | Active voice | Active participle | Passive participle | Verbal noun | Tendency of meaning, notes | Examples | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past (3rd sg. masc.) | Present (3rd sg. masc.) | sg. masc. | ||||||||
I | strong | 1a | فَعَل faʿal |
يِفْعَل yifʿal |
فَاعِل fāʿil, فَعْلَان faʿlān[notes 1] | مَفْعُول mafʿūl |
فَعْل faʿl, فَعَل faʿal, فُعُول fuʿūl, etc.[55] | more often transitive than intransitive;[56]
sometimes a causative-factitive for a state verb with i-perfect;[57] imperfect vowel:[notes 2] |
فتح (يفتح), fátaḥ (yíftaḥ), 'open' | existing |
1b | يِفْعِل yifʿil |
عمل (يعمل), ʿamal (yiʿmil), 'do, make'; |
both existing | |||||||
1c | يُفْعُل\يِفْعُل yufʿul/yifʿul |
قعد (يقعد) aʿad (yuʼʿud/yiʼʿud) "sit" (TODO: take other, more regular example, bc imperfect here can take different forms) | existing | |||||||
2a | فِعِل fiʿil |
يِفْعَل yifʿal |
more often intransitive than transitive;[56]
imperfect vowel: a with exceptions[58] |
عرف (يعرف) ʿirif (yiʿraf) "know" | existing | |||||
2b | يِفْعِل yifʿil |
مسك (يمسك) mísik/yímsik "hold, catch" | created | |||||||
2c | يُفْعُل\يِفْعُل yufʿul/yifʿul |
سكن (يسكن) síkin/yúskun "reside" | created | |||||||
– | فُعُل fuʿul[notes 3] |
يُفْعُل yufʿul |
intransitive[56] |
سكت (يسكت) sukut (yuskut) "be silent" |
سكت created | |||||
defective | 6a | فَعَى faʿa |
يِفْعَى yifʿa |
فَاعِي fāʿi |
بقى (يبقى) "become"[60] | Not done | ||||
6b | يِفْعِي yifʿi |
رمى (يرمي), ráma (yírmi), 'throw' | Not done | |||||||
– | يِفْعُو yifʿu |
this paradigm doesn't exist according to Woidich 2006, p. 63, 2.3.2.2 Perfekt ⇔ Imperfekt, "Die Verba tert.inf. kennen kein u-Imperfekt." | رجى (يرجو), xxxxx (xxxxxx), 'implore' (from Abdel-Massih) | |||||||
7a | فِعِي fiʿi |
يِفْعَى yifʿa |
نسي (ينسى) nísi/yínsa "forget" | existing | ||||||
7b | يِفْعِي yifʿi |
مشي (يمشي) "walk" | Not done | |||||||
hollow | 5a | فَال fāl |
يِفَال yifāl |
فَايِل fāyil |
usually PP of VIIt, sometimes مَفْيُول mafyūl[61] |
نام (ينام) na:m/yiná:m "sleep"; |
both existing | |||
5b | يِفِيل yifīl |
جاب (يجيب) "bring"; دان (يدين), dān (yidīn), 'have (s.o.) in one's debt', vn dēn, ava dāyin, pva madyūn[62] |
"جاب" existing | |||||||
5c | يِفُول yifūl |
قَال (يِقُوْل), q̶āl (yiq̶ūl), 'say'; |
both existing | |||||||
– | فَعَل faʿal[64] |
يِفْعِل yifʿil |
فَاعِل fāʿil |
مَفْعُول mafʿūl |
تول (يتول), tawal (yitwil), 'daze', vn tawal, tawalān, ava tāwil, pva matwūl;[65]
جوز (يجوز), gawaz (yigwiz), 'make double', vn gawazān, ava gāwiz, pva magwūz[66] |
|||||
– | فِعِل fiʿil[64] |
يِفْعَل yifʿal |
حول (يحول), ḥiwil (yiḥwal), 'develop strabismus', vn ḥawal;[67]
طول (يطول), ṭiwil (yiṭwɑl), 'become long', vn ṭūl, ṭɑwɑlān, ava ṭɑ̄yil[68] |
|||||||
doubled | – | فَعّ faʿʿ |
يِفَعّ yifaʿʿ |
فَاعِع fāʿiʿ |
مَلّ (يِمَلّ), mall (yimall), 'be bored'[69] (different Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 833, م ل ل 1 : mall (i), vn malal, malalān, ava mālil, pva mamlūl) | |||||
3b | يِفِعّ yifiʿʿ |
حبّ (يحبّ) ḥabb/yiḥíbb "love";
ودّ (يودّ), wadd (yiwidd), 'desire', vn wadadān, widd, wudd, ava wādid, pva mawdūd[70] |
"حبّ" existing | |||||||
3c | يِفُعّ yifuʿʿ |
حطّ (يحطّ) ḥaṭṭ/yiḥúṭṭ "put" | existing | |||||||
II | strong | 1a | فَعَّل faʿʿal |
يِفَعَّل yifaʿʿal |
مِفَعَّل mifaʿʿal[notes 4] |
تَفْعِيل tafʿīl |
غيّر (يغيّر) ɣáyyaṛ/yiɣáyyaṛ "change" | Not done | ||
2b | فَعِّل faʿʿil |
يِفَعِّل yifaʿʿil |
مِفَعِّل mifaʿʿil[notes 4] |
درّس (يدرّس) dárris/yidárris "teach" | Not done | |||||
defective | 6b | فَعَّى faʿʿa |
يِفَعِّي yifaʿʿi |
مِفَعِّي mifaʿʿi[notes 4] |
تَفْعِيَّة tafʿiyya[71][72] (~ تَفْعِيَة tafʿiya[73]) |
خلّى (يخلّي) "keep";
سمّى, samma, 'name', vn tasmiyya, tasmiya (UEA), ava/pva misammi, pva musamma;[74]ربّى, rɑbbɑ, 'rear', vn tarbiyya, tarbiya (UEA), ava/pva mirɑbbi[75] |
Not done | |||
hollow | (–) | فَعَّل faʿʿal |
يِفَعَّل yifaʿʿal |
مِفَعَّل mifaʿʿal[notes 4] |
تَفْعِيل tafʿīl |
like strong | ||||
(–) | فَعِّل faʿʿil |
يِفَعِّل yifaʿʿil |
مِفَعِّل mifaʿʿil[notes 4] |
like strong | ||||||
doubled | (–) | فَعَّع faʿʿaʿ |
يِفَعَّع yifaʿʿaʿ |
مِفَعَّع mifaʿʿaʿ[notes 4] |
تَفْعِيع tafʿīʿ |
like strong | كرّر, kɑrrɑr, 'repeat' (from Abdel-Massih) | |||
(–) | فَعِّع faʿʿiʿ |
يِفَعِّع yifaʿʿiʿ |
مِفَعِّع mifaʿʿiʿ[notes 4] |
like strong | سبّب, sabbib, 'cause' (from Abdel-Massih) | |||||
III | strong | 2b | فَاعِل fāʿil |
يِفَاعِل yifāʿil |
مِفَاعِل mifāʿil |
مِفَعْلَة mifaʿla (مُفَعْلَة mufaʿla) or فِعَال fiʿāl | ذاكر (يذاكر) zá:kir/yizá:kir "study" | Not done | ||
defective | 6b | فَاعَى fāʿa |
يِفَاعِي yifāʿi |
مِفَاعِي mifāʿi |
مِفَعِيَّة mifaʿiyya | نادى (ينادي), nāda (yinādi), 'call', vn minadiyya, nida, nidāʾ, ava minādi;[76]
داوى (يداوي), dāwa (yidāwi), 'treat' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303; Woidich 2006, p. 69 ), vn midawiyya, ava midāwi;[77][78]ساوى (يساوي), sāwa (yisāwi), 'render level or even' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303), vn misawiyya, ava/pva misāwi;[79][80] دارى (يداري), dāra (yidāri), 'hide' (from Woidich 2006, p. 69 ), vn midariyya, ava midāri[81] |
Not done | |||
hollow | (–) | فَاعِل fāʿil |
يِفَاعِل yifāʿil |
مِفَاعِل mifāʿil |
مِفَعْلَة mifaʿla (مُفَعْلَة mufaʿla) or فِعَال fiʿāl | like strong | عاين (يعاين), ʿāyin (yiʿāyin), 'inspect' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 4, 303), vn muʿayna, ava/pva miʿāyin;[82]
حاول (يحاول), ḥāwil (yiḥāwil), 'try' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303), vn miḥawla, ava miḥāwil[83] |
|||
– | فَوعَل fōʿal[84] |
يِفَوعَل yifōʿal |
مِفَوعَل mifōʿal |
"meist eine krankhafte Entwicklung bezeichnenden Verben des Typs […]"[84] |
سورق, sōraq̶, 'faint', vn misorq̶a, ava misōraq̶;[85] دوحس (xxxxx), xxxxx (xxxxxx), 'xxxx' |
|||||
– | فَيعَل fēʿal[84] |
يِفَيعَل yifēʿal |
قيلط (يقيلط) q̶ēlaṭ (yiq̶ēlaṭ) "develop a varicocele" | |||||||
IV | strong | 1b | أَفْعَل afʿal |
يِفْعِل yifʿil |
مِفْعِل mifʿil (مُفْعِل mufʿil[86]) | اِفْعَال ifʿāl |
أضرب, ɑḍrɑb, 'go on strike', vn iʿḍrɑ̄b, ava miḍrib, muḍrib;[87]
أعدم, aʿdam, 'execute' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 302), vn iʿdām, ava muʿdim, pva muʿdam[88] |
Not done | ||
defective | – | أَفْعَى afʿa |
يِفْعِي yifʿi |
مُفْعِي mufʿi[89] |
اِفْعَاء ifʿāʾ |
أغرى (يغري), ɑghrɑ (yighri), 'allure', vn ighrɑ̄ʾ, ava mughri[90] | ||||
hollow | – | أَفَال afāl |
يِفِيل yifīl |
مُفِيل mufīl[91][92] |
مُفَال mufāl[91] | اِفَالة ifāla |
أزال (يزيل), azāl (yizīl), 'remove', vn izāla, ava muzīl;[93]أعاد (يعيد), aʿād (yiʿīd), 'repeat', vn iʿāda, ava muʿīd;[94]
(from Watson 2002, p. 150:) أشار (يشير), ɑshɑ̄r (yishīr), 'refer' (UEA), vn ishɑ̄rɑ, ava mushīr, pva mushɑ̄r;[95] ɑsɑ̄r (ث)[96] |
|||
doubled | 3b | أَفَعّ afaʿʿ |
يِفِعّ yifiʿʿ |
مِفِعّ mifiʿʿ[97]
(مُفِعّ mufiʿʿ[98]) |
اِفْعَاع ifʿāʿ |
أصرّ (يصرّ), ɑṣɑrr (yiṣirr), 'insist', vn iṣrɑ̄r, ava muṣirr[99] | created | |||
V | strong | 1a | اِتْفَعَّل itfaʿʿal |
يِتْفَعَّل yitfaʿʿal |
مِتْفَعَّل mitfaʿʿal |
usually vn of corresponding verb of form II or تَفَعُّل tafaʿʿul | اتمرّن (يتمرّن) itmáṛṛan/yitmáṛṛan "practice" | Not done | ||
2b | اِتْفَعِّل itfaʿʿil |
يِتْفَعِّل yitfaʿʿil |
مِتْفَعِّل mitfaʿʿil |
اتكلّم (يتكلّم) "talk" | existing | |||||
defective | 6a | اِتْفَعَّى itfaʿʿa |
يِتْفَعَّى yitfaʿʿa |
مِتْفَعِّي mitfaʿʿi |
