Sorghum: Difference between revisions

Sorghum grain
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	329 kJ (79 kcal)
Carbohydrates	72.1 g
Sugars	2.53 g
Dietary fiber	6.7 g
Fat	3.46 g
Saturated	0.61 g
Monounsaturated	1.13 g
Polyunsaturated	1.56 g
Protein	10.6 g
Vitamins	Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.	0% 0 μg
Thiamine (B1)	28% 0.332 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	7% 0.096 mg
Niacin (B3)	23% 3.69 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	7% 0.367 mg
Vitamin B6	26% 0.443 mg
Folate (B9)	5% 20 μg
Vitamin C	0% 0 mg
Vitamin E	3% 0.5 mg
Minerals	Quantity %DV†
Calcium	1% 13 mg
Copper	32% 0.284 mg
Iron	19% 3.36 mg
Magnesium	39% 165 mg
Manganese	70% 1.6 mg
Phosphorus	23% 289 mg
Potassium	12% 363 mg
Selenium	22% 12.2 μg
Sodium	0% 2 mg
Zinc	15% 1.67 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	12.4 g
	Link to USDA Database entry
	†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.

Sorghum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Panicoideae
Genus:	Sorghum
Species:	S. bicolor
Binomial name
	Sorghum bicolor; (L.) Moench
Synonyms
	List Agrostis nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Poir.; Andropogon besseri Kunth; Andropogon bicolor (L.) Roxb.; Andropogon caffrorum (Thunb.) Kunth; Andropogon compactus Brot.; Andropogon dulcis Burm.f.; Andropogon niger (Ard.) Kunth; Andropogon saccharatrus Kunth; Andropogon saccharatus (L.) Raspail; Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot.; Andropogon subglabrescens Steud.; Andropogon truchmenorum Walp.; Andropogon usorum Steud.; Andropogon vulgare (Pers.) Balansa; Andropogon vulgaris Raspail; Holcus arduinii J.F.Gmel.; Holcus bicolor L.; Holcus cafer Ard.; Holcus caffrorum (Retz.) Thunb.; Holcus cernuus Ard.; Holcus cernuus Muhl. nom. illeg.; Holcus cernuus Willd. nom. illeg.; Holcus compactus Lam.; Holcus dochna Forssk.; Holcus dora Mieg; Holcus duna J.F.Gmel.; Holcus durra Forssk.; Holcus niger Ard.; Holcus nigerrimus Ard.; Holcus rubens Gaertn.; Holcus saccharatus var. technicus (Körn.) Farw.; Holcus sorghum L.; Holcus sorghum Brot. nom. illeg.; Milium bicolor (L.) Cav.; Milium compactum (Lam.) Cav.; Milium maximum Cav.; Milium nigricans Ruiz & Pav.; Milium sorghum (L.) Cav.; Panicum caffrorum Retz.; Panicum frumentaceum Salisb. nom. illeg.; Rhaphis sorghum (L.) Roberty; Sorghum abyssinicum (Hack.) Chiov. nom. illeg.; Sorghum ankolib (Hack.) Stapf; Sorghum anomalum Desv.; Sorghum arduinii (Gmel.) J.Jacq.; Sorghum basiplicatum Chiov.; Sorghum basutorum Snowden; Sorghum caffrorum (Retz.) P.Beauv.; Sorghum campanum Ten. & Guss.; Sorghum caudatum (Hack.) Stapf; Sorghum centroplicatum Chiov.; Sorghum cernuum (Ard.) Host; Sorghum compactum Lag.; Sorghum conspicuum Snowden; Sorghum coriaceum Snowden; Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden; Sorghum dora (Mieg) Cuoco; Sorghum dulcicaule Snowden; Sorghum dura Griseb.; Sorghum durra (Forssk.) Batt. & Trab.; Sorghum elegans (Körn.) Snowden; Sorghum eplicatum Chiov.; Sorghum exsertum Snowden; Sorghum gambicum Snowden; Sorghum giganteum Edgew.; Sorghum glabrescens (Steud.) Schweinf. & Asch.; Sorghum glycychylum Pass.; Sorghum guineense Stapf; Sorghum japonicum (Hack.) Roshev.; Sorghum margaritiferum Stapf; Sorghum medioplicatum Chiov.; Sorghum melaleucum Stapf; Sorghum melanocarpum Huber; Sorghum mellitum Snowden; Sorghum membranaceum Chiov.; Sorghum miliiforme (Hack.) Snowden; Sorghum nankinense Huber; Sorghum nervosum Besser ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Sorghum nervosum Chiov. nom. illeg.; Sorghum nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Snowden; Sorghum nigrum (Ard.) Roem. & Schult.; Sorghum notabile Snowden; Sorghum pallidum Chiov. nom. illeg.; Sorghum papyrascens Stapf; Sorghum rigidum Snowden; Sorghum rollii Chiov.; Sorghum roxburghii var. hians (Hook.f.) Stapf; Sorghum saccharatum Host nom. illeg.; Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Pers. nom. illeg.; Sorghum sativum (Hack.) Batt. & Trab.; Sorghum schimperi (Hack.) Chiov. nom. illeg.; Sorghum simulans Snowden; Sorghum splendidum (Hack.) Snowden; Sorghum subglabrescens (Steud.) Schweinf. & Asch.; Sorghum tataricum Huber; Sorghum technicum (Körn.) Batt. & Trab.; Sorghum technicum (Körn.) Roshev.; Sorghum truchmenorum K.Koch; Sorghum usorum Nees; Sorghum vulgare Pers. nom. illeg.; ;

