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User:Shortiefourten/Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District

Coordinates: 46°39′49″N 122°57′52″W / 46.663735°N 122.964418°W / 46.663735; -122.964418
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Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District
Roundabout at the center of the Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District
Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District is located in Washington (state)
Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District
Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District
Location600 block NW. St. Helens Avenue and 440-723 Pennsylvania Avenue, Chehalis, Washington
Coordinates46°39′49″N 122°57′52″W / 46.663735°N 122.964418°W / 46.663735; -122.964418
Area13 acres (5.3 ha)
ArchitectVarious including Jacque DeForest Griffin
Architectural styleLate 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Bungalow/craftsman, Late Victorian
MPSPennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District
NRHP reference No.91001721[1]
Added to NRHPDecember 3, 1991

The Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District is a neighborhood located in Chehalis, Washington and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The district is one of three NRHP neighborhoods in the city, including the Chehalis Downtown Historic District and the Hillside Historic District.[2]

History

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The Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District was originally owned by several prominent members of the Chehalis Land & Timber Company (CL&T), including the Coffman and Donahoe families, Daniel Millett of Millett Field, Chehalis civil servant William Muir Urquhart, and William West, namesake of W. F. West High School. West, along with the CL&T, platted the area between 1888 and 1906 and the NRHP neighborhood was considered mostly complete by 1915. The neighborhood was of such architectural and social importance to the city that the Chehalis Bee-Nugget newspaper in 1915 printed a commemorative photograph issue of book length to showcase the district.[2]

The welcome sign to the neighborhood, located in a traffic calming roundabout at the intersection of West and Pennsylvania, was destroyed in a hit-and-run incident in December 2023.[3]

Geography

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The district is considered residential and is located due west of the Chehalis Downtown Historic District and east of Interstate 5. Encompassing three blocks on Pennsylvania Avenue, the district also incorporates the 600 block on NW St. Helens Avenue, two recognized homes on Gertrude Street, and one property each on Quincy Place and West Street. The neighborhood is bordered directly east of Westside Park and within the confines of the Pennsylvania-Westside District is the O. K. Palmer House, an NRHP-listed site.[2] Into the 1920s, the district bordered a small lake located behind the West Side School; the body of water was proposed to be used as a town landfill in 1922.[4]

Features

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Most of the significant properties recognized by the NRHP are located on the west side of Pennsylvania Avenue and are distinguished by large, ornate homes built on spacious properties, some recognized for their detailed landscaping. With vintage street lamps, the expansive residences and substantial property are markedly different than the surrounding neighborhood which are often smaller in scale.[2] The contrast is most notable on Prindle Street, which borders the Pennsylvania-West Side neighborhood, that contains mill worker cottages that housed early working-class families in the city.[5]

Homes within the NRHP district combine a variety of styles, including American Foursquare and Craftsman bungalow, with a majority being American Craftsman. Several homes of note were built under a transitional Late-Victorian style and two homes are classified as being 1920s Revivalism. The dominating, larger homes are often two or more stories, with 1+1⁄2 story houses, usually of cottage and bungalow classifications, filling out the rest of the neighborhood. Most homes are built on brick or stone foundations and all dwellings are constructed with wood-framing and contain touches of the era. These include various types of siding such as clapboard, drop, and/or shingle and architectural features such as dominant roofs, brick and masonry chimneys, gables, front-entry and wrap-around porches, and extended eaves; bracketing and vergeboards are common. While many homes contain ornate touches of the early 20th century, including interior examples such as ornamented fireplaces, exposed purlins and rafters, original cabinetry, and wainscotting, simplicity exists in most homes, especially in regards to such areas as casements and porch columns and railings.[2]

Significance

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The NRHP nomination included 31 homes and 20 garages in the district, though 5 additional buildings were excluded either due to alterations or age that did not meet NRHP requirements. One of the recognized homes had been converted into an apartment house but allowed as the building kept its original style. The houses selected for inclusion were noted for a variety of styles, such as American Craftsman and Bungalow, Victorian, and turn-of-the-century revival styles. Some outbuildings, such as garages, were included as the construction often mirrored the form, use of materials, and details of the main house.[2]

Due to the mostly untouched nature of the neighborhood, the NRHP listing considered the homes in the district to retain "considerable integrity from the historic period" and contain visible, and original, historic architectural features, such as exterior details, layouts, roof lines, and window casements.

