Valaciclovir: Difference between revisions

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*[[Cytomegalovirus]] (CMV)
*[[Cytomegalovirus]] (CMV)


The drug is predominantly active against HSV and, to a lesser extent, VZV. It is only of limited efficacy against EBV and CMV. However, valacyclovir has been shown to lower or eliminate the presence of the Epstein–Barr virus in subjects afflicted with acute mononucleosis, leading to a significant decrease in the severity of symptoms.<ref name=balfour2005>Balfour ''et al.'' (December 2005) A controlled trial of valacyclovir in infectious mononucleosis. Presented at the 45th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, DC., December 18, 2005. Abstract V1392</ref><ref name=simon2003>{{Cite journal|first=Michael W. |last=Simon |author2=Robert G. Deeter |author3=Britt Shahan |date=March 2003 |title=The Effect of Valacyclovir and Prednisolone in Reducing Symptoms of EBV Illness In Children: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study |journal=International Pediatrics |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=164–169 |url=http://int-pediatrics.com/PDF/Volume_18/18-3/164_169_ip1803.pdf }}{{dead link|date=May 2012}}</ref><ref name="pmid17369082">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Balfour HH, Hokanson KM, Schacherer RM, etal |title=A virologic pilot study of valacyclovir in infectious mononucleosis |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=16–21 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17369082 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2007.02.002}}</ref> Although it can prevent the establishment of viral latency, acyclovir therapy has not proven effective at eradicating latent viruses in [[ganglion|nerve ganglia]].<ref name="OBrien1989">{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM |title=Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy |journal=Drugs |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=233–309 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2653790 |doi= 10.2165/00003495-198937030-00002}}</ref>
The drug is predominantly active against HSV and, to a lesser extent, VZV. It is only of limited efficacy against EBV and CMV. However, valacyclovir has been shown to lower or eliminate the presence of the Epstein–Barr virus in subjects afflicted with acute mononucleosis, leading to a significant decrease in the severity of symptoms.<ref name=balfour2005>Balfour ''et al.'' (December 2005) A controlled trial of valacyclovir in infectious mononucleosis. Presented at the 45th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, DC., December 18, 2005. Abstract V1392</ref><ref name=simon2003>{{Cite journal|first=Michael W. |last=Simon |author2=Robert G. Deeter |author3=Britt Shahan |date=March 2003 |title=The Effect of Valacyclovir and Prednisolone in Reducing Symptoms of EBV Illness In Children: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study |journal=International Pediatrics |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=164–169 |url=http://int-pediatrics.com/PDF/Volume_18/18-3/164_169_ip1803.pdf }}{{dead link|date=May 2012}}</ref><ref name="pmid17369082">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Balfour HH, Hokanson KM, Schacherer RM, etal |title=A virologic pilot study of valacyclovir in infectious mononucleosis |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=16–21 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17369082 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2007.02.002}}</ref> Valaciclovir and acyclovir act by inhibiting viral DNA replication, but as of 2016 there was little evidence that they are effective against Epstein–Barr virus, they are expensive, they risk causing resistance to antiviral agents, and (in 1% to 10% of cases) can cause unpleasant [[side effect]]s.<ref name="pmid27933614">{{cite journal | vauthors=De Paor M, O'Brien K, Smith SM | title=Antiviral agents for infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) | journal=[[Cochrane Library#The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] | volume=12 | issue=12 | pages=CD011487 | year=2016 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011487.pub2 | pmc=6463965 | pmid=27933614}}</ref> Although it can prevent the establishment of viral latency, acyclovir therapy has not proven effective at eradicating latent viruses in [[ganglion|nerve ganglia]].<ref name="OBrien1989">{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM |title=Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy |journal=Drugs |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=233–309 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2653790 |doi= 10.2165/00003495-198937030-00002}}</ref>


As of 2005, resistance to valaciclovir has not been significant. Mechanisms of resistance in HSV include deficient viral thymidine kinase and mutations to viral thymidine kinase and/or DNA polymerase that alter substrate sensitivity.<ref name="Martindale34">{{Cite book|editor-first=Sean C. |editor-last=Sweetman |title=Martindale: the complete drug reference |edition=34th |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=0-85369-550-4 |oclc=56903116}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>
As of 2005, resistance to valaciclovir has not been significant. Mechanisms of resistance in HSV include deficient viral thymidine kinase and mutations to viral thymidine kinase and/or DNA polymerase that alter substrate sensitivity.<ref name="Martindale34">{{Cite book|editor-first=Sean C. |editor-last=Sweetman |title=Martindale: the complete drug reference |edition=34th |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=0-85369-550-4 |oclc=56903116}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:27, 17 February 2021