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Sorghum bicolor, commonly called sorghum^[2] (/ˈsɔːrɡəm/) and also known as great millet,^[3] broomcorn,^[4] guinea corn,^[5] durra,^[6] imphee,^[7] jowar,^[8] or milo,^[9] is a grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed, and ethanol production. Sorghum originated in Africa, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions.^[10]

Sorghum is the world's fifth-most important cereal crop after rice, wheat, maize, and barley, with 61,000,000 metric tons (60,000,000 long tons; 67,000,000 short tons) of annual global production in 2021.^[11] Sorghum is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 metres (13 ft) high. The grain is small, ranging from 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) in diameter. Sweet sorghums are cultivars primarily grown for forage, syrup production, and ethanol; they are taller than those grown for grain.^[12]^[13]

Sorghum bicolor is the cultivated species of sorghum; its wild relatives make up the botanical genus Sorghum.

Description

Sorghum is a large stout grass that grows up to 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) tall. It has large bushy flowerheads or panicles that provide an edible starchy grain with up to 3,000 seeds in each flowerhead. It grows in warm climates worldwide.^[14]^[15] One species, S. bicolor, is grown worldwide in large quantities for food and forage.^[16] native to Africa with many cultivated forms.^[17] Seventeen of the 25 species are native to Australia,^[18]^[19]^[20] with the range of some extending to Africa, Asia, Mesoamerica, and certain islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.^[21]^[22]

Botanical illustration of Sorghum bicolor or great millet, one of some 25 species in the Sorghum genus
S. bicolor with maturing panicles of grain, Germany
Ripe panicle of S. bicolor, India
Branch of panicle with spikelets

Evolution

Phylogeny

Sorghum is closely related to maize within the PACMAD clade of grasses, and more distantly to the cereals of the BOP clade such as wheat and barley.^[23]

(Part of Poaceae)

BOP clade

Bambusoideae (bamboos)

Pooideae

other grasses

(fescue, ryegrass)

Triticeae

Hordeum (barley)

	Triticum (wheat)

	Secale (rye)

Oryza (rice)

PACMAD clade

Pennisetum (fountaingrasses, pearl millet)

	Sorghum (sorghum)

	Zea (maize)

Taxonomy

Sorghum is in the grass family, Poaceae, in the subfamily Panicoideae, in the tribe Andropogoneae – the same as maize (Zea mays), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi), and sugarcane (Saccharum spp.).

Accepted species recorded include:^[24]

Sorghum amplum – northwestern Australia
Sorghum angustum – Queensland
Sorghum arundinaceum – Africa, Indian Subcontinent, Madagascar, islands of the western Indian Ocean
Sorghum bicolor – cultivated sorghum, often individually called sorghum, also known as durra, jowari, or milo. Native to Sahel region of Africa; naturalized in many places
Sorghum brachypodum – Northern Territory of Australia
Sorghum bulbosum – Northern Territory, Western Australia
Sorghum burmahicum – Thailand, Myanmar
Sorghum controversum – India
Sorghum × drummondii – Sahel and West Africa
Sorghum ecarinatum – Northern Territory, Western Australia
Sorghum exstans – Northern Territory of Australia
Sorghum grande – Northern Territory, Queensland
Sorghum halepense – Johnson grass – North Africa, islands of eastern Atlantic, southern Asia from Lebanon to Vietnam; naturalized in East Asia, Australia, the Americas
Sorghum interjectum – Northern Territory, Western Australia
Sorghum intrans – Northern Territory, Western Australia
Sorghum laxiflorum – Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, New Guinea, northern Australia
Sorghum leiocladum – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria
Sorghum macrospermum – Northern Territory of Australia
Sorghum matarankense – Northern Territory, Western Australia
Sorghum nitidum – East Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Micronesia
Sorghum plumosum – Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia
Sorghum propinquum – China, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Christmas Island, Micronesia, Cook Islands
Sorghum purpureosericeum – Sahel from Mali to Tanzania; Yemen, Oman, India
Sorghum stipoideum – Northern Territory, Western Australia
Sorghum timorense – Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, New Guinea, northern Australia
Sorghum trichocladum – Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
Sorghum versicolor – eastern + southern Africa from Ethiopia to Namibia; Oman
Sorghum virgatum – dry regions from Senegal to the Levant.

History

Domestication

S. bicolor was domesticated from its wild ancestor more than 5,000 years ago in Eastern Sudan in the area of the Rivers Atbara and Gash.^[26]^[27] It has been found at an archaeological site near Kassala in eastern Sudan, dating from 3500 to 3000 BC, and is associated with the neolithic Butana Group culture.^[28] Sorghum bread from graves in Predynastic Egypt, some 5,100 years ago, is displayed in the Egyptian Museum, Turin, Italy.^[25]

The first race to be domesticated was bicolor; it had tight husks that had to be removed forcibly. Around 4,000 years ago, this spread to the Indian subcontinent; around 3,000 years ago it reached West Africa.^[26] Four other races evolved through cultivation to have larger grains and to become free-threshing, making harvests easier and more productive. These were caudatum in the Sahel; durra, most likely in India; guinea in West Africa (later reaching India), and from that race mageritiferum that gave rise to the varieties of Southern Africa.^[26]

Spread

In the Middle Ages, the Arab Agricultural Revolution spread sorghum and other crops from Africa and Asia across the Arab world as far as Al-Andalus in Spain.^[29] Sorghum remained the staple food of the medieval kingdom of Alodia and most Sub-Saharan cultures prior to European colonialism.^[30]

Sweet sorghum was important to the sugar trade in the 19th century.^[31] The price of sugar was rising because of decreased production in the British West Indies and more demand for confectionery and fruit preserves, and the United States was actively searching for a sugar plant that could be produced in northern states. The "Chinese sugar-cane", sweet sorghum, was viewed as a plant that would be productive in the West Indies.^[32]

Nutrition

The grain is edible and nutritious. It can be eaten raw when young and milky, but has to be boiled or ground into flour when mature.^[35]

Sorghum grain is 72% carbohydrates including 7% dietary fiber, 11% protein, 3% fat, and 12% water (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), sorghum grain supplies 79 calories and rich contents (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of several B vitamins and dietary minerals (table).