The area was also recognized as of historic significance due to the number of early 20th century businessmen, investors, and civil servants who helped to shape the early days of Chehalis. Such notable pioneers include John Dobson, a banker and mayor of the city, and Francis Donahoe, a real estate investor also credited with early platting in the district.[2] A section of Pennsylvania Avenue in the 1900s contained a row of homes owned by members of the Coffman, Frost, Millett, and Urquhart families.[6]: 56  Families of the early founders of the Pennsylvania neighborhood continued to live in the district for decades.[2]

The district was listed with the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) as a protected and historic area within the state. By 1996, the Pennsylvania-Westside neighborhood was one of only 20 to 30 such areas in the state, and the only one in Lewis County.[7]

Significant contributing properties

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O.K. Palmer House

During the NRHP nomination process, many homes were found to lack documentation for exact construction dates though research was able to narrow down to certain timeframes, using Sanborn maps and referencing city directories for verify ownership or occupancy. Unless otherwise noted, dates of construction are approximate.[2]

American Foursquare

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Main article: O. K. Palmer House

The cubist-style American Foursquare home is exemplified by the Osmer K. Palmer House at 673 NW Pennsylvania Avenue. Itself an NRHP-listed home, the house is a massive, boxy footprint and contains several distinct roof and window features.[2] Another foursquare on the 600 block of Pennsylvania is the William Brunswig House, owned by the proprietor of the Brunswig Grand Opera House. The dwelling is highlighted by its windows, hip roof, and front entry and porch.

Colonial Revival

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An architectural continuation of American Foursquare, the best example of the Colonial Revival style is the Abraham L. Coffman House at 565 NW Pennsylvania Avenue. Built by Augustine Donahoe, the symmetrical home was constructed in 1906 and features a pediment and Tuscan column front porch. A gambrel roof dwelling known as the John Denhof House also follows Colonial Revival architecture. Situated at 585 NW Pennsylvania, it contains cornice returns, gable dormers, and a mixed shingle and clapboard exterior. A two-story Colonial Revival home built by Denhof resides at 584 Pennsylvania and is known for its massive gambrel roofline.[2]

Craftsman and Craftsman bungalow

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The most popular style in the district, a prime example of this architectural movement is the Edgar A. Frost House located at 461 Pennsylvania Avenue. The two-story home, built between 1903 and 1910, includes intersecting gables with ornamentation, a sheltered front porch, and banded windows. The garage is built in the same style. The Alonzo E. Rice House, which includes a veranda and decorated gables, is located at 682 NW St. Helens Avenue. The 2+1⁄2 John Loughran House at 621 NW Quincy Place features a shingle and clapboard exterior with a sandstone chimney. The house of noted pioneer Daniel Millett, at 495 NW Pennsylvania, is one of the more elaborate Craftsman homes in the district, containing a hip roof with additional features similar to that of Prairie School architecture. A modest Craftsman, unnamed but located at 637 NW St. Helens, is an overall example of the style, encompassing the uses of a broad porch, roof braces and rafters, and multiple-light banded windows.[2]

Bungalows are as well pervasive in the district with examples including the John Miles-Alanson A. Hull House at 666 NW St. Helens. The home contains the essential characteristics and details of the Craftsman bungalow style, with a gable structure, overhanding eaves, a broad front porch, and a large dormer window. A bungalow-cottage, with a matching garage, known as the Gus Thracker House is situated at 640 Pennsylvania and features motifs in the Colonial Revival style, including Tuscan columns, a boxed cornice, and a decorative frieze. It was estimated to have been built between 1986 and 1905. The John B. Coffman House is the largest bungalow in the district and also one of the last of its style to be built. The 1+1⁄2 story home located at 761 NW West Street features several roof forms, including jerkinhead, over projecting wings of the house.[2]

Considered one of the best examples of a Craftsman bungalow in the district is the Daniel Coffman House at 647 NW St. Helens, built circa 1905 to 1912. Featuring a low-pitched gable roofline with several small dormer windows, the home contains a deep and expansive front porch. Located on the property the Coffman Barn, a round, three-level structure that was built approximately in 1902. As of 2024, the barn is one of 14 existing in the state, and the only one residing in an NRHP-listed district. The building was shared with another Coffman property next door and was constructed for multiple use as a dairy barn, a stable, a garage for early motor carriages, and contained a hayloft. The domed roof holds several dormers and cupola. Built and owned by Noah B. Coffman and family, Coffman was a prominent Chehalis businessman in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[2][8] The George L. and Lillian Marsh at 723 Pennsylvania, the youngest home recognized in the district, was built in 1929. The two-story Craftsman, with garage, rests on a rectangular footprint and is noted for its windows. George Marsh was a prominent timber and sawmill proprietor.[2][9]