usually II or تَفَعِّي tafaʿʿi | اتعوّى (يتعوّى) itʔáwwa/yitʔáwwa "become strong" | Not done | |||
hollow | (–) | اِتْفَعَّل itfaʿʿal |
يِتْفَعَّل yitfaʿʿal |
مِتْفَعَّل mitfaʿʿal |
usually II or تَفَعُّل tafaʿʿul | like strong | ||||
(–) | اِتْفَعِّل itfaʿʿil |
يِتْفَعِّل yitfaʿʿil |
مِتْفَعِّل mitfaʿʿil |
like strong | ||||||
doubled | – | اِتْفَعَّع itfaʿʿaʿ |
يِتْفَعَّع yitfaʿʿaʿ |
مِتْفَعَّع mitfaʿʿaʿ |
usually II or تَفَعُّع tafaʿʿuʿ | like strong | اتكرّر (يتكرّر), itkɑrrɑr (yitkɑrrɑr), 'be repeated', iva mitkɑrrɑr[100] | |||
– | اِتْفَعِّع itfaʿʿiʿ |
يِتْفَعِّع yitfaʿʿiʿ |
مِتْفَعِّع mitfaʿʿiʿ |
like strong | اتبدّد (يتبدّد), itbaddid (yitbaddid), 'be wasted', iva mitbaddid[101] | |||||
VI | strong | 2b | اِتْفَاعِل itfāʿil |
يِتْفَاعِل yitfāʿil |
مِتْفَاعِل mitfāʿil |
usually vn of corresponding verb of form III or تَفَاعُل tafāʿul | اتكاتب (يتكاتب), itkātib (yitkātib), 'correspond with each other', ava mitkātib[102] | |||
defective | 6a | اِتْفَاعَى itfāʿa |
يِتْفَاعَى yitfāʿa |
مِتْفَاعِي mitfāʿi |
usually III or تَفَاعِي tafāʿi | اتداوى (يتداوى) iddá:wa/yiddá:wa "be treated, be cured"[103] | Not done | |||
hollow | (–) | اِتْفَاعِل itfāʿil |
يِتْفَاعِل yitfāʿil |
مِتْفَاعِل mitfāʿil |
usually III or تَفَاعُل tafāʿul | like strong | اتحايل (يتحايل), itḥāyil (yitḥāyil), 'plead';
اتعاون (يتعاون) itʕá:win/yitʕá:win "cooperate" |
Not done | ||
VIIn | strong | 1b | اِنْفَعَل infaʿal |
يِنْفِعِل yinfiʿil |
مِنْفِعِل minfiʿil (مُنْفَعِل munfaʿil[86]) | اِنْفِعَال infiʿāl |
n-I "Nicht frei bildbar und auf bestimmte Wurzeln und Bedeutungen beschränkt"[104] | انبسط (ينبسط), inbɑsɑṭ (yinbisiṭ), 'be pleased', vn inbisɑ̄ṭ, ava minbisiṭ[105] | Not done | |
defective | – | اِنْفَعَى infaʿa |
يِنْفِعِي yinfiʿi |
مُنْفَعِي munfaʿi[106] |
اِنْفِعَاء infiʿāʾ |
انحكى (ينحكي) (=اتحكى) inḥáka/yinḥíki "be told"[107] | Not done | |||
hollow | – | اِنْفَال infāl |
يِنْفَال yinfāl |
مُنْفَال munfāl[108] |
اِنْفِيَال infiyāl |
انباع (ينباع) inbá:ʕ/yinbá:ʕ "be sold", iva minbaa3[109] | Not done | |||
– | اِنْفَعَل infaʿal |
يِنْفِعِل yinfiʿil |
مِنْفِعِل minfiʿil |
inxawat, 'be pestered'[110]; indayan, 'fall in debt' | ||||||
doubled | – | اِنْفَعّ infaʿʿ |
يِنْفَعّ yinfaʿʿ |
مِنْفَعّ minfaʿʿ[111] |
اِنْفِعَاع infiʿāʿ |
انبلّ (ينبلّ) inbáll/yinbáll "be wetted" | Not done | |||
VIIt | strong | 1b | اِتْفَعَل itfaʿal |
يِتْفِعِل yitfiʿil |
مِتْفِعِل mitfiʿil |
usually PP of form I[112] | "almost always" vn of source verb[113][notes 5] | like Classical Arabic some v. prim. w itt-…[114] | اتوجد (يتوجد) itwágad/yitwígid "be found" | Not done |
defective | – | اِتْفَعَى itfaʿa |
يِتْفِعِي yitfiʿi |
مِتْفِعِي mitfiʿi |
usually PP of form I[112] | (like strong) | اتنسى (يتنسي) itnása/yitnísi "be forgotten", iva mitnisi;[115]
itḥaka be told, iva mitḥiki[116] |
Not done | ||
hollow | – | اِتْفَال itfāl |
يِتْفَال yitfāl |
مِتْفَال mitfāl |
اتباع (يتباع) itbá:ʕ/yitbá:ʕ "be sold" | Not done | ||||
– | اِتْفَعَل itfaʿal[64] |
يِتْفِعِل yitfiʿil |
مِتْفِعِل mitfiʿil |
|||||||
doubled | V3a | اِتْفَعّ itfaʿʿ |
يِتْفَعّ yitfaʿʿ |
مِتْفَعّ mitfaʿʿ[117] |
usually PP of form I[112] | اتخضّ (يتخضّ), itkhɑḍḍ (yitkhɑḍḍ), 'be startled', iva mitkhɑḍḍ;[118]
اتعدّ (يتعدّ) itʕádd/yitʕádd "be counted" |
Not done | |||
VIII | strong | 1a | اِفْتَعَل iftaʿal |
يِفْتَعَل yiftaʿal |
مِفْتِعِل miftiʿil |
اِفْتِعَال iftiʿāl |
according to Woidich 2006, p. 69 exception, only gives ishtaghal | اشتغل (يشتغل), ishtaghal (yishtaghal), 'work', vn: ishtighaal/shughl, ava: mishtighil[119] | existing | |
1b | يِفْتِعِل yiftiʿil |
[notes 6] | استلف (يستلف), vn: istilaaf 'borrow'[120];
استلم (يستلم) istálam/yistílim "receive" |
Not done | ||||||
defective | 6b | اِفْتَعَى iftaʿa |
يِفْتِعِي yiftiʿi |
مِفْتِعِي miftiʿi[121] |
اِفْتِعَاء iftiʿāʾ |
اشترى (يشتري) iʃtára/yiʃtíri "buy" | existing | |||
hollow | 5a | اِفْتَال iftāl |
يِفْتَال yiftāl |
مِفْتَال miftāl |
اِفْتِيَال iftiyāl |
اختار (يختار) ixtá:ṛ/yixtá:ṛ "choose" | Not done | |||
doubled | – | اِفْتَعّ iftaʿʿ |
يِفْتَعّ yiftaʿʿ |
مِفْتَعّ miftaʿʿ (مُفْتَعّ muftaʿʿ)[122] | اِفْتِعَاع iftiʿāʿ |
اهتمّ (يهتمّ) ihtámm/yihtámm "be interested (in)" | Not done | |||
IX | strong | 3a[notes 7] | اِفْعَلّ ifʿall |
يِفْعَلّ yifʿall |
مِفْعِلّ mifʿill |
اِفْعِلَال ifʿilāl |
colors and physical characteristics;[123] in most cases corresponding to aF3aL adjective, exceptions: i7laww (7ilw) and idla33[124] | احمرّ (يحمرّ) iḥmáṛṛ/yiḥmáṛṛ "be red, blush" | Not done | |
defective | (–) | اِفْعَاء ifʿāʾ??? (TODO) |
like strong | احلوّ, iḥlaww, 'become pretty' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 295), ava miḥliww[125] | ||||||
hollow | (–) | اِفْعِلَال ifʿilāl |
like strong | ابيضّ, ibyɑḍḍ, 'become white' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303), ava mibyiḍḍ;[126]
اسودّ, iswadd, 'become black' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303), vn iswidād (UEA), ava miswidd[127] |
||||||
X | strong | 1a | اِسْتَفْعَل istafʿal |
يِسْتَفْعَل yistafʿal |
مِسْتَفْعَل mistafʿal |
اِسْتِفْعَال istifʿāl | form X: can also be isti- before single consonant[128]; a/i rules like form 2 (Woidich-scan of that not readable) | استغرب (يستغرب) istɑghrɑb/yistɑghrɑb "be surprised", vn istighrɑ̄b, ava mistɑghrɑb[129] | Not done | |
1b | يِسْتَفْعِل yistafʿil |
مِسْتَفْعِل mistafʿil |
استمتع (يستمتع), istamtaʿ (yistamtiʿ), 'derive enjoyment' (source for vocalization: only El Dik, p. XII), vn istimtāʿ, ava mistamtiʿ[130] | Not done | ||||||
2b | اِسْتَفْعِل istafʿil |
استعمل (يستعمل) istáʕmil/yistáʕmil "use", vn istiʿmāl, ava mustaʿmil, ava/pva mistaʿmil, pva mustaʿmal;[131]
istaahi, yistaahil, 'deserve'[132] here?[133] (is now in doubled) |
"استعمل" existing | |||||||
defective | 6a | اِسْتَفْعَى istafʿa |
يِسْتَفْعَى yistafʿa |
مِسْتَفْعِي mistafʿi[134] |
اِسْتِفَاء istifāʾ |
choice between these two also dependent on speaker[135] | استكفى (يستكفى), istakfa (yistakfa), 'have enough' (vocalisation: enwiki), vn istikfa, ava mistakfi;[136]
استغبى (يستغبى), istaghba (yistaghba), 'consider stupid or foolish' (vocalisation: El Dik), ava mistaghbi[137] |
Not done | ||
– | يِسْتَفْعِي yistafʿi |
Woidich 2006, p. 71 :
istagla, yistagli "aufdecken", vn istigla/istiglaa2(^), ava mistagli;[138] istad3a, yistad3i "aufrufen"; istagra, yistagri "wagen" |
||||||||
hollow | 5b | اِسْتَفَال istafāl |
يِسْتَفِيل yistafīl |
مِسْتَفِيل mistafīl[91] |
مُسْتَفَال mustafāl[91] |
اِسْتِفَالة istifāla |
in nonstandard dialect also يِسْتَفَال imperfect[135] | استعال (يستعيل) istaʔá:l/yistaʔí:l "resign" (in quick search not found in lughatuna and Hinds & Badawi 1986 );
استفاد (يستفيد\يستقاد), istafād (yistafīd/yistafād (LLEA)), 'derive benefit', vn istifāda, ava mistifīd, mustafīd;[139] استقام (يستقيم), istaq̶ām (yistiq̶īm), 'become right or proper', vn istiq̶āma, ava mustaq̶īm, mistiq̶īm;[140] (from Watson 2002, p. 150:) استشار (يستشير), istashɑ̄r (yistashīr), 'consult', vn istishɑ̄rɑ, ava mistishīr, mustashīr, pva mustashɑ̄r;[95] istɑsɑ̄r (ث) (UEA)[96] |
Not done | |
– | اِسْتَفْعَل istafʿal[64] |
يِسْتَفْعَل yistafʿal |
مِسْتَفْعَل mistafʿal |
اِسْتِفْعَال istifʿāl | denominal like strong[135] | استلوح (يستلوح), istalwaḥ (yistalwaḥ), 'act like a dullard', istilwāḥ, ava mistalwaḥ[141] | ||||
– | اِسْتَفْعِل istafʿil[64] |
يِسْتَفْعِل yistafʿil |
مِسْتَفْعِل mistafʿil |