In the early stages of plant growth, some sorghum species may contain levels of hydrogen cyanide, hordenine, and nitrates lethal to grazing animals.^[36] Plants stressed by drought or heat can also contain toxic levels of cyanide and nitrates at later stages in growth.^[37]

Use

S. bicolor is widely used for food and animal fodder. It is also used to make alcoholic beverages, and biofuels such as ethanol.^[15] It can be made into couscous, porridge, or flatbreads such as Indian Jōḷada roṭṭi or tortillas; and it can be burst in hot oil to make a popcorn, smaller than that of maize. Since it does not contain gluten, it can be used in gluten-free diets.^[38]

In Nigeria, the pulverized red leaf-sheaths of sorghum have been used to dye leather, while in Algeria, sorghum has been used to dye wool.^[39]

In South Africa, characteristically sour Kaffir beer is made from sorghum or millet. The process involves souring the mashed grain with lactic acid bacteria, followed by fermenting by the wild yeasts that were on the grain.^[40]

In India, the panicle stalks are used as bristles for brooms.^[41]

In countries including the US, the stalks of sweet sorghum varieties are crushed in a cane juicer to extract the sweet molasses-like juice. The juice is sold as syrup,^[42]^[43]^[44] and used as a feedstock to make biofuel.^[45]

Sorghum dough in a gourd bowl of the Didinga people of South Sudan
Jōḷada roṭṭi flatbread, Karnataka, India
Maize popcorn and popped sorghum
Sorghum forage, Maharashtra, India
Sorghum beer, Omalovu giilya, fermenting in gourds, Namibia
Brooms made of panicle stalks
A horse-driven sorghum cane juicer being used to extract the sweet juice in North Carolina
A jar of sweet sorghum syrup

Cultivation

Agronomy

Most varieties of sorghum are drought- and heat-tolerant, nitrogen-efficient,^[46] and are grown particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where the grain is one of the staples for poor and rural people. These varieties provide forage in many tropical regions. S. bicolor is a food crop in Africa, Central America, and South Asia, and is the fifth most common cereal crop grown in the world.^[47]^[48] It is most often grown without application of fertilizers or other inputs by small-holder farmers in developing countries.^[49]

Sorghum grows in a wide range of temperatures. It can tolerate high altitude and toxic soils, and can recover growth after some drought.^[12] Optimum growth temperature range is 12–34 °C (54–93 °F), and the growing season lasts for ~ 115-140 days. ^[50] It can grow on a wide range of soils, such as heavy clay to sandy soils with the pH tolerance ranging from 5.0 to 8.5.^[51] It requires an arable field that has been left fallow for at least two years or where crop rotation with legumes has taken place in the previous year.^[52] Diversified 2- or 4-year crop rotation can improve sorghum yield, additionally making it more resilient to inconsistent growth conditions.^[53] In terms of nutrient requirements, sorghum is comparable to other cereal grain crops with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium required for growth.^[54]

Sorghum harvest at the shore of Lake Hayq, Ethiopia, 2012
Harvesting sorghum in Oklahoma, USA, with a combine harvester
Drying sorghum in the open air, Uganda, 2020
Women drying sorghum seeds by tossing them in trays, 2022

Pests and diseases

Insect damage is a major threat to sorghum plants. Over 150 species damage crop plants at different stages of development, resulting in significant biomass loss.^[55] Stored sorghum grain is attacked by other insect pests such as the lesser grain borer beetle.^[56] Sorghum is a host of the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica, purple witchweed; it can seriously reduce production.^[57] Sorghum is subject to a variety of plant pathogens. The fungus Colletotrichum sublineolum causes anthracnose.^[58] The toxic ergot fungus parasitises the grain, risking harm to humans and livestock.^[59] Sorghum produces chitinases as defensive compounds against fungal diseases. Transgenesis of additional chitinases increases the crop's disease resistance.^[60]

The lesser grain borer is a serious pest of sorghum.
Acervuli of Colletotrichum sublineolum, the cause of anthracnose, on sweet sorghum
Sorghum leaves showing anthracnose damage

Genetics and genomics

The genome of S. bicolor was sequenced between 2005 and 2007.^[61]^[62] It is generally considered diploid and contains 20 chromosomes,^[63] however, there is evidence to suggest a tetraploid origin for S. bicolor.^[64] The genome size is approximately 800 Mbp.^[65]

Paterson et al., 2009 provides a genome assembly of 739 megabase.^[66] The most commonly used genome database is SorGSD maintained by Luo et al., 2016.^[66] An expression atlas is available from Shakoor et al., 2014 with 27,577 genes.^[66] As of 2021^[update] no pan-genome is available.^[66] For molecular breeding (or other purposes) an SNP array has been created by Bekele et al., 2013, a 3K SNP Infinium from Illumina, Inc.^[67]

Agrobacterium transformation can be used on sorghum, as shown in a 2018 report of such a transformation system.^[68] A 2013 study developed and validated an SNP array for molecular breeding.^[67]^[69]