Valaciclovir
Clinical data
Trade namesValtrex, Zelitrex, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa695010
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability55%
Protein binding13–18%
MetabolismLiver (to aciclovir)
Elimination half-life<30 minutes (valaciclovir);
2.5–3.6 hours (aciclovir)
ExcretionKidney 40–50% (aciclovir),
faecal 47% (aciclovir)
Identifiers
  • (S)-2-[(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]ethyl-2-amino-3-methylbutanoate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.114.479 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC13H20N6O4
Molar mass324.341 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(OCCOCn1c2N\C(=N/C(=O)c2nc1)N)[C@@H](N)C(C)C
  • InChI=1S/C13H20N6O4/c1-7(2)8(14)12(21)23-4-3-22-6-19-5-16-9-10(19)17-13(15)18-11(9)20/h5,7-8H,3-4,6,14H2,1-2H3,(H3,15,17,18,20)/t8-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:HDOVUKNUBWVHOX-QMMMGPOBSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Valaciclovir, also spelled valacyclovir, is an antiviral medication used to treat outbreaks of herpes simplex or herpes zoster (shingles).[1] It is also used to prevent cytomegalovirus following a kidney transplant in high risk cases.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1]

Common side effects include headache and vomiting.[1] Severe side effects may include kidney problems.[1] Use in pregnancy appears to be safe.[1] It is a prodrug, which works after being converted to aciclovir in a person's body.[1]

Valaciclovir was patented in 1987 and came into medical use in 1995.[2][3] It is available as a generic medication.[4] In 2017, it was the 152nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than four million prescriptions.[5] [6]

Medical uses

Valtrex brand valaciclovir 500mg tablets

Valaciclovir is used for the treatment of HSV and VZV infections, including:[7]

  • Oral and genital herpes simplex (treatment and prevention)
  • Reduction of HSV transmission from people with recurrent infection to uninfected individuals
  • Herpes zoster (shingles): the typical dosage for treatment of herpes is 1,000 mg orally three times a day for seven consecutive days.[8]
  • Prevention of cytomegalovirus following organ transplantation
  • Prevention of herpesviruses in immunocompromised people (such as those undergoing cancer chemotherapy)[9]
  • Chickenpox in children (ages 2–18)[10]

It has shown promise as a treatment for infectious mononucleosis[11][12][13] and is preventively administered in suspected cases of herpes B virus exposure.[14]

Valaciclovir is not recommended in Bell's palsy due to lack of benefit.[15]

Adverse effects

Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of people) associated with valaciclovir are the same as for aciclovir, its active metabolite. They include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and headache. Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of patients) include: agitation, vertigo, confusion, dizziness, edema, arthralgia, sore throat, constipation, abdominal pain, rash, weakness and/or renal impairment. Rare adverse effects (<0.1% of patients) include: coma, seizures, neutropenia, leukopenia, tremor, ataxia, encephalopathy, psychotic symptoms, crystalluria, anorexia, fatigue, hepatitis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and/or anaphylaxis.[7]

Pharmacology

Valaciclovir belongs to a family of molecules. Valaciclovir is a prodrug, an esterified version of aciclovir that has greater oral bioavailability (about 55%) than aciclovir.[10] It is converted by esterases to the active drug, aciclovir, and the amino acid, valine, via hepatic first-pass metabolism. Aciclovir is selectively converted into a monophosphate form by viral thymidine kinase, which is more effective (3000 times) in phosphorylation of aciclovir than cellular thymidine kinase. Subsequently, the monophosphate form is further phosphorylated into a disphosphate by cellular guanylate kinase and then into the active triphosphate form, aciclo-GTP, by cellular kinases.[10]

Mechanism of action

Aciclo-GTP, the active triphosphate metabolite of aciclovir, is a very potent inhibitor of viral DNA replication. Aciclo-GTP competitively inhibits and inactivates the viral DNA polymerase.[10] Its monophosphate form also incorporates into the viral DNA, resulting in chain termination. It has also been shown that the viral enzymes cannot remove aciclo-GMP from the chain, which results in inhibition of further activity of DNA polymerase. Aciclo-GTP is fairly rapidly metabolized within the cell, possibly by cellular phosphatases.[16]

Aciclovir is active against most species in the herpesvirus family. In descending order of activity:[17]

The drug is predominantly active against HSV and, to a lesser extent, VZV. It is only of limited efficacy against EBV and CMV. However, valacyclovir has been shown to lower or eliminate the presence of the Epstein–Barr virus in subjects afflicted with acute mononucleosis, leading to a significant decrease in the severity of symptoms.[11][12][13] Valaciclovir and acyclovir act by inhibiting viral DNA replication, but as of 2016 there was little evidence that they are effective against Epstein–Barr virus, they are expensive, they risk causing resistance to antiviral agents, and (in 1% to 10% of cases) can cause unpleasant side effects.[18] Although it can prevent the establishment of viral latency, acyclovir therapy has not proven effective at eradicating latent viruses in nerve ganglia.[17]