استموت (يستموت), istamwit (yistamwit), 'pretend to be on one's death-bed', vn istimwāt, ava mistamwit[142] | ||||||
doubled | – | اِسْتَفَعّ istafaʿʿ |
يِسْتَفَعّ yistafaʿʿ |
مِسْتَفَعّ mistafaʿʿ[143] |
اِسْتِفْعَاع istifʿāʿ | استحقّ (يستحقّ), istaḥaq̶q̶ (yistaḥaq̶q̶), 'deserve', vn istiḥq̶āq̶, ava/pva mistaḥaq̶q̶ | Not done | |||
3b | يِسْتَفِعّ yistafiʿʿ |
مِسْتَفِعّ mistafiʿʿ[144]
(مُسْتَفِعّ mustafiʿʿ[145]) |
استمرّ (يستمرّ), istɑmɑrr (yistamirr), 'continue', vn istimrɑ̄r, ava mustamirr;[146]استزلّ (يستزلّ), istazall (yistazill), 'subjugate', ava mistizill[147] | Not done | ||||||
ista-+II | strong | 1a | اِسْتَفَعَّل istafaʿʿal |
يِسْتَفَعَّل yistafaʿʿal |
مِسْتَفَعِّل mistafaʿʿil |
vn of corresponding verb of form X, even if that verb does not exist | AP adapted from Abdel-Massih, p. 5
see Woidich 2006, p. 71, 2.3.3.2.4 ista-Stamm (Stamm X): istaKKiK ~ istaKKaK, b. for ista/i-+III/Iq |
استلقّف (يستلقّف), istilaq̶q̶af (yistilaq̶q̶af), 'catch (sth. thrown)', ava mistilaq̶q̶if;[148]استأكّد (يستأكّد), istiʾakkid (yistiʾakkid), 'be quite sure', ava mistiʾakkid[149] | Not done | |
defective | 6a | اِسْتَفَعَّى istafaʿʿa |
يِسْتَفَعَّى yistafaʿʿa |
مِسْتَفَعِّي mistafaʿʿi |
استمنّى, istimanna, 'long for', ava mistimanni[150][151];
استهجّى (يستهجّى), istahagga (yistahagga), 'spell', ava mistahaggi;[152] استحمّى (يستحمّى) "bathe", vn istiḥmām (UEA), ava mistaḥammi[153] (TODO: considering the root given by H/B (ح م م) this does not belong here as defective!!??) |
"استحمّى" created | ||||
hollow | (–) | اِسْتَفَعَّل istafaʿʿal |
يِسْتَفَعَّل yistafaʿʿal |
مِسْتَفَعَّل mistafaʿʿal |
like strong | استريّح (يستريّح), istarayyaḥ/istirayyaḥ (yistarayyaḥ), 'rest', ava mistarayyaḥ, mistirayyaḥ[154] (Woidich 2006, p. 85: AP: mistarayyaḥ) | ||||
doubled[notes 10] | (–) | |||||||||
ista-+III | strong | – | اِسْتَفَاعِل istafāʿil |
يِسْتَفَاعِل yistafāʿil |
??? | Woidich 2006, p. 71 :
استآمن, istiʾāmin, 'feel safe' (UEA), ava mistiʾāmin;[155] استبارك, istibārik, 'receive a blessing', iva mistibārik[156] |
||||
Iq | strong | 1a | فَعْلَق faʿlaq |
يِفَعْلَق yifaʿlaq |
مِفَعْلَق mifaʿlaq |
فَعْلَقَة faʿlaqa |
لخبط (لخبط), lɑkhbɑṭ (yilɑkhbɑṭ), 'confuse', vn lɑkhbɑṭɑ, ava/pva milɑkhbɑṭ;[157]
دحرج (يدحرج), dɑḥrɑg (yidɑḥrɑg), 'roll', vn dɑḥrɑgɑ, ava/pva midɑḥrɑg[158][159] |
Not done | ||
2b | فَعْلِق faʿliq |
يِفَعْلِق yifaʿliq |
مِفَعْلِق mifaʿliq |
خربش (يخربش) xárbiʃ/yixárbiʃ "scratch" | existing | |||||
IIq | strong | 1a | اِتْفَعْلَق itfaʿlaq |
يِتْفَعْلَق yitfaʿlaq |
مِتْفَعْلَق mitfaʿlaq |
like Iq or تِفَعْلِيق tifaʿlīq[160] | اتلخبط (يتلخبط), itlɑkhbɑṭ (yitlɑkhbɑṭ), 'become confused', ava/iva mitlɑkhbɑṭ[157] | Not done | ||
2b | اِتْفَعْلِق itfaʿliq |
يِتْفَعْلِق yitfaʿliq |
مِتْفَعْلِق mitfaʿliq |
اتشعلل (يتشعلل), itshaʿlil (yitshaʿlil), 'flare up', ava/iva mitshaʿlil;[161]
اتحنجل (يتحنجل), itḥangil (yitḥangil), 'hop on one foot', vn tiḥangīl, ava/iva mitḥangil[162] |
Not done | |||||
IVq | strong | – | اِفْعَلَقّ ifʿalaqq |
يِفْعَلِقّ yifʿaliqq |
مِفْعَلِقّ mifʿaliqq |
اِفْعِلْقَاق ifʿilqāq[163] |
اقشعرّ (يقشعرّ), xxxxx (xxxxx), 'shudder'[164] (not in H/B);
اطمأنّ (يطمئنّ), iṭmɑʾɑnn (yiṭmɑʾinn), 'gain peace of mind', vn iṭmiʾnān, ava muṭmɑʾinn[165] |
|||
ista-~
isti-+ 4rad. |
strong | – | استرخرخ (يسترخرخ), istirakhrakh (yistirakhrakh), 'become loose or flabby', ava mistirakhrakh[166] |
- ^ Some intransitive form I verbs take the فَعْلَان, faʿlān adjective together with or in place of the فَاعِل, fāʿil form as active participle, cf. Watson 2002, p. 156, 6.5.7.2 The faclān adjective .
- ^ imperfect vowel
- a: "next to guttural" (2,h,7,3), but not 2(<*q)
- u: "next to a back consonant which is not a guttural or next to an emphatic consonant, provided that the other adjacent consonant is not a guttural." (q,k,g,x,gh)/(emphatic consonants: ṣ,ẓ,ṭ,ḍ,ṛ)
- u: glottal stop 2(<*q)
- i: otherwise
- ^ Now rare, probably much more common in 19th-century Cairene (cf. Watson 2002, p. 134, 6.5 Level-one verbal morphology, fn. 9 ). Woidich 1995, p. 279 says that they are contemporarily mainly used in the central Delta. Examples from Woidich 2006, p. 62, 2.3.2.1.1 a-Perfekt und i-Perfekt : xuluS, q(2)udum, ghulub, nudur, Su3ub 3la w. (Mentioned by Spitta 1880, p. 194, § 91 1) .)
- ^ a b c d e f g For transitive verbs the participles of the derived forms, i.e. all forms but I and Iq, have active and passive meaning (cf. Woidich 2006, p. 84, 2.3.7.1 Das aktive Partizip, b. ) with the exception of the participles of hollow roots in form IV and X (cf. Watson 2002, p. 158, 6.5.7.3 Verbal participles of derived verbs, fn. 37 ). There are also classicized patterns for participles of derived forms.
- ^ Counterexamples to this general rule mentioned by Watson 2002, p. 150, 6.5.6.3 Hollow verbs are the verbal nouns اختيار, ikhtiyɑ̄r (from اختار, ikhtɑ̄r, 'choose', ava mikhtɑ̄r, pva mukhtɑ̄r (UAE), cf. Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 271, خ ى ر 1 ) and احتياس, iḥtiyās (vn not given by Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 232, ح و س ).
- ^ ازدحم, izdaḥam, 'become crowded', vn izdiḥām, ava muzdaḥim (Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 366, ز ح م ) and ازدهر, izdɑhɑr, 'prosper, flourish', vn izdihɑ̄r, ava mizdihir/muzdahir (UEA) (cf. Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 384, ز د ه 1 ) are "Lexikalisierungen älterer historischer Regeln" (cf. Woidich 2006, p. 70, 2.3.3.2.3 t-Stämme ).
- ^ The use of "3" here seems odd, the doubling is part of the pattern, not the root.
- ^ There are different names for this form. Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 294, Verb: Triliterals classified by stem measure call it "X + II"; El Dik & Iskander 2021, p. XII, Introduction for example call it "form XI".
- ^ A special case is اِسْتَنَّى (يِسْتَنَّى), istanna (yistanna), 'wait (for)' which is derived from a hypothetical <*istaʿanna (cf. Woidich 2006, p. 71, 2.3.3.2.4 ista-Stamm (Stamm X): istaKKiK ~ istaKKaK, b., Anmerkung ). root in Hinds & Badawi 1986 : 2ny
- ^ The appearance of doubled roots with the ista-+II form with the resulting pattern اِسْتَفَعَّع (يِسْتَفَعَّع), istafaʿʿaʿ (yistafaʿʿaʿ) is questionable. Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 294, Verb: Triliterals classified by stem measure lists it with the example استحمّم (يستحمّم), istaḥammam (yistaḥammam), 'bathe', but neither the pattern nor the example could be confirmed with other sources.
Note: XI is not the same as MSA XI (maybe put in a note)
- regexes:
- to insert lang tag template: <big>(.+?)</big> => {{lang|arz|$1}}
- to make Hinds/Badawi sfn: <ref>H/B, ([^,]*), p. ([0-9–]*)</ref> => {{sfn|Hinds|Badawi|1986|p=$2|loc=$1}}
- <ref>{{harvnb\|([^}]*)}}</ref> => {{sfn|$1}}
TODO:
- CURRENT STATE: vn column finished in a first state (2022-11-12)
- common derived AP missing: VIIt R3=G; X 1a, 2b; X+II R2=G, doubled; X+III; ista+Iq (=8 (3 until X);
fa3laan adjective (Watson term) - check whitespace/line breaks for verbal noun column
- add anchors for quadriliteral patterns
- evaluate APs from Abdel-Massih after mitbargil
- evaluate verbel noun patterns from Abdel-Massih
- make the non-existence of examples for doubled roots for some patterns explicit by adding rows with footnotes or otherwise
- other source for X1b???