Production

Sorghum production – 2021
Country	(Millions of tonnes)
United States	11.4
India	4.8
Ethiopia	4.4
Mexico	4.4
Argentina	3.3
China	3.0
World	61.4
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations^[70]

In 2021, world production of sorghum was 61 million tonnes, led by the United States with 19% of the total (table). India, Ethiopia, and Mexico were the largest secondary producers.^[70]

International trade

In 2013, China began purchasing American sorghum as a complementary livestock feed to its domestically grown maize. It imported around $1 billion worth per year until April 2018, when it imposed retaliatory tariffs as part of a trade war.^[71] By 2020, the tariffs have been waived, and trade volumes increased again^[72] before declining again as China began buying sorghum from other countries.^[73] As of 2020, China is the world's largest sorghum importer, importing more than all other countries combined.^[72]

In human culture

In Australia, sorghum is personified as a spirit among the Dagoman people of Northern Territory, as well as being used for food; the local species are S. intrans and S. plumosum.^[74]

In Korea, the origin tale "Brother and sister who became the Sun and Moon" is also called "The reason sorghum is red".^[75] In the tale, a tiger who is chasing a brother and sister follows them up a rotten rope as they climb into the sky, and become the sun and moon. The rope breaks, and the tiger falls to its death, impaling itself on a sorghum stalk, which becomes red with its blood.^[76]

In Northeastern Italy in the early modern period, sticks of sorghum were used by Benandanti visionaries of the Friuli district to fight off witches who were thought to threaten crops and people.^[77]

References

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^ Dillon, S. L.; Lawrence, P. K.; Henry, R. J.; Ross, L.; Price, H. J.; Johnston, J. S. (2004). "Sorghum laxiflorum and S. macrospermum, the Australian native species most closely related to the cultivated S. bicolor based on ITS1 and ndhF sequence analysis of 25 Sorghum species". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 249 (3–4): 233–246. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0210-7. ISSN 0378-2697.
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^ Mulhollem, Jeff (10 August 2020). "Flavonoids' presence in sorghum roots may lead to frost-resistant crop". Pennsylvania State University. sorghum is a crop that can respond to climate change because of its high water- and nitrogen-use efficiency
^ Danovich, Tove (15 December 2015). "Move over, quinoa: sorghum is the new 'wonder grain'". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
^ Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Growth and Production of Sorghum and Millets". Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production. Vol. II. EOLSS Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84826-368-0.
^ "Sorghum and millet in human nutrition". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995.
^ "Sorghum - Section 4: Plant Growth and Physiology" (PDF). Grain Research & Development Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^ Smith, C. Wayne; Frederiksen, Richard A. (December 25, 2000). Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471242376 – via Google Books.
^ Ajeigbe, Hakeem A. (2020). Handbook on improved agronomic practices of sorghum production in north east Nigeria. Patancheru: ICRISAT.
^ Sindelar, Aaron J.; Schmer, Marty R.; Jin, Virginia L.; Wienhold, Brian J.; Varvel, Gary E. (2016). "Crop Rotation Affects Corn, Grain Sorghum, and Soybean Yields and Nitrogen Recovery". Agronomy Journal. 108 (4): 1592–1602. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.01.0005.
^ Rooney, W.L. (2016). "Sorghum". Reference Module in Food Science. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.02986-3. ISBN 9780081005965.
^ Guo, Chunshan; Cui, Wei; Feng, Xue; Zhao, Jianzhou; Lu, Guihua (2011). "Sorghum insect problems and management". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 53 (3): 178–192. doi:10.1111/J.1744-7909.2010.01019.X. PMID 21205185.
^ Edde, Peter A. (2012). "A review of the biology and control of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) the lesser grain borer". Journal of Stored Products Research. 48 (1). Elsevier: 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2011.08.007. ISSN 0022-474X. S2CID 84377289.
^ Yoshida, Satoko; Maruyama, Shinichiro; Nozaki, Hisayoshi; Shirasu, Ken (28 May 2010). "Horizontal Gene Transfer by the Parasitic Plant Stiga hermanthica". Science. 328 (5982): 1128. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1128Y. doi:10.1126/science.1187145. PMID 20508124. S2CID 39376164.
^ Ero, T.; Hirpa, D.; Seid, A. (2018). Anthracnose of sorghum-Ethiopia: Colletotrichum sublineolum (C. graminicola); yemashila michi (Report). Pest Management Decision Guides. Plantwiseplus Knowledge Bank. doi:10.1079/pwkb.20157800477. S2CID 253929998.
^ Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Frederickson, Debra E.; McLaren, Neal W.; Odvody, Gary N.; Ryley, Malcolm J. (April 1998). "Ergot: A New Disease Threat to Sorghum in the Americas and Australia". Plant Disease. 82 (4): 356–367. doi:10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.4.356. PMID 30856881.
^ Waniska, R. D.; Venkatesha, R. T.; Chandrashekar, A.; Krishnaveni, S.; Bejosano, F. P.; Jeoung, J.; Jayaraj, J.; Muthukrishnan, S.; Liang, G. H. (2001-10-01). "Antifungal Proteins and Other Mechanisms in the Control of Sorghum Stalk Rot and Grain Mold". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (10): 4732–4742. doi:10.1021/jf010007f. ISSN 0021-8561.
^ Paterson, Andrew H.; John E. Bowers; Remy Bruggmann; et al. (2009-01-29). "The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses". Nature. 457 (7229): 551–556. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..551P. doi:10.1038/nature07723. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19189423.
^ "Phytozome". US DOE JGI Phytozome.
^ Price, H. J.; Dillon, S. L.; Hodnett, G.; Rooney, W. L.; Ross, L.; Johnston, J. S. (2005). "Genome evolution in the genus Sorghum (Poaceae)". Annals of Botany. 95 (1): 219–227. doi:10.1093/aob/mci015. PMC 4246720. PMID 15596469.
^ Gomez, M. I.; Islam-Faridi, M. N.; Zwick, M. S.; Czeschin Jr, D. G.; Hart, G. E.; Wing, R. A.; Stelly, D. M.; Price, H. J. (1998). "Brief communication. Tetraploid nature of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench". Journal of Heredity. 89 (2): 188–190. doi:10.1093/jhered/89.2.188.
^ McCormick, Ryan F.; Truong, Sandra K.; Sreedasyam, Avinash; Jenkins, Jerry; Shu, Shengqiang; Sims, David; Kennedy, Megan; Amirebrahimi, Mojgan; Weers, Brock D.; McKinley, Brian; Mattison, Ashley (2018). "The Sorghum bicolor reference genome: improved assembly, gene annotations, a transcriptome atlas, and signatures of genome organization". The Plant Journal. 93 (2): 338–354. doi:10.1111/tpj.13781. ISSN 1365-313X. PMID 29161754.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cite error: The named reference Designing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Varshney, Rajeev K.; Bohra, Abhishek; Yu, Jianming; Graner, Andreas; Zhang, Qifa; Sorrells, Mark E. (2021). "Designing Future Crops: Genomics-Assisted Breeding Comes of Age". Trends in Plant Science. 26 (6): 631–649. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.010. Cite error: The named reference "Varshney Bohra Yu Graner 2021" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Guo, Minliang; Ye, Jingyang; Gao, Dawei; Xu, Nan; Yang, Jing (2019). "Agrobacterium-mediated horizontal gene transfer: Mechanism, biotechnological application, potential risk and forestalling strategy". Biotechnology Advances. 37 (1): 259–270. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.008.
^ Bekele, Wubishet A.; Wieckhorst, Silke; Friedt, Wolfgang; Snowdon, Rod J. (2013). "High‐throughput genomics in sorghum: from whole‐genome resequencing to a SNP screening array". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 11 (9): 1112–1125. doi:10.1111/pbi.12106. ISSN 1467-7644.
^ ^a ^b "Production of sorghum in 2021, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
^ "Sorghum, targeted by tariffs, is a U.S. crop China started buying only five years ago". Los Angeles Times. Apr 18, 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b "U.S. Sorghum Prices Rally with China's Return to the Market". fas.usda.gov. US Department of Agriculture. 28 July 2020.
^ "U.S. Sorghum Exports Dwindle on "Near-Evaporation" of Chinese Demand, as China Looks to Brazilian Corn". Farm Policy News. University of Illinois. 22 January 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
^ Arndt, W. (1961). "Indigenous Sorghum as Food and in Myth: The Tagoman Tribe". Oceania. 32 (2): 109–112. JSTOR 40329309.
^ 최, 인학 (1996). "해와 달이 된 오누이" [Brother and sister who became the Sun and Moon]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). 성남: Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
^ 조, 현설 (1996). "해와 달이 된 오누이". 한국민속문학사전 (Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture). 서울: National Folk Museum of Korea. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
^ Klaniczay, Gábor (1990). The Uses of Supernatural Power: The Transformation of Popular Religion in Medieval and Early-Modern Europe. Translated by Singerman, Susan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-0-6910-7377-4.