Several other Craftsman and Craftsman bungalow homes on Pennsylvania Avenue are listed on the NRHP. In the 400 block is the Herbert Sieler House, built after 1916, that sits at the entrance of the district. In the 500 block are the homes of Andrew Bickford, built between 1905 and 1912, and known for its windows and porch, and a two-story house with garage owned by James Urquhart, son of William, that was constructed during 1905 and 1912. On the 600 block are a one-story bungalow and garage, built between 1916 and 1924, featuring decorative vergeboards and drop siding, the home and garage of city treasurer Frank J. Allen, built as early as 1908, containing original double-hung windows and corner front porch, and the Craftsman 1+1⁄2 story Edmund Duffield-Charles Mitchell House with garage, built during a similar timeframe that features shed roof dormers. The 700 block of Pennsylvania Avenue contains and a one-story bungalow with a gable entry front porch. Both 700 block homes were built between 1916 and 1925.[2]

Additional Craftsman-style homes on St. Helens Avenue include the ornamental 1+1⁄2 gabled residence of Edward Whitmarsh, president of the Chehalis Mattress Factory, which was built in the mid-1910s and a two-story Craftsman owned by William West owned home built between 1905 and 1912 known for its triple-panel second-floor window and expansive hip roof front porch.[2]

Late-Victorian

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The best example of Late-Victorian architecture in the district is the New World Queen Anne Revival architecture-styled William West House at 554 NW Pennsylvania Avenue. Built by West in the 1890s, the house, along with the dwelling of Dr. Henri Pettit at 649 NW Pennsylvania, features distinct Victorian flourishes, including asymmetry, projecting building elements, and a variety of rooflines and ornamentation. The restrained Late-Victorian style is more noticeable at the Noah Coffman House at 675 NW St. Helens Avenue, where the building is more symmetrical and organized despite the various bays and roof styles. The home, built approximately in 1918, shared the round carriage house of the next door Daniel Coffman House.[2][10]

Other Late-Victorian homes located in the 400-500 block of Pennsylvania Avenue include two 1+1⁄2 story, pre-1896 constructed homes, an unnamed cottage featuring a matching garage and a Queen Anne-style 1+1⁄2 story, double-gabled winged house with ornate bargeboards and a wrapping veranda. A larger 2+1⁄2 story home, and a garage, built by George Bingham in 1892 and owned by William West resides at 554 Pennsylvania and contains numerous decorations, a curved veranda, and distinct architectural details including a central hip roof and gable wings.[2]

Period Revival

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Two homes contain the architectural style of 1920s Period Revivalism. The home of most note is the Jacque "Jack" DeForest Griffin-designed dwelling located at 687 NW Gertrude Street. Known as the Carroll L. Brown House, it was built in 1926 and contains elements from English and French revival architecture. Two garages are on the property are considered contributing buildings on the NRHP listing.[2] The residence replaced the home of early Chehalis businessman, Frank Everett.[11] Next door is an English Cottage-style residence known as the George and Hazel Sears House. Built as a wedding gift for their daughter, it was constructed in 1924 by Carroll Brown. The two-story home contains a steep pitched roof and is highlighted by pronounced gables and a front portico. George Sears was a prominent businessman and a city commissioner.[2][9]

Non-contributing properties

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A home owned by William Urquhart resides in the district at 525 NW Pennsylvania Avenue but due to its heavily modified nature, the home is not listed under the NRHP.[2]

Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission

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The district hosts several homes recognized by the Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission (CHPC). The commission recognizes historical value, and the subsequent preservation, of homes and buildings in the city. Buildings honored with the designation receives a brass plaque that denotes the year of construction and the name of either the architect or original owner of the home.[12]

Recognition by the commission was awarded in 2000 to the Noah Coffman House on St. Helens Avenue; the residence was restored beginning in 1992.[13] The homes of George and Hazel Sears and George L. and Lillian Marsh were recognized by the CHPC in 2003.[9]

Artworks

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At the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and West Street is a rainbow painted fence known as the Chehalis Friendship Fence. The artwork, located on a homeowner property, was first created in 2020 and is a show of support of LGBTQ+ people and their rights.[14] The fence has been vandalized in two separate acts of hate crimes. The first occasion, done by unknown individuals, occurred in June 2023 during an overnight spree that targeted several other gay pride spots and groups in the city.[15][16][17] The second act, occurring in February 2024, was done by non-Chehalis individuals with connections to hate groups. The perpetrators splashed the artwork with black paint but did not finish the destruction after being spotted by a neighbor who chased them down in a vehicular pursuit.[18][19] In both instances, neighbors and volunteers helped to repaint and repair the fence.[20][18]

A mural, located at the United Natural Foods plant between Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side and the Chehalis Downtown Historic District, is known as Lewis County’s Legacy in Agriculture. The painting, which highlights the history of crops and farming in the city, was completed in 2022.[21]

