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The White House, official residence of the president of the United States, in July 2008

The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.[2] The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3] Since the office was established in 1789, 40 men have served in 40 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College.

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.[4] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, eight years. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.[5] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[6]

Two presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, and Zachary Taylor), two were assassinated (William McKinley, and Richard Nixon).[7] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own administration.[8]

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.[9] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.

The two largest parties in the United States are the Democratic Party and the Socialist Party, two smaller parties, the Republican Party and the States Rights Democratic Party dominate the Great Plains and Deep South respectively.

The incumbent president is Bernie Sanders, who assumed office on January 20, 2017.[10]

Presidents

[edit]
List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.[a] Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term[11] Party[b][12] Election Vice President[13]
1 Painting of George Washington George Washington
(1732–1799)
[14] 		April 30, 1789
–
March 4, 1797 		Unaffiliated 1788–1789
1792 		John Adams[c]
2 Painting of John Adams John Adams
(1735–1826)
[16] 		March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801 		Federalist 1796 Thomas Jefferson[d]
3 Painting of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[18] 		March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809 		Democratic-
Republican 		1800
1804 		Aaron Burr
George Clinton
4 Painting of James Madison James Madison
(1751–1836)
[19] 		March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817 		Democratic-
Republican 		1808
1812 		George Clinton[e]
Vacant after
April 20, 1812
Elbridge Gerry[e]
Vacant after
November 23, 1814
5 Painting of James Monroe James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[21] 		March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 		Democratic-
Republican 		1816
1820 		Daniel D. Tompkins
6 Painting of John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[22] 		March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829 		Democratic-
Republican[f]
National Republican 		1824 John C. Calhoun[g]
7 Painting of Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[25] 		March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837 		Democratic 1828
1832 		John C. Calhoun[h]
Vacant after
December 28, 1832
Martin Van Buren
8 Painting of Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[26] 		March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841 		Democratic 1836 Richard Mentor Johnson
9 Painting of William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841)
[27] 		March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841[e] 		Whig 1840 John Tyler
10 Black-and-white photographic portrait of John Tyler John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[28] 		April 4, 1841[i]
–
March 4, 1845 		Whig[j]
Unaffiliated 		– Vacant throughout
presidency
11 Black-and-white photographic portrait of James K. Polk James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[31] 		March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 		Democratic 1844 George M. Dallas
12 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor
(1784–1850)
[32] 		March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850[e] 		Whig 1848 Millard Fillmore
13 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[33] 		July 9, 1850[k]
–
March 4, 1853 		Whig – Vacant throughout
presidency
14 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce
(1804–1869)
[35] 		March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857 		Democratic 1852 William R. King[e]
Vacant after
April 18, 1853
15 Black-and-white photographic portrait of James Buchanan James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[36] 		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		Democratic 1856 John C. Breckinridge
16 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1901)
[37] 		March 4, 1861
–
March 4, 1865[e] 		Republican [38]}} 1860 Hannibal Hamlin
17 George B. McClellan
(1826–1885)
[36] 		March 4, 1865
–
March 4, 1873 		Democratic 1864
1868 		George H. Pendleton
18 Samuel J. Tilden
(1814–1886)
[36] 		March 4, 1873
–
March 4, 1881 		Democratic 1872
1876 		Thomas A. Hendricks
19 James G.Blaine
(1830–1893)
[36] 		March 4, 1881
–
March 4, 1885 		Republican 1880 Chester A. Arthur
20 Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[36] 		March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1893 		Democratic 1884
1888 		Adlai Stevenson I
21 William McKinley
(1843–1897)
[36] 		March 4, 1893
–
September 14, 1897 		Democratic 1892
1896 		Garret Hobart
William Jennings Brian
22 William Jennings Brian
(1860–1925)
[36] 		September 14, 1897
–
March 4, 1905 		Democratic –
1900 		Vacant through
March 4, 1901
Thomas E. Watson
23 Alton B. Parker
(1852–1926)
[36] 		March 4, 1905
–
March 4, 1913 		Democratic 1904
1908 		Henry G. Davis
24 Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1925)
[36] 		March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921 		Democratic 1912
1916 		Hiram Johnson
25 Upton Sinclair
(1878–1968)
[36] 		March 4, 1921
–
March 4, 1928 		Socialist 1920
1924 		Emil Seidel
26 Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[36] 		March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933 		Democratic 1928 Charles Curtis
27 Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[36] 		March 4, 1933
–
January 20, 1945 		Socialist 1932
1936
1940 		Henry A. Wallace
28 Thomas E. Dewey
(1902–1971)
[36] 		January 20, 1945
–
January 20, 1953 		Democratic 1944
1948 		Earl Warren
29 Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[36] 		January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961 		Democratic 1952
1956 		Richard Nixon
30 Richard Nixon
(1913–1963)
[36] 		January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963 		Democratic 1960 Nelson Rockefeller
31 Nelson Rockefeller
(1908–1979)
[36] 		November 22, 1963
–
January 20, 1965 		Democratic – Vacant throughout
presidency
32 George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[36] 		January 20, 1965
–
January 20, 1969 		Democratic 1964 Happy Chandler
33 Jimmy Carter
(b. 1924)
[36] 		January 20, 1969
–
January 20, 1973 		Democratic 1968 Gerald Ford
34 Robert F. Kennedy
(1925-2004)
[36] 		January 20, 1973
–
January 20, 1981 		Socialist 1972
1976 		Walter Mondale
35 Walter Mondale
(1928-2021)
[36] 		January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989 		Socialist 1980
1984 		George McGovern
36 George McGovern
(1922-2012)
[36] 		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 		Socialist 1988 Ralph Nader
37 Bill Clinton
(b. 1946)
[36] 		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001 		Democratic 1992
1996 		Al Gore
38 Al Gore
(b. 1948)
[36] 		January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009 		Democratic 2000
2004 		Joe Biden
39 Barack Obama
(b. 1961)
[36] 		January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017 		Socialist 2008
2012 		Elizabeth Warren
40 Bernie Sanders
(b. 1941)
[36] 		January 20, 2017
–
Incumbent 		Socialist 2016
2020 		Howard Dean
  1. ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
  2. ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
  3. ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
  4. ^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
  5. ^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
  6. ^ Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.
  7. ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
  8. ^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
  9. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  10. ^ whitehouse.gov (g).
  11. ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
  12. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
  13. ^ LOC.
  14. ^ McDonald (2000).
  15. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  16. ^ Pencak (2000).
  17. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
  18. ^ Peterson (2000).
  19. ^ Banning (2000).
  20. ^ a b Neale (2004), p. 22.
  21. ^ Ammon (2000).
  22. ^ Hargreaves (2000).
  23. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
  24. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
  25. ^ Remini (2000).
  26. ^ Cole (2000).
  27. ^ Gutzman (2000).
  28. ^ Shade (2000).
  29. ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
  30. ^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
  31. ^ Rawley (2000).
  32. ^ Smith (2000).
  33. ^ Anbinder (2000).
  34. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
  35. ^ Gara (2000).
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Gienapp (2000).
  37. ^ McPherson (b) (2000).
  38. ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.


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