External links

Crop Wild Relatives Inventory^{[permanent dead link]}: reliable information source on where and what to conserve ex-situ, regarding Sorghum genepool
Taxon: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor – information from National Plant Germplasm System/GRIN

Sorghum bicolor in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

[1] "Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.

[2] USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sorghum bicolor". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2 February 2016.

[BSBI07-3] BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.

[4] "Definition of BROOMCORN". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-12-14.

[5] "Definition of GUINEA CORN". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-12-14.

[6] "Definition of DURRA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-12-14.

[7] "Definition of IMPHEE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-12-14.

[8] "jowar", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 2021-12-14

[9] "Definition of MILO". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-12-14.

[10] Dillon, Sally L.; Shapter, Frances M.; Henry, Robert J.; et al. (1 September 2007). "Domestication to Crop Improvement: Genetic Resources for Sorghum and Saccharum (Andropogoneae)". Annals of Botany. 100 (5): 975–989. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm192. PMC 2759214. PMID 17766842.

[11] "FAOSTAT". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved 2020-09-27.

[FAO-12] "Grassland Index: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench". Archived from the original on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2006-08-24.

[13] "Sweet Sorghum". Sweet Sorghum Ethanol Producers. Retrieved 13 November 2012.

[14] "Sorghum". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2016.

[Britannica-15] "sorghum: grain". Britannica. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

[16] Mutegi, Evans; Sagnard, Fabrice; Muraya, Moses; et al. (2010-02-01). "Ecogeographical distribution of wild, weedy and cultivated Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in Kenya: implications for conservation and crop-to-wild gene flow" (PDF). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 57 (2): 243–253. doi:10.1007/s10722-009-9466-7. S2CID 28318220.

[17] Hauser, Stefan; Wairegi, Lydia; Asadu, Charles L.A.; Asawalam, Damian O.; Jokthan, Grace; Ugbe, Utiang (2015). "Sorghum- and millet-legume cropping systems" (PDF). Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International and Africa Soil Health Consortium. Retrieved 7 October 2018.