Westside Park

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Main article: Westside Park (Chehalis, Washington)

Due to the 1910 fire at the West Side School, the Westside Park could not be included in the NRHP designation due to a loss of paperwork necessary for historical evaluation.[22]

West Side School

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The district, before its NRHP designation, was home to the West Side School that was first built at a cost of $7,500 in 1894 on property owned by Daniel Millett.[23] The schoolhouse was located originally on the south side of West Street between New York and Ohio avenues on the site of Westside Park.[24]

The public grade school was noted for the loss of its well-respected principal, Ira Whittaker, who died during the 1908 school year after accidently shooting himself during a hunting trip to Klaber.[25] A fire occurred on February 9, 1910 that decimated the institution;[6]: 44, 99  the school collapsed during the blaze and had an estimated loss of $15,000.[26] The fire was due to arson, set by at least six young men, mostly teenagers, from neighboring Centralia. The perpetrators were originally arrested for stealing chickens and further questioning led officials to their involvement of the blaze.[27][28] The school was rebuilt into a two-story, eight-room building that year, designed by architect C. Louis Wilson, at a cost of over $26,000.[29][30] The new concrete and brick school, built to face the downtown core, had a larger footprint which required the purchase of a section of the existing Westside Park that bordered the site.[23] With help from the student body, over 200 rose bushes were planted on the grounds in 1917 and the schoolhouse expanded to 12 rooms in 1920.[31][32]

Enrollment numbers in 1915 recorded that almost half of the 1,000 students in Chehalis attended West Side.[23] By 1921, the number dipped to 397[33] but a continuing increase in students within the city necessitated several changes to the school in 1922. A play shed was built as the schoolhouse had almost been entirely used for classrooms[34] and a city ordinance was introduced declaring that only students west of the railroad tracks operated by Northern Pacific Railway could attend the West Side School.[35] A larger covered play area, 60 ft × 80 ft (18 m × 24 m) in size, was added to the grounds in 1925.[36] After the build of the Cascade Elementary school in 1922, the student population continued to decrease at West Side and the school no longer offered classes above sixth grade.[23] Despite a city-wide increase in student enrollment in 1930, attendance had fallen to 184 pupils at West Side.[37] During the 1933 school year, budget shortfalls during the Great Depression led to the school to suffer deep cuts to its budget, including a 20% reduction in teacher salaries and the loss of half of the building's heating output.[38] Attendance numbers dropped further, recording 154 students in the 1936 schoolyear.[39] After the schoolhouse in Claquato burned down in January 1937, the Chehalis School District invited Claquato students to attend West Side; the city of Chehalis paid for transportation costs and offered all amenities to the new pupils.[40] Students from the Logan Hill district began attending West Side in 1940.[41] Notwithstanding the dwindling enrollment numbers, the school was considered overcrowded during its tenure.[23]

In 1932, the first cherry tree was planted on the grounds during a Washington state bicentennial ceremony.[42] The site was overhauled in a 1938 project undertaken by the Works Progress Administration. The play shed was remodeled to include a basketball court and areas for gymnastics, and a playground with two ballfields, a tennis court, an outdoor basketball court, and play equipment were completed.[43]

The schoolhouse was severely damaged during the 1949 Olympia earthquake and was demolished.[6]: 44, 99  Pupils attended Cascade Elementary or traveled to the Forest district.[23] The remaining burned husk of the schoolhouse was put up for disposal bid in December 1950 after a district vote that choose to sell the building rather than "deed the property to the city for community purposes".[44] The removal was also required that year after West Street was being extended as an overpass over the newly forming interstate.[45] A farmer from Adna submitted the only bid on the schoolhouse and the grounds were planned to be sold later.[23] The site of the West Side School was put up for sale by the school district in 1952, advertised for potential use as lots for homes.[46]

