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Victoria Day

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This article is about the public holiday in Canada. For the holiday in parts of Scotland, see Victoria Day (Scotland). For other uses, see Victoria Day (disambiguation).

  • Victoria Day
  • Fête de la Reine
A portrait in Ottawa City Hall of Queen Victoria, first sovereign of a confederated Canada
Official nameVictoria Day
French: Fête de la Reine
Also calledMay Long Weekend, May Long, May Two-Four, May Run, Firecracker Day
Observed byCanadians
TypeHistorical, cultural, nationalist
CelebrationsFireworks, parades
DateLast Monday preceding May 25
2023 dateMay 22, 2023
2024 dateMay 20, 2024
2025 dateMay 19, 2025
2026 dateMay 18, 2026
Frequencyannual
Related toBirthday of Queen Victoria

Victoria Day (French: Fête de la Reine, [lit. "Celebration of the Queen"]) is a federal Canadian public holiday celebrated on the last Monday preceding May 25, in honour of Queen Victoria's birthday. As such, it is the Monday between the 18th to the 24th inclusive, and thus is always the penultimate Monday of May (May 20 in 2024 and May 19 in 2025). The date is simultaneously that on which the current Canadian sovereign's official birthday is recognized.[1] It is sometimes informally considered the beginning of the summer season in Canada.

The holiday has been observed in Canada since at least 1845, originally falling on Victoria's actual birthday (May 24, 1819). It continues to be celebrated in various fashions across the country; the holiday has always been a distinctly Canadian observance.[2][3] Victoria Day is a federal statutory holiday, as well as a holiday in six of Canada's ten provinces and all three of its territories. In Quebec, before 2003, the Monday preceding 25 May of each year was unofficially the Fête de Dollard, a commemoration of Adam Dollard des Ormeaux initiated in the 1920s to coincide with Victoria Day. In 2003, provincial legislation officially created National Patriots' Day on the same date.

History

The birthday of Queen Victoria was a day for celebration in Canada long before Confederation, with the first legislation regarding the event being in 1845 passed by the parliament of the Province of Canada to officially recognize May 24 as the Queen's birthday.[4][2][3] It was noted that on that date in 1854, the 35th birthday of Queen Victoria, some 5,000 residents of Canada West gathered in front of Government House (near present-day King and Simcoe Streets in Toronto) to "give cheers to their queen".[5] An example of a typical 19th century celebration of the Queen's birthday took place on May 24, 1866, in Omemee, also in Canada West: the town mounted a day-long fête to mark the occasion, including a gun salute at midnight, pre-dawn serenades, picnics, athletic competitions, a display of illuminations, and a torch-light procession;[6] such events were common around the colony and,[2] by the 1890s, the day had become a "patriotic holiday".[3]

Victoria Day, 1854; crowds gather outside Government House in Toronto, Canada West (now Ontario)

Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, May 24 was made by law to be known as Victoria Day,[2][4] a date to remember the late queen, who was deemed the "Mother of Confederation",[7] and, in 1904, the same date was by imperial decree made Empire Day throughout the British Empire.[2] Over the ensuing decades, the official date in Canada of the reigning sovereign's birthday changed through various royal proclamations until the haphazard format was abandoned in 1952. That year, both Empire Day and Victoria Day were, by order-in-council and statutory amendment, respectively, moved to the Monday before May 25 and the monarch's official birthday in Canada was by regular viceregal proclamations made to fall on this same date every year between 1953 and January 31, 1957,[4][8] when the link was made permanent by royal proclamation.[4][9] The following year, Empire Day was renamed Commonwealth Day and in 1977 it was moved to the second Monday in March, leaving the Monday before May 25 only as both Victoria Day and the Queen's Birthday.

Victoria Day celebrations have been marred by major tragedy at least twice: In 1881, the passenger ferry Victoria overturned in the Thames River, near London, Ontario. The boat departed in the evening with 600 to 800 people on board—three times the allowable passenger capacity—and capsized part way across the river, drowning some 182 individuals, including a large number of children who had been with their families for Victoria Day picnics at Springbank Park. The event came to be known as the Victoria Day disaster.[10] Then, on May 26, 1896, the Point Ellice Bridge disaster occurred in Victoria, British Columbia, when a bridge collapsed under the weight of a streetcar overloaded with passengers on their way to attend Victoria Day celebrations.[11]

In 2013, a group of prominent Canadian actors, authors, and politicians sent a petition to Prime Minister Stephen Harper, requesting that the holiday be renamed Victoria and First Peoples Day.[12][13]

Provincial and territorial legislation

Victoria Day 2010 fireworks display from Ontario Place, Toronto

Most workplaces in Canada are regulated by the provincial or territorial governments. Therefore, although Victoria Day is a statutory holiday for federal purposes, whether an employee is entitled to a paid day off generally depends on the province or territory of residence (with the exception of employees in federally regulated workplaces such as banks).