[ITS-ndhF-18] Henry, Robert; Furtado, Agnelo; Brozynska, Marta (2016). "Genomics of crop wild relatives: expanding the gene pool for crop improvement". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 14 (4): 1070–85. doi:10.1111/pbi.12454. eISSN 1467-7652. ISSN 1467-7644. PMID 26311018. S2CID 3402991.

[19] Dillon, Sally L.; Lawrence, Peter K.; Henry, Robert J.; Ross, Larry; Price, H. James; Johnston, J. Spencer (2004). "Sorghum laxiflorum and S. macrospermum, the Australian native species most closely related to the cultivated S. bicolor based on ITS1 and ndhF sequence analysis of 28 Sorghum species". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 249 (3–4): 233–246. Bibcode:2004PSyEv.249..233D. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0210-7. eISSN 1615-6110. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 27363366.

[Dillon_Lawrence_Henry_Ross_2004-20] Dillon, S. L.; Lawrence, P. K.; Henry, R. J.; Ross, L.; Price, H. J.; Johnston, J. S. (2004). "Sorghum laxiflorum and S. macrospermum, the Australian native species most closely related to the cultivated S. bicolor based on ITS1 and ndhF sequence analysis of 25 Sorghum species". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 249 (3–4): 233–246. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0210-7. ISSN 0378-2697.

[21] "Tropicos, Sorghum Moench". Tropicos. Retrieved 2018-05-31.

[china-22] "Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 600 高粱属 gao liang shu Sorghum Moench, Methodus. 207. 1794". Efloras. Retrieved 2018-05-31.

[Escobar_Scornavacca_Cenci_Guilhaumon_2011-23] Escobar, Juan S; Scornavacca, Céline; Cenci, Alberto; Guilhaumon, Claire; Santoni, Sylvain; et al. (2011). "Multigenic phylogeny and analysis of tree incongruences in Triticeae (Poaceae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 181. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..181E. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-181. PMC 3142523. PMID 21702931.

[TPL-24] "The Plant List: Sorghum". Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2017.

[Museo_Egizio-25] "Pane di sorgo contenuto nel cesto S. 283; fa parte del corredo funerario infantile della mummia S. 278". Egyptian Museum, Turin. Retrieved 6 May 2024. S. 285, la 15 Vetrina 02

[Fuller_Stevens_2018-26] Fuller, Dorian Q.; Stevens, Chris J. (2018). "Sorghum Domestication and Diversification: A Current Archaeobotanical Perspective". Plants and People in the African Past. Springer International Publishing. pp. 427–452. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_19. ISBN 978-3-319-89838-4.

[27] Carney, Judith (2009). In the Shadow of Slavery. University of California Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-5202-6996-5.

[28] Winchell, Frank; Stevens, Chris J.; Murphy, Charlene; Champion, Louis; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2017). "Evidence for sorghum domestication in fourth millennium BC eastern Sudan: Spikelet morphology from ceramic impressions of the Butana Group" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 58 (5): 673–683.

[Watson_1974-29] Watson, Andrew M. (1974). "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100". The Journal of Economic History. 34 (1): 8–35. doi:10.1017/S0022050700079602. JSTOR 2116954. S2CID 154359726.

[30] Welsby, Derek (2002). "The Economy", in The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile. British Museum. ISBN 978-0-7141-1947-2.

[31] Hyde, James F.C. (1857). The Chinese Sugar-Cane: Its History, Mode of Culture, Manufacture of the Sugar, Etc. with Reports of Its Success in Different Portions of the United States, and Letters from Distinguished Men. Boston: J. P. Jewett.

[32] Hyde, James F.C. (1857). The Chinese Sugar-Cane: Its History, Mode of Culture, Manufacture of the Sugar, Etc. with Reports of Its Success in Different Portions of the United States, and Letters from Distinguished Men. Boston: J. P. Jewett. p. 11.

[FDADailyValues-33] United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.

[NationalAcademiesPotassium-34] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.

[35] The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. New York]: Skyhorse Publishing, United States Department of the Army. 2009. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.

[36] "Sorghum". Victoria, Australia: Agriculture Victoria. Archived from the original on 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15.

[37] "Cyanide (prussic acid) and nitrate in sorghum crops". Queensland Government, Primary Industries and Fisheries. 7 November 2018. Retrieved 2021-05-13.

[Saner_2021-38] Saner, Emine (24 May 2021). "From porridge to popcorn: how to cook with the ancient grain sorghum". The Guardian.

[Dye-39] Dalziel, J.M. (1926). "African Leather Dyes". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. 6 (6). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 230. doi:10.2307/4118651. JSTOR 4118651.

[Van_Der_Walt_1956-40] Van Der Walt, J. P. (1956). "Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. II.—Studies on the microbiology of Kaffir beer". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 7 (2): 105–113. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740070203. ISSN 0022-5142.

[41] Hariprasanna, K.; Patil, J. V. (2015), Madhusudhana, R.; Rajendrakumar, P.; Patil, J.V. (eds.), "Sorghum: Origin, Classification, Biology and Improvement", Sorghum Molecular Breeding, New Delhi: Springer India, pp. 3–20, doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2422-8_1, ISBN 978-81-322-2421-1

[NPR1-42] Rapuano, Rina (12 September 2012). "Sorghum Travels From The South To The Mainstream". NPR.org.

[43] Bitzer, Morris. Sweet Sorghum for Syrup. Publication. N.p.: U of Kentucky, 2002. Web. 22 May 2014. <http://www.uky.edu/Ag/CCD/introsheets/swsorghumintro.pdf>

[44] Curtin, Leo V. MOLASSES - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Publication. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and University of Florida, n.d. Web. 22 May 2014. <http://rcrec-ona.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/publications/molasses-general-considerations..pdf Archived 2018-09-21 at the Wayback Machine

[45] "Sweet Sorghum : A New "Smart Biofuel Crop". agribusinessweek.com. 30 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2015-05-27.

