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Computer science and related topics

Codata

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from the paper Codata and Comonads in Haskell [1] (pdf)

Not covered

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Introduction

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Definition styles

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Symantics styles

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ML example (ch4)

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The Untyped Lambda-calculus

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Alternatives:

Free variables and bound variables:

Evaluation strategies:

Lambda calculus grammmar:

t ::=            terms:
       x         variable
       λx.t      abstraction or lambda-abstraction
       t t       application

Language levels:

Capture:

Free variables:

  • FV(t) is the set of free variables of term t.
  • FV(x) = {x}
  • FV(λx.t1) = FV(t1)\{x}
  • FV(t1 t2) = FV(t1) ∪ FV(t2)

Nameless representation of types

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Capture (cont):

Nicholas de Bruijn:

Explicit substitution:

Typed Arithmetic Expressions

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Safety = Progress + Preservation

Simply typed lambda-calculus

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Type assignment system:

symbols:

  • Γ ⊢ t:T "the closed term t has type T under the empty set of assumptions."
  • (not from book)inference, reduces to. x ⊢ y means y is derived from x
  • Table of mathematical symbols
  • Γ ⊢ x : R, then x:R ∈ Γ (the type assumed for x in Γ is R)
  • dom(Γ) gives the set of variables bound by Γ

context:

  • Γ is context
  • Γ is the set of assumptions about the types of the free variables in t.
  • Γ ⊢ ... "using the context Γ ..."
  • typing context or type environment
T ::=            types:
       T→T       type of functions

Γ ::=            contexts:
       ∅        empty context
       Γ,x:T     term variable binding

more lemmas:

Curry-Howard Correspondence:

Logic Programming languages
propositions types
proposition P ⊃ Q type P → Q
proposition P ∧ Q type P × Q
proof of proposition P term t of type P
proposition P is provable type P is inhabited (by some term)

Thorough discussions of this correspondence:

  • Girard, Lafont, and Laylot (1989)
  • Gallier (1993)
  • Sørensen and Urzyczyn (1998)
  • Pfenning (2001)
  • Goubault-Larrecq and Mackie (1997)
  • Simmons (2000)

Erasure and Typability

Simple extensions

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e.g.

Addr = <physical:PhysicalAddr, virtual:VirtualAddr>;
a = <physical:pa> as Addr;

also for null-able types:

OptionalNat = <none:Unit, some:Nat>;

e.g.

EuroAmount = <euros:Float>;

Normalization

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