- form III disease verbs: should they rather come with "oo"/"ee"? (also adapt Wikidata)
- evaluate Woidich 2006 vn for derived forms of defective roots, ends simply -la, is similarly given somewhere in H/B I think
- bring note on AP and PP meaning of transitive verb participles to all forms
Questions:
- pronunciation:
- "اقشعرّ" (transcribed in Abdel-Massih with "q") Heba: pronounced "q" because of the initial i-, this is always like that
- emphasis spreading from H/B that I think doesn't comply with Watson 2002: istashɑ̄r, ṭɑwɑlān
- (more) examples for:
- X+II R2=G, doubled; X+III; ista+Iq, ista7amma
Participles[edit]
Active participle[edit]
Apart from form I the active participle can be derived by taking the 3rd person masculine singular of the imperfect and replacing the prefix يِـ, yi- by مِـ, mi-. The final ـى, -a of defective verbs of the forms V, t-III and the ista-forms is replaced by ـي, -i.[167] In form IX the 'a' of the imperfect is replaced by 'i' resulting in the pattern مِفْعِلّ, mifʿill.[168]
Same seems to be the case for ista+II and Iq, resulting in:
- مِسْتَفَعِّل, mistafaʿʿil, cf. the table above, the example from Abdel-Massih is استلقّف (يِسْتَلَقَّف), xxxxx (xxxxx), 'catch (sth. thrown)' for which Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 796 gives the AP mistilaQQif,
- مِفَعْلِل – xxxxx mifaʿlil.
Passive participle[edit]
Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 196–199, Passive participles: Derivation :
"the passive participle is derived from:"
- Transitive verbs
- Verbs whose action is transmitted to a recipient by means of a preposition
- Passive verbs
often same form as AP
Classicization of participles[edit]
For active and passive participles, educated speakers usually use the prefix مُـ, mu- instead of مِـ, mi- with another change imitating Standard Arabic, the insertion of ـَ, a before the first radical in forms V, VI and IIq.[169]
In addition, for passive participles they use a/ā instead of the i/ī of the active participle before the last radical.[170]
Classicisms esp. with form IV.
Differentiation of AP and PP by educated speakers:[171]
- classicism with "a" for PP for differentiation
- sometimes this cannot be used, then:
- AP from active form, PP from passive form
- mi- for AP, mu- for PP ("usually employed when the verb is an active form with no corresponding passive form")
References[edit]
- Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981 :
- Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 292–298, Verb: Triliterals classified by stem measure
- Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 288, Verb: Quadriliterals classified by stem measure
- Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 4–6, Active participles: Derivation
- Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 196–199, Passive participles: Derivation
- Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 300–306, Verbal nouns: Derivation
- El Dik & Iskander 2021
- Gadalla 2000 :
- Gadalla 2000, pp. 195–201, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
- Gadalla 2000, pp. 201–206, 4.7.2 The Passive Participle
- Spitta 1880 :
- Watson 2002 :
- Watson 2002, pp. 144–149, 6.5.6.2 Doubled verbs
- Watson 2002, pp. 149–152, 6.5.6.3 Hollow verbs
- Watson 2002, pp. 156–158, 6.5.7.2 The faᶜlān adjective
- Watson 2002, pp. 158–159, 6.5.7.3 Verbal participles of derived verbs
- Watson 2002, pp. 159–163, 6.5.7.4 Verbal nouns of derived verbs
- Woidich 1995
- Woidich 2006 :
- Woidich 2006, pp. 83–86, 2.3.7 Das Partizip : Woidich 2006, pp. 83–85, 2.3.7.1 Das aktive Partizip ; Woidich 2006, pp. 85–86, 2.3.7.2 Das passive Partizip ;
- Woidich 2006, pp. 86–89, 2.3.8 Das Verbalnomen (Infinitiv, maṣdar)
Examples to use[edit]
if available take first (=most used) example from El Dik & Iskander 2021 otherwise from [3] or from the introduction of El Dik & Iskander 2021 , if nothing else fall back to Spitta 1880
TODO: test if Wiktionary entry is already created, if not create it
- general: numbers from El Dik & Iskander 2021, p. XIV without strong verbs 1 and 2
- defective
- 6 (L = alif (maqsura))
- 6' (+F = hamza)
- 7 (L = yaa)
- hollow
- 5
- doubled
- 3
- hamza
- 4 (F = hamza)
- 6': see above
- no C3, only C1, C2
- 8
- defective
Prepositions[edit]
In "Präpositionalsatz" circumflex negation (cf. Kalaam Gamiil, vol. 1, p. 142 (lesson 6)). Here the first a of ma3a can be have "haplologische Silbenellipse" (cf. Woidich 2006, p. 139). I think this is not mentioned in Watson 2002, 9.1.2.1 Vowel deletion, p. 229-231.
Syntax[edit]
Nominal phrase[edit]
Attributive Verbindungen[edit]
See Woidich 2006, pp. 196–203, 4.3.3 Attributive Verbindungen
Adjectives as attributes[edit]
- plural of things -> declined adjective in feminine form
- plural of a small number of things -> optionally declined adjective in plural form
- plural of persons -> declined adjective in plural form
nisba adjectives only decline if referring to female persons
If for an adjective both broken and sound plural forms exist, there might be rule when to use which (according to my personal oral information).
Verbal phrase[edit]
See Woidich 2006, pp. 245–333, Syntax III: Die Verbalphrase
Active participles[edit]
See:
- Woidich 2006, pp. 283-, 5.7.1.6 Das aktive Partizip
- Eisele, John C. (1999), Arabic Verbs in Time: Tense and Aspect in Cairene Arabic, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wikidata Q125134740
- review: Stewart, Devin J. (April 2003). "Arabic Verbs in Time: Tense and Aspect in Cairene Arabic. By JOHN C. EISELE. Semitica Viva, vol. 20. Wiesbaden: HARRASSOWITZ VERLAG, 1999. Pp. xi + 264. DM 78". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 434. doi:10.2307/3217711. ISSN 0003-0279. Wikidata Q125134754.
- Woidich, Manfred (1975). "Zur Funktion des aktiven Partizips im Kairenisch-Arabischen". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 125 (2): 273–293. ISSN 0341-0137. JSTOR 43373069. Wikidata Q125134260.
- Audebert, Claude (1994). "Le cas du participe actif dans le parler du Caire: vers une grammaire à usage didactique". Bulletin d'etudes orientales (in French). 46: 53–76. ISSN 0253-1623. JSTOR 41608377. Wikidata Q125134190. (cf. also Compte-rendu de lecture)
according to native teacher: usages:
- like simple present (lissa = already)
- for something in a state/like present progressive or near future
- like past perfect/present perfect (this is like resultative described by Woidich 2006?)
Conditional sentences[edit]
1) real conditional sentence – شَطْر هَقِيْقِي | ||||
Vordersatz – شَطْر | Nachsatz – مَشْرُوْط عَلِيْه | |||
إِذَا
لَو إِن |
[مَاضِي]
كَان + [مْضَارِع مِن غِيْر بِيْه] |
(+لَ) | [عُمْر]
[مُضَارِع بِبِيْه] [مُسْتَقْبَل] [أسْم فَائِل] | |
لَو
لَو إِنَّك |
[مْضَارِع مِن غِيْر بِيْه] | |||
2) unreal conditional sentence – شَطْر غِيْر هَقِيْقِي |
Literature[edit]
should get sorted inside the categories by date of original publication (or real new edition) TODO: probably sort like the sorting in Woidich 2006
Dictionaries etc.[edit]
- Spiro, Socrates (1895), An Arabic-English Vocabulary of the Colloquial Arabic of Egypt: Containing the Vernacular Idioms and Expressions, Slang Phrases, Etc., Etc., Used by the Native Egyptians (1st ed.), Cairo, London: Al-Mokattam Printing Office, OL 23278588M, Wikidata Q112067807
- Spiro, Socrates (1897), An English-Arabic vocabulary of the modern and colloquial Arabic of Egypt, Cairo: Al-Mokattam Printing Office, Wikidata Q112764804
- Athanasius, Atallah (1953), A medical phrasebook and vocabulary in English and Arabic, Cairo: Nile Mission Press, Wikidata Q112069267
- Hinds, Martin; Badawi, El-Said (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic. Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85341-003-1. OCLC 928122887. OL 15378288M. Wikidata Q112961267.
- supplement: Stewart, Devin J. (1994). "A Contribution to the Lexicography of Egyptian Arabic". Journal of Arabic Linguistics (28): 36–86. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525646. Wikidata Q112790814.
- errata:
- p. 356, راح: imperfect vowel "(u)" is missing
- Woidich, Manfred (2020). Wörterbuch Deutsch - Ägyptisch-Arabisch (in German). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. ISBN 978-3-95490-532-4. OCLC 1240398871. Wikidata Q124212670. (ULB Münster Islam (OSM) BC 128; DAI Kairo)
- review: Schmidt, Charlotte (1 December 2022). "Woidich, Manfred: Wörterbuch Deutsch – Ägyptisch-Arabisch. Wiesbaden: Reichert 2020. 811 S. 8°. Hardbd. € 98,00. ISBN 978-3-95490-532-4". Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 117 (6): 499–501. doi:10.1515/OLZG-2022-0155. ISSN 0030-5383. Wikidata Q124213085.
Grammar etc.[edit]
- Spitta, Wilhelm (1880), Grammatik des arabischen Vulgärdialectes von Ägypten (in German), Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, OCLC 14714297, OL 23438029M, Wikidata Q112070596
- Aboul-Fetouh, Hilmi Mohammed (1 April 1969). A morphological study of Egyptian colloquial Arabic. De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783111659053. ISBN 978-3-11-127467-6. OL 37132644M. Wikidata Q112071455.
- errata:
- 7.153, p. 104: replace "consittute" with "constitute"
- errata:
- Wise, Hilary (1975). A Transformational Grammar of Spoken Egyptian Arabic. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-15670-3. OL 4938986M. Wikidata Q113730773.
- review: James R. Hurford (July 1977). "A transformational grammar of spoken Egyptian Arabic". Lingua. 42 (2–3): 265–270. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(77)90041-9. ISSN 0024-3841. Wikidata Q115188389.
- review: Killean, Carolyn G. (September 1977). "A Transformational Grammar of Spoken Egyptian Arabic". Language. 53 (3): 704–706. doi:10.2307/413190. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 413190. Wikidata Q113731168.
- Woidich, Manfred (1975). "Zur Funktion des aktiven Partizips im Kairenisch-Arabischen". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 125 (2): 273–293. ISSN 0341-0137. JSTOR 43373069. Wikidata Q125134260.
- Eisele, John C. (1999), Arabic Verbs in Time: Tense and Aspect in Cairene Arabic, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wikidata Q125134740
- review: Stewart, Devin J. (April 2003). "Arabic Verbs in Time: Tense and Aspect in Cairene Arabic. By JOHN C. EISELE. Semitica Viva, vol. 20. Wiesbaden: HARRASSOWITZ VERLAG, 1999. Pp. xi + 264. DM 78". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 434. doi:10.2307/3217711. ISSN 0003-0279. Wikidata Q125134754.