The status of Victoria Day in each of the provinces and territories is as follows: It is a general holiday in Alberta,[14] Manitoba,[15] the Northwest Territories,[16] and Yukon[17] and is a statutory holiday in British Columbia,[18] Ontario,[19] and Saskatchewan.[20] Victoria Day is not a paid public holiday in Newfoundland and Labrador,[21] but is a government holiday;[22] Nova Scotia, where it is also not a designated retail closing day, but is considered a "non-statutory holiday";[23] and Prince Edward Island,[24] although provincial legislation defines "holiday" to include Victoria Day.[25]

In Nunavut[26] and New Brunswick,[27] the date is set as a general holiday (for New Brunswick, a prescribed day of rest on which retail businesses must be closed[28]) to mark the reigning sovereign's official birthday. In Quebec, the day was nicknamed the Fête de Dollard which commemorated Adam Dollard des Ormeaux. In 2003 the National Assembly of Quebec named it National Patriots' Day, commemorating the patriotes of the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837.

Practice

Canada is the only country that commemorates Queen Victoria with an official holiday.[29] Federal government protocol dictates that, on Victoria Day, the Royal Union Flag is to be flown from sunrise to sunset at all federal government buildings—including airports, military bases, and other Crown owned property across the country—where physical arrangements allow (i.e. where a second flag pole exists, as the Royal Union Flag can never displace the national flag).[4]

Several cities hold a parade on the holiday, with the most prominent being that which has taken place since 1898 in the monarch's namesake city of Victoria, British Columbia.[30][31] In nearby New Westminster, the Victoria Day weekend is distinguished by the Hyack Anvil Battery Salute, a tradition created during colonial times as a surrogate for a 21-gun salute: Gunpowder is placed between two anvils, the top one upturned, and the charge is ignited, hurling the upper anvil into the air. Other celebrations include an evening fireworks show, such as that held at Ashbridge's Bay Beach in the east end of Toronto, and at Ontario Place, in the same city.

In Ottawa, the tradition Trooping of the Queen's Colour ceremony takes place on Parliament Hill or at Rideau Hall on occasion. The reviewing officer in the ceremony is the Queen, with members of the Royal Family the Governor General, the Minister of National Defence and the Chief of the Defence Staff taking her place in her absence.[32] The participating units in the parade include personnel of the Governor General's Foot Guards and The Canadian Grenadier Guards, both of which are part of the ad hoc Ceremonial Guard.

Turkish Canadians march in the 2007 Victoria Day parade in Victoria, British Columbia

Across the country, Victoria Day serves as the unofficial marker of the end of the winter social season, and thus the beginning of the summer social calendar.[2][3][33] Banff, Alberta's Sunshine Village ends its lengthy ski season on Victoria Day and,[34] likewise, it is during this long weekend that many summer businesses—such as parks, outdoor restaurants, bicycle rentals, city tour operators, etc.—will open. Victoria Day is also a mark of the beginning of the cottage season, when cottage owners may reverse the winterization of their property.[35][36] Gardeners in Canada will similarly regard Victoria Day as the beginning of spring,[36] as it falls at a time when one can be fairly certain that frost will not return until the next autumn. There is also a change in fashion: lighter-coloured summer clothing was traditionally worn from Victoria Day through until Labour Day.[37]

The holiday is colloquially known in parts of Canada as May Two-Four;[38][39][40][41][42] a double entendre that refers both to the date around which the holiday falls (May 24) and the Canadian slang for a case of twenty-four beers (a "two-four"), a drink popular during the long weekend.[2] The holiday weekend may also be known as May Long or May Run,[41][43][44] and the term Firecracker Day was once employed in Ontario.[45][46]

A traditional, short song about Victoria Day went as follows: "The twenty-fourth of May / Is the Queen's birthday; / If they don't give us a holiday / We'll all run away!"[3] The holiday is referenced in the song "Lakeside Park" by Canadian rock band Rush, from their 1975 album Caress of Steel. The song features the line, "everyone would gather on the 24th of May, sitting in the sand to watch the fireworks display".