As of 2005, resistance to valaciclovir has not been significant. Mechanisms of resistance in HSV include deficient viral thymidine kinase and mutations to viral thymidine kinase and/or DNA polymerase that alter substrate sensitivity.[19]

It also is used for herpes B virus postexposure prophylaxis.[14]

History

Valaciclovir was patented in 1987 and came into medical use in 1995.[2][3] It is available as a generic medication.[4] In 2017, it was the 152nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than four million prescriptions.[5][6]

Formulations

It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade names Valtrex and Zelitrex. Valaciclovir has been available as a generic drug in the U.S. since November 25, 2009.[20]

Valtrex is offered in 500 mg and 1 gram tablets, with the active ingredient valacyclovir hydrochloride. The inactive ingredients include carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, FD&C Blue No. 2 Lake, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, povidone, and titanium dioxide.[21]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Valacyclovir Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  2. ^ a b Long, Sarah S.; Pickering, Larry K.; Prober, Charles G. (2012). Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1502. ISBN 978-1437727029.
  3. ^ a b Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 504. ISBN 9783527607495.
  4. ^ a b British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 625–626. ISBN 9780857113382.
  5. ^ a b "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Valacyclovir - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  7. ^ a b Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3[page needed]
  8. ^ Lille, H. Martina; Wassilew, Sawko W. (2006). "Antiviral therapies of shingles in dermatology". In Gross, Gerd; Doerr, H.W. (eds.). Herpes zoroster: recent aspects of diagnosis and control. Monographs in virology. Vol. 26. Basel (Switzerland): Karger Publishers. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-8055-7982-7. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  9. ^ Elad S, Zadik Y, Hewson I, et al. (August 2010). "A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea". Support Care Cancer. 18 (8): 993–1006. doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3. PMID 20544224. S2CID 2969472.
  10. ^ a b c d "VALTREX (valacyclovir hydrochloride) Caplets -GSKSource". gsksource.com. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  11. ^ a b Balfour et al. (December 2005) A controlled trial of valacyclovir in infectious mononucleosis. Presented at the 45th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, DC., December 18, 2005. Abstract V1392
  12. ^ a b Simon, Michael W.; Robert G. Deeter; Britt Shahan (March 2003). "The Effect of Valacyclovir and Prednisolone in Reducing Symptoms of EBV Illness In Children: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study" (PDF). International Pediatrics. 18 (3): 164–169.[dead link]
  13. ^ a b Balfour HH, Hokanson KM, Schacherer RM, et al. (May 2007). "A virologic pilot study of valacyclovir in infectious mononucleosis". Journal of Clinical Virology. 39 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2007.02.002. PMID 17369082.
  14. ^ a b "B Virus—First Aid and Treatment—Herpes B—CDC". Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  15. ^ Baugh, Reginald F.; Basura, Gregory J.; Ishii, Lisa E.; Schwartz, Seth R.; Drumheller, Caitlin Murray; Burkholder, Rebecca; Deckard, Nathan A.; Dawson, Cindy; Driscoll, Colin (November 2013). "Clinical Practice Guideline: Bell's Palsy". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 149 (3_suppl): S1–S27. doi:10.1177/0194599813505967. ISSN 0194-5998. PMID 24189771. S2CID 36915347. In summary, antiviral therapy alone (acyclovir or valacyclovir) is not recommended in the treatment of Bell's palsy due to lack of effectiveness of currently available drugs, unnecessary cost, and the potential for drug-related complications.
  16. ^ http://www.uscnk.us/protein-antibody-elisa/Valaciclovir-%28VCV%29-V511.htm[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ a b O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM (March 1989). "Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy". Drugs. 37 (3): 233–309. doi:10.2165/00003495-198937030-00002. PMID 2653790.
  18. ^ De Paor M, O'Brien K, Smith SM (2016). "Antiviral agents for infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (12): CD011487. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011487.pub2. PMC 6463965. PMID 27933614.
  19. ^ Sweetman, Sean C., ed. (2005). Martindale: the complete drug reference (34th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 0-85369-550-4. OCLC 56903116.[page needed]
  20. ^ Ahmed, Rumman (November 27, 2009). "Ranbaxy Launches Generic Valtrex in U.S." The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
  21. ^ "Valtrex Prescribing Information" (PDF). GlaxoSmithKline. September 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2009.

External links

  • "Valaciclovir". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valaciclovir&oldid=1007365366"