- Audebert, Claude (1994). "Le cas du participe actif dans le parler du Caire: vers une grammaire à usage didactique". Bulletin d'etudes orientales (in French). 46: 53–76. ISSN 0253-1623. JSTOR 41608377. Wikidata Q125134190. (cf. also Compte-rendu de lecture)
- Woidich, Manfred (2006). Das Kairenisch-Arabische: Eine Grammatik. Porta linguarum Orientalium (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05315-0. OL 19689820M. Wikidata Q113722341. (ULB Münster Ng 57 c1, UB München 1207/Mh 321)
- review: Ambros, Arne A. (9 February 2007). "Das Kairenisch-Arabische. Eine Grammatik By Manfred Woidich". Journal of Islamic Studies. 18 (2): 286–288. doi:10.1093/JIS/ETM022. ISSN 0955-2340. Wikidata Q113734337.
- review: Bentlage, Björn (15 July 2009). "Manfred Woidich: Das Kairenisch-Arabische". sehepunkte (in German) (9). ISSN 1618-6168. Wikidata Q113733749.
- review: Drozdík, Ladislav (2008). "Grammar of Cairo Arabic" (PDF). Asian and African Studies. 17 (1): 111–122. ISSN 1335-1257. Wikidata Q113729988.
- review: Kaye, Alan S. (October 2010). "Das Kairenisch-Arabische: Eine Grammatik". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 69 (2). University of Chicago Press: 279. doi:10.1086/658980. ISSN 0022-2968. JSTOR 10.1086/658980. Wikidata Q113740925.
- errata:
- 2.3.8.2, p. 88: "inKiKāK" instead of "inKikāK"
- 2.4.2.1.3, p. 99: ru2ayya2, Sughayyar, q(2)uSayyar listed as "KuKayyiK ~ KiKayyiK"
- 2.4.2.1.3, p. 99: "KvKvKKv": not centered
- 2.4.9.3.1, p. 115: "Struktur" instead of "Striktur"
- 2.4.9.6, p. 124: "KuKaKi" instead of "KuKaki"
Textbooks and teaching material[edit]
- Mitchell, T. F., An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, Wikidata Q114400829
- Mitchell, T. F. (1960), An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, London: Oxford University Press, Wikidata Q114400915
- Mitchell, T. F. (1978). An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815148-9. OL 18702205M. Wikidata Q114400645.
- Woidich, Manfred, Ahlan wa Sahlan. Eine Einführung in die Kairoer Umgangssprache (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wikidata Q113720245
- Woidich, Manfred (1990), Ahlan wa Sahlan. Eine Einführung in die Kairoer Umgangssprache (in German) (1st ed.), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wikidata Q113720291
- review: Malina, Renate (1991). "Manfred Woidich: Ahlan wa sahlan. Eine Einführung in die Kairoer Umgangssprache". Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes (in German). 81: 270–271. ISSN 0084-0076. JSTOR 23865642. Wikidata Q113720639.
- Woidich, Manfred (1991). Ahlan wa Sahlan. Schlüssel (in German). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. ISBN 978-3-88226-517-0. OL 33976691M. Wikidata Q113720086.
- Woidich, Manfred (2002). Ahlan wa Sahlan. Eine Einführung in die Kairoer Umgangssprache (in German) (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89500-265-6. OL 33992105M. Wikidata Q113719666. (ULB Münster Ng 57 b2)
- El Dik, Dina; Iskander, Emad (14 September 2021). Yalla!: Let's Learn Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Verbs. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-909-0. OCLC 1286878505. OL 28920005M. Wikidata Q111664200.
- Woidich, Manfred; Heinen-Nasr, Rabha (2004). kullu tamam!: An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-424-842-9. OL 17147479M. S2CID 190760148. Wikidata Q114414316.
- Hassan, Mona Kamel (8 September 2020). Keda Mazbuut: A Grammar Book of Egyptian Colloquial Arabic with Exercises. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-923-6. OL 34077913M. Wikidata Q114414617.
Varia before 1920[edit]
- Pizzi, Italo (1886), Piccolo Manuale Dell'Arabo Volgare D'Egitto (in Italian), Florence: Le Monnier, Wikidata Q113718197
- Sterlich, Rinaldo de (1888), Manuale di arabo volgare ad uso specialmente di coloro che viaggiano sul territorio egiziano;raccolta di 1200 vocaboli e 600 frasi più usuali (in Italian), Milan: Hoepli, Wikidata Q113717290 (TODO: correct name splitting?)
- L'arabo parlato in Egitto. Grammatica, dialoghi e raccolta di circa 6000 vocaboli (in Italian), Milan: Hoepli, 1900, OL 14017912M, Wikidata Q113686588
- J. Selden Willmore, The Spoken Arabic of Egypt, OCLC 16395111, OL 18128340W, Wikidata Q111728772
- J. Selden Willmore (1901), The Spoken Arabic of Egypt, London: David Nutt, OL 24180494M, Wikidata Q111728704
- J. Selden Willmore (1905), The Spoken Arabic of Egypt, London: David Nutt, OL 23339261M, Wikidata Q111728758 (2nd rev. and enl. ed., 1905-1913) (TODO: add "A key to the exercises in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London, D. Nutt, 1913. 88 p."[4])
- Betts, W. A. (1902), Egyptian Arabic Primer, Wikidata Q112071172
Varia after 1950[edit]
- Abdel-Malek, Zaki N. (1972). The Closed-List Classes of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. The Hague, Paris: Uitgeverij Mouton & Co. doi:10.1515/9783110907520. ISBN 978-90-279-2322-6. OL 37085710M. Wikidata Q113721376.
- Aldrich, Matthew (13 November 2016). The Big Fat Book of Egyptian Arabic Verbs. ISBN 978-0-9858160-9-4. OL 32942102M. Wikidata Q113103922.
- Ernest T. Abdel-Massih, A Comprehensive Study of Egyptian Arabic, Wikidata Q112064727 (available on hathitrust)
- A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic (1st edition) (1st ed.), Wikidata Q114898557
- A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic (2nd edition) (2nd ed.), Wikidata Q114898614
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1978). A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic, vol. 1: Conversations, cultural texts, sociolinguistic notes. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies. ISBN 978-0-932098-11-5. OCLC 777140122. OL 11480326M. Wikidata Q112066001.
- A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic (3rd edition, 1981 printing) (3rd ed.), Wikidata Q114898114
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T.; Abdel-Malek, Zaki N.; Badawi, El-Said M. (1981). A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic, vol. 3: A reference grammar of Egyptian Arabic. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies. ISBN 978-0-932098-13-9. OCLC 901290516. OL 11480328M. Wikidata Q114897991.
- errata:
- p. 294: first pattern of II sound imperfect should read "yiFaʕʕaL" instead of "yiFaʕʕiL"
- errata:
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T.; Abdel-Malek, Zaki N.; Badawi, El-Said M. (1981). A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic, vol. 3: A reference grammar of Egyptian Arabic. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies. ISBN 978-0-932098-13-9. OCLC 901290516. OL 11480328M. Wikidata Q114897991.
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T.; Abdel-Malek, Zaki N.; Badawi, El-Said M. (January 2009). A Reference Grammar of Egyptian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58-901260-8. LCCN 2008046574. OCLC 234435278. OL 22659380M. Wikidata Q114892788.
- Pipes, Daniel (1983), An Arabist's Guide to Egyptian Colloquial (PDF), Wikidata Q112063756
- Ernest T. Abdel-Massih (2011). An introduction to Egyptian Arabic. Ann Arbor. ISBN 978-1-60785-213-1. Wikidata Q112067795.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - An Egyptian Alphabet for the Egyptian People (2nd ed.), OCLC 1044631026, Wikidata Q112128447
- Osman, Ahmed (2021), A methodological approach to utilize Egyptian colloquial Arabic as a source for ancient Egyptian linguistic analysis, Wikidata Q112242576
- Prokosch, Erich (1983), Osmanisches Wortgut im Ägyptisch-Arabischen (in German), Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, Wikidata Q112613090: a second edition has been published
- Harrell, Richard S. (1957), The Phonology of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic, New York City: American Council of Learned Societies, Wikidata Q113667309
- review: T. F. Mitchell (October 1958). "Richard S. Harrell: The phonology of colloquial Egyptian Arabic. (American Council of Learned Societies. Program in Oriental Languages. Publications, Series B—Aids—No.9.) [v]. 90 pp. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1957". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 21 (3): 635–637. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00060304. ISSN 0041-977X. Wikidata Q113667299.
- Peter Behnstedt; Manfred Woidich, Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte, Wiesbaden, Wikidata Q112249379 (Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients / Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients / Reihe B / Geisteswissenschaften ; Nr. 50)
- Band 1. Einleitung und anmerkungen zu den Karten (DNB 850435145)
- vol. 2: Peter Behnstedt; Manfred Woidich (1985). Dialektatlas von Ägypten (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-88226-227-3. OCLC 158521151. OL 2766206M. Wikidata Q123378938.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Band 3. Texte I. Delta-Dialekte
- Band 3. Texte. II. Niltaldialekte - III. Oasendialekte
- Band 4. Glossar Arabisch-Deutsch
- Band 5. Glossar Deutsch-Arabisch.
- Behnstedt, Peter (1980). "Zum ursprünglichen Dialekt von Alexandria". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 130 (1): 35–50. ISSN 0341-0137. JSTOR 43376412. Wikidata Q112250781.
- Behnstedt, Peter (1981). "Weitere koptische Lehnwörter im Ägyptisch-Arabischen". Die Welt Des Orients (in German). 12: 81–98. ISSN 0043-2547. Wikidata Q113674163.
- Behnstedt, Peter (1978). "Zur Dialektgeographie des Nildeltas". Journal of Arabic Linguistics (in German) (1): 64–92. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43530326. Wikidata Q113686530.
- Behnstedt, Peter (2005). "Coptic Loanwords". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 1: 501–505. doi:10.1163/1570-6699_EALL_EALL_COM_0071. Wikidata Q114434629.
- Björnesjö, Sophia (31 December 1996). "L'arabisation de l'Égypte : le témoignage papyrologique". Egypte/monde arabe (27–28): 93–106. doi:10.4000/EMA.1923. ISSN 1110-5097. Wikidata Q113680966.
- Blanc, Haim (1981). Egyptian Arabic in the Seventeenth Century: Notes on the Judeo-Arabic Passages of Darxe No‘am (Venice, 1697). pp. 185–202. ISBN 978-965-223-383-7. Wikidata Q113680924.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Woidich, Manfred (2010). "Von der wörtlichen Rede zur Sachprosa: Zur Entwicklung der Ägyptisch-Arabischen Dialektliteratur" (PDF). Dialektliteratur heute – regional und international. Forschungskolloquium am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 19.11.2009–20.11.2009 (in German). Wikidata Q113680977.