See also

References

  1. ^ Communications, Government of Canada; Canadian Heritage. "Victoria Day". canada.pch.gc.ca. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Parker, Alan (May 18, 2012), "Victoria Day: Only in Canada", Maclean's, Rogers Communications, retrieved May 21, 2012
  3. ^ a b c d e "Victoria Day: responsible rule and firecrackers", The Globe and Mail, May 20, 2012, retrieved May 22, 2012
  4. ^ a b c d e Department of Canadian Heritage. "Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Victoria Day > Sovereign's Birthday". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
  5. ^ Killbourn, William (1984). Toronto Remembered. Toronto: Soddart Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7737-2029-9.
  6. ^ "Ontario Genealogy Historical Newspaper Reading Collection – Omemee > Omemee Victoria Day Celebrations – 1866". Ontario and Upper Canada Genealogy and History. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  7. ^ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (1991). Royal Observations. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 1-55002-076-5. Retrieved September 14, 2010. The Queen's role in promoting Canadian unity truly made her the "Mother of Confederation" and at her death Victoria Day, that uniquely Canadian holiday, was created as a memorial day...
  8. ^ Elizabeth II (December 12, 1988), Holidays Act, 4: Queen's Printer for Canada{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  9. ^ Elizabeth II (October 11, 1957), Proclaimed for Celebration of Queen's Birthday (PDF), Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved May 24, 2011
  10. ^ "The Victoria Day Disaster". London and Middlesex Historical Society. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  11. ^ Francis, Daniel, ed. (2000) [1999]. Encyclopedia of British Columbia. Harbour Publishing. p. 562. ISBN 1-55017-200-X.
  12. ^ Davidson, Terry (May 19, 2013). "Group wants Victoria Day name change". Sarnia Observer. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
  13. ^ Shingler, Benjamin (May 19, 2013). "Victoria Day: Prominent Canadians back petition to rename holiday". National Post. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
  14. ^ "General Holidays & General Holiday Pay > Victoria Day". Government of Alberta Human Services. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  15. ^ "Fact Sheet: General Holidays". Government of Manitoba Employment Standards. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  16. ^ "Guide to Employment Standards". Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  17. ^ "General holidays". Yukon Department of Community Services. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  18. ^ "Statutory Holidays in British Columbia Factsheet". British Columbia Ministry of Labour, Citizens' Services and Open Government. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  19. ^ Public Holidays. November 2009. ISBN 978-1-4249-3383-9. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  20. ^ "Labour Standards: Public Holidays (Statutory)". Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  21. ^ "Labour Relations Agency: Public Holidays". Archived from the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  22. ^ "Public Service Secretariat: government holidays for 2012".
  23. ^ "Holiday and Designated Closing Day Charts". Government of Nova Scotia: Labour and Advanced Education. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  24. ^ "Paid Holidays". Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  25. ^ "Interpretation Act" (PDF). Prince Edward Island Legislative Counsel Office. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  26. ^ "Labour Standards Act, RSNWT (Nu) 1988, c L-1". Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  27. ^ "Employment Standards Be Informed: Paid Public Holidays and Vacation/Vacation Pay" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 2, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  28. ^ "Days of Rest Act: Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved May 17, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  29. ^ "Long Live our Victoria Day". The Record. May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  30. ^ "Arts and Culture > Festivals & Celebrations > Victoria Day". City of Victoria. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
  31. ^ "Giant Victoria Day Parade takes over Douglas St". Times Colonist. May 21, 2007. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  32. ^ "Cadet Instructor Cadre" (PDF). Department of National Defence. May 1, 2001. p. 3–4–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  33. ^ Tong, Tracy (March 19, 2008). "Victoria Day seen as family time". Metro. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  34. ^ "The Mountain > The Mountain Overview". Sunshine Village. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
  35. ^ Tynan, Jack (May 14, 2003). "Step by step work guide for Victoria Day opening of cottage". North Star. Parry Sound: North Star Publishing. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  36. ^ a b Hauser, Michelle (May 21, 2013). "The truth about Victoria Day". The Whig. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  37. ^ "Victoria Day". Cooks Info. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  38. ^ Canadian Oxford Dictionary (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-541816-3.[need quotation to verify]
  39. ^ "CBC News > Indepth > Language > 5,000 new words". CBC. July 26, 2004. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
  40. ^ "May Two-Four or Victoria Day?". Toronto Sun. May 22, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  41. ^ a b "Victoria Day in Canada". Time and Date AS. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
  42. ^ Finch, Robert (May 15, 2009), "Give her some respect – it's not May 2–4 weekend", Hamilton Mountain News, retrieved May 24, 2011
  43. ^ "May Long Weekend 2009 Closures". Access Winnipeg. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
  44. ^ Redmond, John (May 19, 2009). "Canadians Invite Community to Victoria Day BBQ". The Korea Times. Seoul: The Korea Times Co. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
  45. ^ Wilcox, Ted (May 16, 2008). "Firecracker Day". The Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  46. ^ Corbett, Ron (May 17, 2015). "Feds blew it on Firecracker Day". Ottawa Sun. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
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