Notes

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References

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  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Pennsylvania Avenue--West Side Historic District". National Park Service. Retrieved September 3, 2024. With accompanying picturesPublic Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ Taylor, Chad (December 27, 2023). "In focus: Welcome to Chehalis sign destroyed by hit-and-run driver". The Chronicle. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  4. ^ "No "Black Top" For Owners". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. March 17, 1922. p. 1. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  5. ^ "Chehalis Comprehensive Plan - Land Use 2017" (PDF). City of Chehalis. 2017. p. 12. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c McDonald Zander, Julie (2011). Images of America - Chehalis. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738576039. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  7. ^ Henderer, John (June 6, 1996). "Older Chehalis homes may get historic status". The Chronicle. p. A3. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  8. ^ The Chronicle staff (May 21, 2024). "Round barn in Chehalis featured in new Washington State University book". The Chronicle. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c Emerson, Amy (May 10, 2003). "Chehalis honors property owners". The Chronicle. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  10. ^ Ruth Kirk; Carmela Alexander (1995). Exploring Washington's Past: A Road Guide to History. University of Washington Press. p. 387. ISBN 9780295974439. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  11. ^ "Another Residence Permit". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. July 3, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  12. ^ "Commission doing well with project to preserve homes". The Chronicle. June 21, 2005. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  13. ^ Slaughter, Mai Ling (May 9, 2000). "Home, building owners receive plaques". The Chronicle. p. A4. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  14. ^ Driver, Michael (November 30, 2020). "Chehalis friendship fence". FOX 13 News. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  15. ^ Vander Stoep, Isabel (June 26, 2023). "Four Lewis County LGBTQ+ Advocate Sites Vandalized in One Night". The Chronicle. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  16. ^ Girgis, Lauren (July 7, 2023). "Flags stolen, vandalized throughout Washington during Pride month". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  17. ^ Baumgardner, Gwen (June 30, 2023). "Lewis County sees wave of LGBTQIA+ spaces vandalized, believed to be hate crimes". KIRO 7 News. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  18. ^ a b Fitzgerald, Emily (February 26, 2024). "Three arrested for vandalizing Friendship Fence in Chehalis after neighbor gives chase". The Chronicle. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  19. ^ Fitzgerald, Emily (February 26, 2024). "Bail set at $20K for three Chehalis 'Friendship Fence' vandalism suspects". The Chronicle. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  20. ^ Wenzelburger, Jared (June 30, 2023). "Volunteers Repaint Friendship Fence in Chehalis After Vandalism". The Chronicle. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  21. ^ Wenzelburger, Jared (October 7, 2022). "Photo: A Corny Addition to the Experience Chehalis Murals". The Chronicle. Retrieved June 27, 2024.
  22. ^ Stanton, Carrina (August 28, 2022). "Chehalis Neighbors Rally to Give Historic Park a Facelift". The Chronicle. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g "West Side Elementary School to Disappear From Scene After Almost 40 Years Service". The Daily Chronicle. December 22, 1950. Retrieved September 11, 2024. See photo caption
  24. ^ "Deserted Log Cabin Was Chehalins' First School". The Daily Chronicle. October 10, 1966. p. C7. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  25. ^ "Accidentally Shot Himself". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. November 20, 1908. p. 1. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  26. ^ "Chehalis Has $15,000 Fire Yesterday Morn". The Daily East Oregonian. February 10, 1910. p. 8. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  27. ^ "Arson Is Charged To Five Boys". The Centralia Daily Chronicle. February 17, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  28. ^ "Boys Accused Of Burning School". The Tacoma Times. UPI. February 17, 1910. p. 6. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  29. ^ "20 Years Ago". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. February 21, 1930. p. 19. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  30. ^ "20 Years Ago". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. May 9, 1930. p. 8. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  31. ^ "The Grade School Grounds In Chehalis Will Be Beautified". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. March 16, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  32. ^ "More School Room". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. July 23, 1920. p. 3. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  33. ^ "High School Starts With Big Increase". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. September 16, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  34. ^ "School Board Meets". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. June 16, 1922. p. 8. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  35. ^ "School Opens Next Monday". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. August 25, 1922. p. 12. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  36. ^ "School Opening August 31". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. August 7, 1925. p. 10. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  37. ^ "Increase Shown In Number Of Pupils". The Centralia Daily Chronicle. November 8, 1930. p. 5. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  38. ^ "Cut Of $17,000 Is Made For Schools Next Year". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. March 31, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  39. ^ "Local Schools To Good Start". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. September 11, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  40. ^ "Claquato Students Hold School Sessions In Chehalis". The Chehalis Bee-Nugget. January 15, 1937. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  41. ^ "Schools Will Open Tuesday". The Centralia Daily Chronicle. August 29, 1940. p. 5. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  42. ^ "Tree Planted On School Grounds". The Centralia Daily Chronicle. February 23, 1932. p. 2. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  43. ^ "Grade School To Have Gymnasium". The Centralia Daily Chronicle. May 28, 1938. p. 6. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  44. ^ "School Sale Deadline Near". The Daily Chronicle. December 1, 1950. p. 1. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  45. ^ Blomdahl, George (June 3, 1972). "Educator Retires After 38 Years". The Daily Chronicle. p. 7. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  46. ^ "For Sale Excellent Building Lots". The Daily Chronicle. March 28, 1952. p. 11. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
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