- Woidich, Manfred (31 December 1996). "Rural Dialect of Egyptian Arabic: An Overview". Egypte/monde arabe (27–28): 325–354. doi:10.4000/EMA.1952. ISSN 1110-5097. Wikidata Q113680514.
- Woidich, Manfred (1993). "Die Dialekte der ägyptischen Oasen: westliches oder östliches Arabisch?". Journal of Arabic Linguistics (in German). 25: 340–359. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43513467. Wikidata Q113680549.
- Woidich, Manfred (1978). "Bemerkungen zu den arabischen Dialekten Mittelägyptens". Journal of Arabic Linguistics (in German) (1): 54–63. ISSN 0170-026X. Wikidata Q113686552.
- Gary, Judith Olmsted; Gamal-Eldin, Saad M. (1982), Cairene Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, Croom Helm, Wikidata Q113732603
- Munzel, Kurt (1958), Ägyptisch-arabischer Sprachführer (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, Wikidata Q113751787
- Munzel, Kurt (1958), Ägyptisch-arabischer Sprachführer (in German) (1st ed.), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, Wikidata Q113751704
- review: Steppat, Fritz (1959). "Kurt Munzel: Ägyptisch-arabischer Sprachführer. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1958. 242 S. 14, - DM". Die Welt des Islams. 6 (1): 161–162. doi:10.1163/157006059X00304. ISSN 0043-2539. Wikidata Q113751541.
- Munzel, Kurt (1983). Ägyptisch-arabischer Sprachführer (in German) (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-02276-7. OL 50312361M. Wikidata Q113751859.
- Munzel, Kurt (1958), Ägyptisch-arabischer Sprachführer (in German) (1st ed.), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, Wikidata Q113751704
- Amany Fashwan; Sameh Alansary (2021). "A Morphologically Annotated Corpus and a Morphological Analyzer for Egyptian Arabic". Procedia Computer Science. 189: 203–210. doi:10.1016/J.PROCS.2021.05.084. ISSN 1877-0509. Wikidata Q113833494.
- Khalil, Saussan (13 May 2020). "A delineation of variation in Arabic between fuṣḥá and Egyptian 'āmmīyah". The Language Scholar (6): 112–139. ISSN 2398-8509. Wikidata Q113834220.
- Maamoun, Mona (1 December 2020), Phonological Adaptation of Loanword into Egyptian Arabic, vol. 3, pp. 43–70, doi:10.21608/JFHSC.2020.158923, ISSN 2536-9458, Wikidata Q113838606
TODO: use Harrell (and lexilogos) more and describe stuff, state what is reviewed
Meta[edit]
- Harrell, Richard S. (1956). "Egyptian Arabic Studies". The Middle East Journal. 10 (3): 307–312. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4322827. Wikidata Q112068901. (reviews material available at that point)
- Haywood, John A. (2008). "Bilingual Lexicography with Arabic". An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. 3: 3086–3096. Wikidata Q112767948.
- Janet Watson (21 December 2011). 50. Arabic Dialects (general article). pp. 851–896. doi:10.1515/9783110251586.851. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0. Wikidata Q112250705.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help): "3.2. Egypt and Sudan", p. 853-854
Ressource collections:
- Bakalla, Muhammad Hasan (1975). Bibliography of Arabic linguistics. London. doi:10.1515/9783111713700. ISBN 0-7201-0525-0. OL 4934225M. Wikidata Q113729307.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Vienna Corpus of Arabic Varieties (VICAV)
- Language Arabic (Egyptian) in WALS Online: some more literature
- (ara + varieties:) https://complit.la.psu.edu/languages/arabic/student-resources/ (not that useful)
- (ara + arz etc.:) https://arabic.desert-sky.net/links.html#egy
- https://www.lexilogos.com/english/arabic_egyptian.htm
- https://subjectguides.uwaterloo.ca/studiesinislam/lanaguage
- https://www.mei.edu/education/oman-library/resource-guides/arabic-language
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060822064328/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&links=51 (linked from w:en:Egyptian Arabic, looks more or less useless for arz at first glance)
- Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte, vol. 4, bibliography: https://brill.com/view/book/9789004462656/back-1.xml?language=de
- https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Arabic%20language%20%2d%2d%20Dialects%20%2d%2d%20Egypt
- https://reichert-verlag.de/de/autor/w/woidich_manfred
Proverbs/expressions etc.[edit]
- https://blogs.transparent.com/arabic/egyptian-proverbs-5/
- https://arabic.desert-sky.net/colloq.html
- Egyptian Arabic proverbs (Q20414581)
- Kotb, Sigrun: Körperteilbezogene Phraseologismen im Ägyptisch-Arabischen. Wiesbaden. 2002
- Mughazy, Mustafa: Dardasha", let's speak Egyptian Arabic: a multidimensional approach to the teaching and learning of Egyptian Arabic as a foreign language. Madison. 2004
Lexicography[edit]
- Hafez, Ola (1996). "Phonological and Morphological Integration of Loanwords into Egyptian Arabic". Egypte/monde arabe (27–28): 383–410. doi:10.4000/EMA.1958. ISSN 1110-5097. S2CID 53606767. Wikidata Q113774963.
- Peterson, Jennifer Leigh: Contemporary Cairene Youth Terminology: Linguistic Deviation or Social Art?. In: Aspects of the dialects of Arabic today: Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the International Arabic Dialectology Association (AIDA), Marrakesh, April 1-4, 2000. In honour of Professor David Cohen: 422-429 (ed. Abderrahim Youssi). Rabat. Amapatril. 2002
- Rosenbaum, Gabriel M.: Curses, insults and taboo words in Egyptian Arabic: In daily speech and written literature. In: Romano-Arabica 19: 153-188. 2019
- Shoubary, Iman el: Neologisms in Egyptian Arabic 1990-2003. In: Acta Orientalia: Ediderunt Societates Orientales Danica Fennica Norvegica Svecica 65: 7-17. 2004
- Audebert, Claude: Dictionnaire contextuel raisonné des verbes du dialecte égyptien (parler du Caire) arabe-français. In: Lisan al-arab: Studies in Contemporary Arabic Dialects. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of AIDA. Qatar University 2013: 45-59 (eds. Muntasir F. Al-Hamad; Rizwan Ahmed; Hafid I. Aloui). Vienna. LIT Verlag. 2016
- Ejibadze, Nino: Cursing and reviling formulas in the Egyptian Arabic dialect. In: Romano-Arabica 19: 93-98. 2019
- Hassan, Ashraf F.: Loan verbs in Egyptian Arabic: Perspectives and evidence from social media. In: Arabic in Contact: 161-170 (eds. Stefano Manfredi; Mauro Tosco). Amsterdam & Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2018
- Lakusta, Valeriia: Ways of Expressing Verbal Aggression in Egyptian Arabic. In: Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of AIDA held in Marseille from May 30th to June 2nd 2017 (eds. Catherine Miller; Alexandrine Barontini; Marie-Aimée Germanos; Jairo Guerrero; Christophe Pereira). Aix-en-Provence. IREMAM. 2019
- Provençal, Philippe; Skaarup, Birgit: Arabic Fish Names gathered at the fish market in Hurghada (al-Ġardaqah) May 2011. In: Journal of Semitic Studies 61: 231-246. 2016
- Rizk, Sherin: Euphémisme et/ou violence verbale féminine. Sur le comportement langagier de jeunes filles cairotes. In: Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of AIDA held in Marseille from May 30th to June 2nd 2017 (eds. Catherine Miller; Alexandrine Barontini; Marie-Aimée Germanos; Jairo Guerrero; Christophe Pereira). Aix-en-Provence. IREMAM. 2019
- Zawrotna, Magdalena: The Use of Taboo – Related Words in Egyptian Arabic a Sociolinguistic Approach to (Im)Politeness. In: Arabic Varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA – Bucharest, 2015: 569-578 (eds. George Grigore; Gabriel Bițună). Bucharest. Editura Universității din București. 2016
- Zawrotna, Magdalena: Taboo-based intensifiers in Arabic and Polish. In: Folia Orientalia - Bibliotheca 1: 181-197. 2018
Phonology[edit]
- Norlin, K.: A phonetic study of emphasis and vowels in Egyptian Arabic. Lund. Lund University. 1987
- Saad, Saad Mohamed: Estudio fonológico del sistema vocálico del árabe hablado en El Cairo. In: Awrāq: Estudios sobre el Mundo Arabe e Islámico Contemporáneo 21: 81-95. 2000
- Salem, Hanaa: Phonological processes in connected speech in colloquial Egyptian Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics: Papers from the annual symposium on Arabic linguistics. Volume XVII–XVIII: Alexandria, 2003 and Norman, Oklahoma 2004: 69-84 (eds. Mohammad T. Alhawary; Elabbas Benmamoun). Amsterdam. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2005
- Ward, Nigel: A prosodic feature that invites back-channels in Egyptian Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XX: 187-206. Amsterdam. Benjamins. 2007
- Welden, A.: Stress in Cairo Arabic. In: Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 10: 99-121. 1980
- Youssef, Islam: Emphasis Spread in Cairene Arabic: a Reassessment. In: Alf lahǧa wa lahǧa : proceedings of the 9th Aida Conference: 455-464 (eds. Olivier Durand; Angela Daiana Langone; Giuliano Mion). Wien. LIT Verlag. 2014
- Aquil, Rajaa; Aquil, Rajaa: Empirical evidence: Stress as a perceptual unit in Cairene spoken Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics. Papers from the annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics. Volume XXII–XXIII: College Park, Maryland, 2008 and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2009: 3-20 (eds. Ellen Broselow; Hamid Ouali). Amsterdam - Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2011
- Kabrah, Rawiah S.: Regressive voicing assimilation in Cariene Arabic*. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics. Papers from the annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics. Volume XXII–XXIII: College Park, Maryland, 2008 and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2009: 21-33 (eds. Ellen Broselow; Hamid Ouali). Amsterdam - Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2011
Morphology[edit]
- Fox, Joshua (1 January 2013). Semitic Noun Patterns. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57506-909-8. OL 8744094M. Wikidata Q120920939. (not specifically for Egyptian Arabic)
- Kaye, Alan S. (October 2003). "Semitic Noun Patterns". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (4): 885. doi:10.2307/3589988. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3589988. Wikidata Q120922009.
- Gadalla, Hassan A. H. (2000). Comparative Morphology of Standard and Egyptian Arabic. ISBN 978-3-89586-972-3. LCCN 00401300. OL 6870655M. Wikidata Q113836206.
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925759-1. OL 9656479M. Wikidata Q114094706.
Historic[edit]
- Woidich, Manfred (1995). Das Kairenische im 19.Jh.: Gedanken zu Ṭanṭāwī's 'Traité de la langue arabe vulgaire' (in German). Vol. 75. pp. 271–288. ISBN 978-951-9380-25-4. Wikidata Q114060560.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) UB München 1207/Ab 337, ULB Münster Arabistik E 120 a1 - Owens, Jonathan (October 2003). "Arabic Dialect History and Historical Linguistic Mythology". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (4): 715. doi:10.2307/3589965. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3589965. Wikidata Q58152596.
