Psyllid

Psyllid
	Hackberry psyllid – Pachypsylla sp.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Suborder:	Sternorrhyncha
Superfamily:	Psylloidea
Family:	Psyllidae; Latreille, 1807
Genera
	See text

Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a family of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, i.e. each plant-louse species only feeds on one plant species (monophagous) or feeds on a few closely related plants (oligophagous). Together with aphids, phylloxerans, scale insects and whiteflies, they form the group called Sternorrhyncha, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the true bugs (Hemiptera). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the group into a total of seven families;^{[citation needed]} the present restricted definition still includes more than 70 genera in the Psyllidae. Psyllid fossils have been found from the Early Permian before the flowering plants evolved. The explosive diversification of the flowering plants in the Cretaceous was paralleled by a massive diversification of associated insects, and many of the morphological and metabolic characters that the flowering plants exhibit may have evolved as defenses against herbivorous insects.

Several genera of psyllids, especially among the Australian fauna, secrete coverings called "lerps" over their bodies, presumably to conceal them from predators and parasites.^[3]

Genera

The following list^[4] is currently subject to review:

Higher taxonomy

Some genera, including agriculturally important pest species, have been classed as Psyllidae, but may now classified in the family Triozidae.^{[citation needed]}

Coevolution

Insect-plant interactions have been important in defining models of coevolution and cospeciation, referring to whether plant speciation drives insect speciation and vice versa, though most herbivorous insects probably evolved long after the plants on which they feed.^{[citation needed]}

Status as pests

Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing, associated with the presence of a bacterium Liberibacter asiaticum, is an example of a plant pathogen that has coevolved with its insect vector, the "Asian citrus psyllid", ACP, Diaphorina citri, such that the pathogen causes little or no harm to the insect, but causes a major disease which can reduce citrus quality, flavor, and production, as well as causing citrus trees to die. ACP was found in Florida in 1998, and has since spread across the southern US into Texas. This disease was found in Florida citrus groves in 2005. Management methods to reduce the spread of this disease and psyllid populations depend on an integrated pest management approach using insecticides, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens specific to ACP. Due to the spread of citrus greening worldwide and the growing importance of psyllid-spread diseases, an International Psyllid Genome Consortium was established.^[5] Insect genomics provides important information on the genetic basis of the pest's biology which may be altered to suppress psyllid populations in an environmentally friendly manner. The emerging psyllid genome continues to elucidate psyllid biology, expanding what is known about gene families, genetic variation, and gene expression in insects. Thus far, two new psyllid viruses have been discovered, and are being examined as potential biological control agents to reduce psyllid populations. Psyllid cell cultures have also been established by several researchers working with virus propagation, and as a system to propagate C. liberibacter for molecular studies on infection and replication. Studies on the microbiota have also identified four new species of bacteria. Thus far, 10 microbial organisms have been identified within these psyllids, among them the primary endosymbiont, whose genome has been sequenced and posted at the NCBI database, as well as a Wolbachia species.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Cirrus Digital Hackberry Psyllid
^ Bugguide.net Pachypsylla species
^ Oppong, C. K.; Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, M. J.; Wessels, D. C. J. (2010). "Nymphal Behaviour and Lerp Construction in the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani(Hemiptera: Psyllidae)". African Invertebrates. 51 (1): 201–206. Bibcode:2010AfrIn..51..201O. doi:10.5733/afin.051.0105.
^ Ouvrard D, The World Psylloidea Database: Psyllidae^{[permanent dead link]} (in French, English, Spanish, and German)
^ International Psyllid Genome Consortium

Oppong, C. K.; Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, M. J.; Wessels, D. C. J. (2009). "Distribution of the Eggs of the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the Mopane Tree". African Invertebrates. 50 (1): 185–190. Bibcode:2009AfrIn..50..185O. doi:10.5733/afin.050.0107.
Burckhardt, D.; Kotrba, M. (2009). "A Review of Afrotropical Plant-Lice of the Genus Moraniella, with Description of a New Species (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae: Rhinocolinae)". African Invertebrates. 50 (2): 287. Bibcode:2009AfrIn..50..287B. doi:10.5733/afin.050.0206.
Marutani-Hert, M.; Hunter, W. B.; Hall, D. G. (2009). "Establishment of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) primary cultures". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal. 45 (7): 317–320. doi:10.1007/s11626-009-9188-3. PMID 19440802. S2CID 9939277.
Marutani-Hert, M.; Hunter, W. B.; Katsar, C. S.; Sinisterra, X. H.; Hall, D. G.; Powell, C. A. (2009). "Reovirus-Like Sequences Isolated from Adult Asian Citrus Psyllid, (Hemiptera: Psyllidae:Diaphorina citri)". Florida Entomologist. 92 (2): 314. doi:10.1653/024.092.0216.
Hunter, WB; Dowd, SE; Katsar, CS; Shatters Jr, RG; McKenzie, CL; Hall, DG. (2009). "Psyllid biology: expressed genes in adult "Asian citrus psyllid", Diaphorina citri Kuwayama". The Open Entomology Journal. 3: 18–29. doi:10.2174/1874407900903010018.
Boykin, L. M.; Bagnall, R. A. N.; Frohlich, D. R.; Hall, D. G.; Hunter, W. B.; Katsar, C. S.; McKenzie, C. L.; Rosell, R. C.; Shatters Jr., R. G. (2007). "Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the vector for citrus greening disease, huanglongbing". Molecular Ecology Notes. 7 (6): 1202. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01831.x.
Avery, P. B.; Hunter, W. B.; Hall, D. G.; Jackson, M. A.; Powell, C. A.; Rogers, M. E. (2009). "Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Infection and Dissemination of the Entomopathogenic FungusIsaria fumosorosea(Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Under Laboratory Conditions". Florida Entomologist. 92 (4): 608. doi:10.1653/024.092.0413.

External links

On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website

[1] Cirrus Digital Hackberry Psyllid

[2] Bugguide.net Pachypsylla species

[3] Oppong, C. K.; Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, M. J.; Wessels, D. C. J. (2010). "Nymphal Behaviour and Lerp Construction in the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani(Hemiptera: Psyllidae)". African Invertebrates. 51 (1): 201–206. Bibcode:2010AfrIn..51..201O. doi:10.5733/afin.051.0105.

[4] Ouvrard D, The World Psylloidea Database: Psyllidae^{[permanent dead link]} (in French, English, Spanish, and German)

[5] International Psyllid Genome Consortium

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]