[46] Mulhollem, Jeff (10 August 2020). "Flavonoids' presence in sorghum roots may lead to frost-resistant crop". Pennsylvania State University. sorghum is a crop that can respond to climate change because of its high water- and nitrogen-use efficiency

[47] Danovich, Tove (15 December 2015). "Move over, quinoa: sorghum is the new 'wonder grain'". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2018.

[48] Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Growth and Production of Sorghum and Millets". Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production. Vol. II. EOLSS Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84826-368-0.

[fao1-49] "Sorghum and millet in human nutrition". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995.

[GRDC_Grownotes-50] "Sorghum - Section 4: Plant Growth and Physiology" (PDF). Grain Research & Development Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.

[Smith-51] Smith, C. Wayne; Frederiksen, Richard A. (December 25, 2000). Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471242376 – via Google Books.

[Sorghum_Handbook-52] Ajeigbe, Hakeem A. (2020). Handbook on improved agronomic practices of sorghum production in north east Nigeria. Patancheru: ICRISAT.

[53] Sindelar, Aaron J.; Schmer, Marty R.; Jin, Virginia L.; Wienhold, Brian J.; Varvel, Gary E. (2016). "Crop Rotation Affects Corn, Grain Sorghum, and Soybean Yields and Nitrogen Recovery". Agronomy Journal. 108 (4): 1592–1602. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.01.0005.

[Rooney-54] Rooney, W.L. (2016). "Sorghum". Reference Module in Food Science. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.02986-3. ISBN 9780081005965.

[55] Guo, Chunshan; Cui, Wei; Feng, Xue; Zhao, Jianzhou; Lu, Guihua (2011). "Sorghum insect problems and management". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 53 (3): 178–192. doi:10.1111/J.1744-7909.2010.01019.X. PMID 21205185.

[Edde_2012-56] Edde, Peter A. (2012). "A review of the biology and control of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) the lesser grain borer". Journal of Stored Products Research. 48 (1). Elsevier: 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2011.08.007. ISSN 0022-474X. S2CID 84377289.

[57] Yoshida, Satoko; Maruyama, Shinichiro; Nozaki, Hisayoshi; Shirasu, Ken (28 May 2010). "Horizontal Gene Transfer by the Parasitic Plant Stiga hermanthica". Science. 328 (5982): 1128. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1128Y. doi:10.1126/science.1187145. PMID 20508124. S2CID 39376164.

[Ero_Hirpa_Seid_2018-58] Ero, T.; Hirpa, D.; Seid, A. (2018). Anthracnose of sorghum-Ethiopia: Colletotrichum sublineolum (C. graminicola); yemashila michi (Report). Pest Management Decision Guides. Plantwiseplus Knowledge Bank. doi:10.1079/pwkb.20157800477. S2CID 253929998.

[59] Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Frederickson, Debra E.; McLaren, Neal W.; Odvody, Gary N.; Ryley, Malcolm J. (April 1998). "Ergot: A New Disease Threat to Sorghum in the Americas and Australia". Plant Disease. 82 (4): 356–367. doi:10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.4.356. PMID 30856881.

[Waniska_Venkatesha_Chandrashekar_Krishnaveni_2001-60] Waniska, R. D.; Venkatesha, R. T.; Chandrashekar, A.; Krishnaveni, S.; Bejosano, F. P.; Jeoung, J.; Jayaraj, J.; Muthukrishnan, S.; Liang, G. H. (2001-10-01). "Antifungal Proteins and Other Mechanisms in the Control of Sorghum Stalk Rot and Grain Mold". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (10): 4732–4742. doi:10.1021/jf010007f. ISSN 0021-8561.

[nature-genome-61] Paterson, Andrew H.; John E. Bowers; Remy Bruggmann; et al. (2009-01-29). "The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses". Nature. 457 (7229): 551–556. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..551P. doi:10.1038/nature07723. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19189423.

[62] "Phytozome". US DOE JGI Phytozome.

[63] Price, H. J.; Dillon, S. L.; Hodnett, G.; Rooney, W. L.; Ross, L.; Johnston, J. S. (2005). "Genome evolution in the genus Sorghum (Poaceae)". Annals of Botany. 95 (1): 219–227. doi:10.1093/aob/mci015. PMC 4246720. PMID 15596469.

[64] Gomez, M. I.; Islam-Faridi, M. N.; Zwick, M. S.; Czeschin Jr, D. G.; Hart, G. E.; Wing, R. A.; Stelly, D. M.; Price, H. J. (1998). "Brief communication. Tetraploid nature of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench". Journal of Heredity. 89 (2): 188–190. doi:10.1093/jhered/89.2.188.

[65] McCormick, Ryan F.; Truong, Sandra K.; Sreedasyam, Avinash; Jenkins, Jerry; Shu, Shengqiang; Sims, David; Kennedy, Megan; Amirebrahimi, Mojgan; Weers, Brock D.; McKinley, Brian; Mattison, Ashley (2018). "The Sorghum bicolor reference genome: improved assembly, gene annotations, a transcriptome atlas, and signatures of genome organization". The Plant Journal. 93 (2): 338–354. doi:10.1111/tpj.13781. ISSN 1365-313X. PMID 29161754.