- Zack, Elisabeth: Colloquial Arabic in the 17th century: Yūsuf al-Maġribī's Egyptian-Arabic wordlist. In: : 373-389. 2004
- Zack, Liesbeth: Nineteenth-Century Cairo Arabic as Described by Qadrī and Naḫla. In: Arabic Varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA – Bucharest, 2015: 557-567 (eds. George Grigore; Gabriel Bițună). Bucharest. Editura Universității din București. 2016
- Kallas, Elie: Phonétique des dialectes de Bagdad, d’Alep et du Caire (1842-1845) d’après Elie Bérézine. In: Alf lahǧa wa lahǧa : proceedings of the 9th Aida Conference: 213-223 (eds. Olivier Durand; Angela Daiana Langone; Giuliano Mion). Wien. LIT Verlag. 2014
Written Egyptian Arabic[edit]
- Bjørnsson, Jan Arild (November 2010), Egyptian Romanized Arabic: A Study of Selected Features from Communication Among Egyptian Youth on Facebook (PDF), University of Oslo Library, Wikidata Q114356281
- Abu Elhija, Dua'a (23 January 2014). "A new writing system? Developing orthographies for writing Arabic dialects in electronic media". Writing Systems Research. 6 (2): 190–214. doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.868334. ISSN 1758-6801. Wikidata Q114356394.
- Davies, Humphrey (2005). "Dialect Literature". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 1: 597–604. Wikidata Q114570074.
- Rosenbaum, Gabriel (2004). "Egyptian Arabic as a written language". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 29: 281–340. ISSN 0334-4118. S2CID 169832987. Wikidata Q113680686.
- Rosenbaum, Gabriel M. (2000). ""Fuṣḥāmmiyya": Alternating Style in Egyptian Prose". Journal of Arabic Linguistics. 38: 68–87. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43526795. Wikidata Q114569865.
- Avallone, Lucia: Spelling Variants in Written Egyptian Arabic, a Study on Literary Texts. In: Arabic Varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA – Bucharest, 2015: 79-86 (eds. George Grigore; Gabriel Bițună). Bucharest. Editura Universității din București. 2016
- Doss, Madiha: Ḥāl id-Dunyā: an Arabic news bulletin in colloquial (ʿāmmiya). In: Arabic and the media: linguistic analyses and applications: 123-140 (ed. Reem Bassiouney). Leiden. Brill. 2010
- Haland, Eva Marie: Adab sākhir (Satirical Literature) and the Use of Egyptian Vernacular. In: The politics of written language in the Arab world: writing change: 142-165 (eds. Jacob Hoigilt; Gunvor Mejdell). Leiden. Brill. 2017
- Hoigilt, Jacob: Dialect with an Attitude: Language and Criticism in New Egyptian Print Media. In: The politics of written language in the Arab world: writing change: 166-189 (eds. Jacob Hoigilt; Gunvor Mejdell). Leiden. Brill. 2017
- Ibrahim, Zeinab: Cases of written code-switching in Egyptian opposition newspapers. In: Arabic and the media: linguistic analyses and applications: 23-45 (ed. Reem Bassiouney). Leiden & Boston. Brill. 2010
- Kindt, Kristian Takvam; Kebede, Tewodros Aragie: A Language for the People?: Quantitative Indicators of Written dārija and ͑āmmiyya in Cairo and Rabat. In: The politics of written language in the Arab world: writing change: 18-40 (eds. Jacob Hoigilt; Gunvor Mejdell). Leiden. Brill. 2017
- Kosoff, Zoë: Code-Switching in Egyptian Arabic: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Twitter. In: Al-'Arabiyya 47: 83-99. 2014
Check out and sort[edit]
- Haeri, Niloofar (2003), Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt, New York City: Palgrave Macmillan, OCLC 237814587, Wikidata Q113865023
- review: Boussofara-Omar, Naima (19 May 2007). "NILOOFAR HAERI, Sacred language, ordinary people: Dilemmas of culture and politics in Egypt". Language in Society. 36 (03): 466–469. doi:10.1017/S0047404507070315. ISSN 0047-4045. JSTOR 4169624. Wikidata Q113865462.
- review: Bernards, Monique (February 2007). "NILOOFAR HAERI Sacred Language. Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). Pp. 200. $69.95 cloth. $21.95 paper". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 39 (1): 125–126. doi:10.1017/S0020743807222561. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 4129116. Wikidata Q113865615.
- review: Caton, Steven C. (September 2006). "Linguistic Ideologies, Text Regulation, and the Question of Post-Structuralism". Reviews in Anthropology. 35 (3): 221–251. doi:10.1080/00938150600867865. ISSN 0093-8157. Wikidata Q114001756.
- review: Messing, Jacqueline (April 2008). "Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt by Niloofar Haeri". Transforming Anthropology. 16 (1): 85–86. doi:10.1111/J.1548-7466.2008.00015.X. ISSN 1051-0559. Wikidata Q113865741.
- review: Hoffman, Katherine E. (June 2004). "Haeri, Niloofar. Sacred language, ordinary people". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 10 (2): 464–465. ISSN 1359-0987. JSTOR 3804181. Wikidata Q113865861.
- review: Miller, W. Flagg (December 2007). "Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 17 (2): 305–307. doi:10.1525/JLIN.2007.17.2.305. ISSN 1055-1360. JSTOR 43104164. Wikidata Q114002187.
- review: Shagoury, Michael (2003). "Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt, by Niloofar Haeri". The Middle East Journal. 57 (4): 699. ISSN 0026-3141. Wikidata Q113997850.
- review: Zammit, Martin R. (1 May 2005). "SACRED LANGUAGE, ORDINARY PEOPLE. By NILOOFAR HAERI. Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. xvi-184 pp". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 32 (1): 139–140. ISSN 1353-0194. Wikidata Q113865992.
- McCarthy, John J.: The length of stem-final vowels in colloquial Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic linguistics XVII-XVIII: papers from the seventeenth and eighteenth annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics: 1-26 (eds. Mohammad T. Alhawary; Elabbas Benmamoun). Amsterdam & Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2005
- Stevens, Virginia; Salib, Maurice Boulos: A pocket dictionary of the spoken Arabic of Cairo: English-Arabic. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. 1987
- Stevens, V.: Compiling an English-to-Egyptian-Arabic dictionary: difficulties encountered. In: Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said Badawi: 145-156. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. 1996
- Wilmsen, D.: ḥāga tāni?: an examination of degendered adjectival agreement in Cairene Arabic. In: Al-ʿArabiyya 32: 215-234. 2000
- Woidich, Manfred (1 January 2007). Everything you always wanted to know about ‘äl, yi’ūl ‘to say’ in egyptian arabic. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. Vol. 49. pp. 675–700. doi:10.1163/EJ.9789004160156.I-762.189. ISBN 978-90-04-16015-6. Wikidata Q114061573.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Woidich, Manfred: Everything you always wanted to know about 'āl, yi'ūl "to say" in Egyptian Arabic. In: : 675-700. 2007
- Youssef, Ahmad Abdel-Hamid: From Pharaoh's lips: ancient Egyptian language in the Arabic today. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. 2003
- Youssef, Islam: Against Underlying Mid Vowels in Cairene Arabic. In: Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik: 5-38. 2010
- Dickins, James: Dialects of Egypt and Sudan. In: The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook: 935-952 (ed. ). Berlin & Boston. De Gruyter Mouton. 2011
- Lexus (ed.); Rough Guides (ed.): Egyptian Arabic: Rough guide dictionary phrasebook. London. Rough Guides. 1998
- Nakao, Shuichiro: Pidgins on the Nile: Europeans and Broken Arabic, from Egypt to Uganda. In: Lisan al-arab: Studies in Contemporary Arabic Dialects. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of AIDA. Qatar University 2013: 219-233 (eds. Muntasir F. Al-Hamad; Rizwan Ahmed; Hafid I. Aloui). Vienna. LIT Verlag. 2016
- Taha, Zeinab A; Badawi, El-Said M: Revisiting levels of contemporary Arabic in Egypt: essays on Arabic varieties in memory of El-Said Badawi. 2020
- Ma'nawi, Arief; Ma'ruf, Amir (9 January 2016). "WORD PATTERNS OF EGYPTIAN COLLOQUIAL ARABIC (ECA) IN EGYPTIAN SPEECH EVENTS". Humaniora. 27 (2): 195–206. doi:10.22146/JH.V27I2.8713. ISSN 0852-0801. Wikidata Q114027024.
- corpus-based master's thesis: Michael G. White: Michael Grant White (2019), Verb Usage in Egyptian Movies, Serials, and Blogs: A Case for Register Variation, S2CID 212414587, Wikidata Q114900170
- Kniaz, Malgorzata; Zawrotna, Magdalena (29 November 2020). "Embedded English verbs in Arabic-English code-switching in Egypt". International Journal of Bilingualism. 25 (3): 622–639. doi:10.1177/1367006920976909. ISSN 1367-0069. Wikidata Q120201715.
Extent of the dialect:
- Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (2018). The Formation of the Egyptian Arabic Dialect Area. pp. 64–95. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-870137-8. Wikidata Q113840243.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help)
Algerian Arabic[edit]
- Adam Benkato (2019). "Maghrebi Arabic". Arabic and contact-induced change: 197–212. Wikidata Q117187987.
- Jacques Grand'Henry (2005). "Algeria". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 1: 53–58. doi:10.1163/1570-6699_EALL_EALL_COM_0011. Wikidata Q116920742.
- Ahmad Al-Jallad (October 2017). "The Arabic of the Islamic conquests: notes on phonology and morphology based on the Greek transcriptions from the first Islamic century". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 80 (3): 419–439. doi:10.1017/S0041977X17000878. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 26849573. S2CID 165725344. Wikidata Q117188029.
- Aguadé, Jorge (2018). The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic. pp. 29–63. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-870137-8. Wikidata Q117189070.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help)
Other[edit]
for general Arabic dialectology:
- Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (2010–2021), Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill Publishers, Wikidata Q54836167
- review: Jastrow, Otto (1 May 2014). "Behnstedt, Peter / Woidich, Manfred: Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte". Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (in German). 109 (3): 230–232. doi:10.1515/OLZG-2014-0078. ISSN 0030-5383. Wikidata Q112073240.
- review: JSTOR 24754843
architecture in Egypt:
- Fathy, Hassan (1976). Architecture for the poor. An experiment in rural Egypt. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-23916-0. OL 22229812M. Wikidata Q113727272. (ULB Münster Islamw. Re 824 a1 and others)
Jordanian:
- Zibin, Aseel (April 2019). "A Phonological Analysis of English Loanwords Inflected With Arabic Morphemes in Urban Jordanian Spoken Arabic". SAGE Open. 9 (2): 1–13. doi:10.1177/2158244019841927. ISSN 2158-2440. Wikidata Q113775374.
References[edit]
- ^ Diem 1974, p. 109.
- ^ Woidich 2010, p. 70.
- ^ Diem 1974, p. 102.
- ^ a b c Davies 2005, p. 601.
- ^ Diem 1974, p. 116.
- ^ Woidich 2010, p. 74.
- ^ Zack 2001, p. 194.
- ^ Woidich 2010, p. 77, footnote 66.
- ^ Woidich 2010, p. 79.
- ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 599.
- ^ Woidich 2010, p. 82–83.
- ^ Davies 2005, p. 600.
- ^ Woidich 2010, p. 84–85.
- ^ Borg 2007.
- ^ Diem 1974, p. 125.
- ^ Zack 2001, p. 199, 1. The orthography.
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 2, Einleitung.
- ^ Zack 2001, pp. 199–200, a. Description of the orthography of Laban il-‘aṣfūr.
- ^ Generally, for more specific information see Egyptian Arabic phonology.
- ^ For the consonants see Spitta 1880, p. 1, § 1a , for the vowels mainly Spitta 1880, p. 34, § 12a .
- ^ Mitchell 1978, pp. 2–3, 8, 13, B. The system of writing and hints on pronunciation.
- ^ For the consonants see Harrell 1957, p. 25 , for the vowels see Harrell 1957, p. 45 .
- ^ Abdel-Massih 1978, pp. 397–398.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, pp. XVI–XVIII, 8. Transcription.
- ^ Woidich 2006, pp. XXVI–XXVII, 11.
- ^ Abu Elhija 2014, p. 208 ; Bjørnsson 2010, pp. 41–42, 58, 61 . Only the most common variants are listed, others are used as well.
- ^ "Arabic" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ EAAL, vol. 1, p. viii
- ^ a b c d e f The sounds /p/, /ʒ/ and /v/ can appear in loanwords, but have a marginal status, often they aren't used by less educated speakers, cf. Abdel-Massih 1976, p. 398, System of Transcription ; Mitchell 1978, p. 8, B. The system of writing and hints on pronunciation . Examples are:
- ^ a b c The sounds of the letters ث, ذ and ظ in Standard Arabic are not present in Egyptian Arabic. That's why the romanizations that are not transliterations of the representation of Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script don't give a specific transcription for those letters but rather transcriptions that are the same like for other Arabic letters with the same pronunciation.
- ^ As examples see "sánya" (p. 213) and "tálat" (p. 215).
- ^ a b c d Used in names.
- ^ ⟨ʾ⟩ is used additionally to indicate phonology, but not generally for romanization, see Spitta 1880, p. 12, § 2a 18) .
- ^ Word-initial.
- ^ ⟨ɑ̊⟩ is used to indicate phonology, but not generally for romanization, cf. Spitta 1880, p. 36, § 13b : "ṭɑlɑb (gespr. ṭɑ̊lɑb)".
- ^ ⟨e⟩ and ⟨ɑ̊⟩ are used additionally to indicate phonology, but not generally for romanization.
- ^ ⟨e⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ are used additionally to indicate phonology, but not generally for romanization, cf. Spitta 1880, p. 40, § 14 : "siḥr „Zauber“ (sprich seḥr mit im Gaumen klingendem e)" and "ṣibjân „Jünglinge“ sprich ṣübjân mit dumpfem ü, welches dann zu ṣubjân wird".
- ^ At least some authors transcribe stressed anaptyctic vowels like the other short vowels, cf. Spitta 1880, p. 55, § 21g. Betonter Zwischenvocal and Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. XVIII : "Unstressed anaptyctic vowels are represented in small elevated form, while stressed anaptyctic vowels are given in the normal fount."
- ^ Spitta 1880, pp. 52–55, § 21. Die Zwischenvocale.
- ^ Harrell 1957, pp. 59–60, 7.10.
- ^ ⟨ᵃ⟩ is used for example in "ʕil-ʕɑgrᵃ ʕal-ɑllɑ" Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 7 , but maybe not all the possible glyphs ⟨ⁱ⟩, ⟨ᵃ⟩, ⟨ᵅ⟩, ⟨ᵉ⟩, ⟨ᵒ⟩ and ⟨ᵘ⟩ are actually used in transcription.
- ^ In sandhi, i.e. at word boundary positions, the epenthetic vowel is transcribed ⟨i̊⟩/⟨ů⟩, otherwise ⟨i⟩/⟨u⟩, see Woidich 2006, p. 32, 1.3.2.3 Epenthese von -i- (Aufsprengung) .
- ^ Bjørnsson 2010, p. 64–65, 4.2.1.2.3 The epenthetic vowel.
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 32, 1.3.2.3 Epenthese von -i- (Aufsprengung).
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Gadalla 2000, p. 120, 3.1.1. Triradical Nominal Stem Forms, tab. 35.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, p. 171, 4.1. Adjectival Stem Forms, tab. 52.
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 124, 2.4.9.6 Flexion der Adjektive.
- ^ a b Gadalla 2000, pp. 169–171, 4.1. Adjectival Stem Forms, tab. 50–52.
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 124, 2.4.9.6.1 Bildung des Femininums.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, pp. 177, 4.4. Inflection for Gender.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, pp. 179, 4.4. Inflection for Gender.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, pp. 184, 4.5.3.3. Broken Plural.
- ^ a b c d Woidich 2006, p. 125, 2.4.9.6.4 Elativ aKKaK.
- ^ Spitta 1880, p. 194, § 97b.
- ^ a b c Spitta 1880, p. 194, § 91 1).
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 62, 2.3.2.1.2 Opposition zwischen a-Perfekt und i-Perfekt.
- ^ Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 297, Verb: Triliterals classified by stem measure.
- ^ Spitta 1880, § 95a.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 91.
- ^ Cf. Woidich 2006, p. 84, 2.3.7.1 Das aktive Partizip, b. and p. 86, 2.3.7.2 Das passive Partizip. There مديون, madyūn from دان (يدين), dān (yidīn), 'have (s.o.) in one's debt' and مريوح, maryūḥ from راح (يروح), rɑ̄ḥ (yirūḥ), 'go' are given as counterexamples for which a specific form is used.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 316–317, د ى ن 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 355–356, ر و ح.
- ^ a b c d e For verbs with glides (ي, y or و, w) as medial radicals, but realized as strong consonants following the strong root inflection cf. Watson 2002, pp. 151–152, 6.5.6.3 Hollow verbs .
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 141, ت و ل.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 182, ج و ز 2.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 233, ح و ل.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 551, ط و ل 1.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, p. 68, 2.1.1.2. Geminate Verbs, tab. 10.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 929, و د د.
- ^ Watson 2002, p. 159, 6.5.7.4 Verbal nouns of derived verbs
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 88, 2.3.8 Das Verbalnomen (Infinitiv, maṣdar).
- ^ Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 303, Verbal nouns: Derivation.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 433, س م ى.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 325, ر ب و 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 856, ن د ى.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 315, د و ى 1.
- ^ Different Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 303, Verbal nouns: Derivation : verbal noun: mudawaat.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 443, س و ى 1.
- ^ Different Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 303, Verbal nouns: Derivation : verbal noun: musawaat.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 228, د ر ى 2.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 615, ع ى ن 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 234, ح و ل.
- ^ a b c Woidich 2006, p. 68, 2.3.3.2.2 III. Stamm: KāKiK.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 441, س و ر ق.
- ^ a b Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 5, Active participles: Derivation.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 521, ض ر ب.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 567–568, ع د م.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, p. 201, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 621, غ ر ى 2.
- ^ a b c d Cf. the two example forms given by Watson 2002, p. 150, 6.5.6.3 Hollow verbs .
- ^ Gadalla 2000, p. 200, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 387, ز و ل 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 608, ع و د.
- ^ a b Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 485, ش و ر 1.
- ^ a b Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 441, س و ر 1.
- ^ Watson 2002, p. 148, 6.5.6.2 Doubled verbs, fn. 24
- ^ Gadalla 2000, p. 200, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
- ^ H/B, ص ر ر 1, p. 501
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 742, ك ر ر 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 56, ب د د 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 734, ك ت ب.
- ^ TODO: The imperfect yiddaari given in Woidich 2006, p. 85, 2.3.7.1 Das aktive Partizip doesn't fit in this pattern. H/B doesn't give a special imperfect here.
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 67, 2.3.3 Stammbildung.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 75, ب س ط 1.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, p. 201, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 219.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, pp. 200–201, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
- ^ H/B, ب ى ع 1, p. 117
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 268, خ و ت.
- ^ Watson 2002, p. 148, 6.5.6.2 Doubled verbs
- ^ a b c Cf. Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 197, Passive participles: Derivation .
- ^ Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 304, Verbal nouns: Derivation, b, i.
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 70, 2.3.3.2.3 t-Stämme, b. t-I Stamm, Anmerkung.
- ^ H/B, ن س و, p. 862
- ^ H/B, ح ك ى, p. 219
- ^ Watson 2002, p. 148, 6.5.6.2 Doubled verbs
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 255, خ ض ض.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 469, ش غ ل.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 425.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, p. 201, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
- ^ Watson 2002, p. 148, 6.5.6.2 Doubled verbs
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 74.
- ^ Woidich 2006, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 223, ح ل و.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 117, ب ى ض 2.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 440, س و د 2.
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 70, 2.3.3.2.4 ista-Stamm (Stamm X): istaKKiK ~ istaKKaK, a..
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 619, غ ر ب 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 811, م ت ع.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 602, ع م ل.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 43.
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 71, 2.3.3.2.4 ista-Stamm (Stamm X): istaKKiK ~ istaKKaK, a., Anmerkung.
- ^ Gadalla 2000, p. 201, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
- ^ a b c Woidich 2006, p. 71.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 757, ك ف ى 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 617, غ ب و.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 168, ج ل ى 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 679, ف ى د.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 724, ق و م 1 , see there for interesting two lexemes from it.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 803, ل و ح 2.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 839, م و ت.
- ^ Watson 2002, p. 148, 6.5.6.2 Doubled verbs, fn. 24
- ^ Watson 2002, p. 148, 6.5.6.2 Doubled verbs, fn. 24
- ^ Gadalla 2000, p. 200, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 816, م ر ر 1.
- ^ H/B, ز ل ل 3, p. 378
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 796, ل ق ف.
- ^ H/B, ء ك د 2, p. 28
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 837, م ن ى.
- ^ Different Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 5, Active participles: Derivation : AP: mistamanni with imperfect yistamanna.
- ^ H/B, ه ج ى, p. 901
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 227, ح م م 1.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 358, ر و ح.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 39, ء م ن.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 68, ب ر ك 1.
- ^ a b Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 784, ل خ ب ط.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 279, د ح ر ج.
- ^ Different Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 5, Active participles: Derivation : midaḥrig.
- ^ Woidich 2006, p. 89, 2.3.8 Das Verbalnomen (Infinitiv, maṣdar), 2.3.8.3 Vierradikalige Verben.
- ^ H/B, ش ع ل ل, p. 468
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 228, ح ن ج ل.
- ^ Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 306, Verbal nouns: Derivation.
- ^ Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 288, Verb: Quadriliterals classified by stem measure.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 546, ط م ء ن.
- ^ Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 331, ر خ ر خ.
- ^ Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 4, Active participles: Derivation.
- ^ Woidich 2006, pp. 84–85, 2.3.7.1 Das aktive Partizip.
- ^ Cf. Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 5, Active participles: Derivation and Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 197–198, Passive participles: Derivation .
- ^ Cf. Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 198, Passive participles: Derivation .
- ^ Cf. Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 199, Passive participles: Derivation .