[Designing-66] Cite error: The named reference Designing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Varshney_Bohra_Yu_Graner_2021-67] Varshney, Rajeev K.; Bohra, Abhishek; Yu, Jianming; Graner, Andreas; Zhang, Qifa; Sorrells, Mark E. (2021). "Designing Future Crops: Genomics-Assisted Breeding Comes of Age". Trends in Plant Science. 26 (6): 631–649. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.010. Cite error: The named reference "Varshney Bohra Yu Graner 2021" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[Guo_Ye_Gao_Xu_2019-68] Guo, Minliang; Ye, Jingyang; Gao, Dawei; Xu, Nan; Yang, Jing (2019). "Agrobacterium-mediated horizontal gene transfer: Mechanism, biotechnological application, potential risk and forestalling strategy". Biotechnology Advances. 37 (1): 259–270. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.008.

[Bekele_Wieckhorst_Friedt_Snowdon_2013-69] Bekele, Wubishet A.; Wieckhorst, Silke; Friedt, Wolfgang; Snowdon, Rod J. (2013). "High‐throughput genomics in sorghum: from whole‐genome resequencing to a SNP screening array". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 11 (9): 1112–1125. doi:10.1111/pbi.12106. ISSN 1467-7644.

[faostat-70] "Production of sorghum in 2021, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.

[71] "Sorghum, targeted by tariffs, is a U.S. crop China started buying only five years ago". Los Angeles Times. Apr 18, 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.

[usda-72] "U.S. Sorghum Prices Rally with China's Return to the Market". fas.usda.gov. US Department of Agriculture. 28 July 2020.

[73] "U.S. Sorghum Exports Dwindle on "Near-Evaporation" of Chinese Demand, as China Looks to Brazilian Corn". Farm Policy News. University of Illinois. 22 January 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.

[74] Arndt, W. (1961). "Indigenous Sorghum as Food and in Myth: The Tagoman Tribe". Oceania. 32 (2): 109–112. JSTOR 40329309.

[EKC-75] 최, 인학 (1996). "해와 달이 된 오누이" [Brother and sister who became the Sun and Moon]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). 성남: Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2022-11-30.

[EKFC-76] 조, 현설 (1996). "해와 달이 된 오누이". 한국민속문학사전 (Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture). 서울: National Folk Museum of Korea. Retrieved 2022-11-30.

[Klaniczay_1990-77] Klaniczay, Gábor (1990). The Uses of Supernatural Power: The Transformation of Popular Religion in Medieval and Early-Modern Europe. Translated by Singerman, Susan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-0-6910-7377-4.

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v t e Bioenergy
Biofuels	Alcohol Algae Babassu oil Bagasse Biobutanol Biodiesel Biogas Biogasoline Bioliquids Biomass Cooking oil vegetable oil Ethanol cellulosic mixtures Methanol Stover corn Straw Water hyacinth Wood gas
Energy from foodstock	Camelina sativa Cassava Coconut oil Grape Hemp Maize Oat Palm oil Potato Rapeseed Rice Sorghum bicolor Soybean Sugar beet Sugarcane Sunflower Wheat Yam
Non-food energy crops	Arundo Big bluestem Camelina Chinese tallow Duckweed Jatropha curcas Miscanthus × giganteus Pongamia pinnata Salicornia Switchgrass Wood
Technology	Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage Biomass heating systems Biorefinery Fischer–Tropsch process Industrial biotechnology Pellet fuel mill stove Sabatier reaction Thermal depolymerization
Concepts	Agflation Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Energy content of biofuel Energy crop Energy forestry Energy return on investment Food vs. fuel Issues relating to biofuels Sustainable biofuel

Taxon identifiers
Sorghum bicolor	Wikidata: Q332062 Wikispecies: Sorghum bicolor APDB: 126716 APNI: 64510 ARKive: sorghum-bicolor BioLib: 42731 BOLD: 121138 Calflora: 7690 CoL: 4YC6L Ecocrop: 48747 eFloraSA: Sorghum_bicolor EoL: 1115166 EPPO: SORVU EUNIS: 193458 FloraBase: 616 FNA: 200026333 FoC: 200026333 GBIF: 2705181 GrassBase: imp09507 GRIN: 35092 iNaturalist: 58389 IPA: 6435 IPNI: 422090-1 IRMNG: 10913159 ITIS: 42108 MichiganFlora: 2223 MoBotPF: 285310 NatureServe: 2.158986 NBN: NBNSYS0000034177 NCBI: 4558 NSWFlora: Sorghum~bicolor NTFlora: 4770 NZOR: 279fafa7-9220-4c84-9add-7be47cb91dee NZPCN: 2802 Open Tree of Life: 552986 Plant List: kew-443283 PLANTS: SOBI2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:422090-1 RHS: 161315 Tropicos: 25513454 uBio: 4962526 VASCAN: 7957 WoI: 1976 WFO: wfo-0000900184
Sorghum bicolor subsp. bicolor	Wikidata: Q15637225 AoFP: 1888 APDB: 52520 APNI: 141279 BOLD: 672053 Calflora: 9417 GBIF: 6430935 GRIN: 454806 iNaturalist: 181685 ITIS: 524713 NZOR: f40bc65d-39b3-455c-b013-1e6431fa7343 PFI: 7820 PLANTS: SOBIB Tropicos: 25538548 VASCAN: 7956 WisFlora: 6887 WFO: wfo-0001097801
Holcus bicolor	Wikidata: Q39584634 APDB: 51972 APNI: 209341 CoL: 3M7Y9 GBIF: 4150327 GRIN: 311959 IPNI: 320040-2 IRMNG: 10202094 ITIS: 514800 NZOR: 063137fd-8ad9-4706-9b3a-29458908221a POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320040-2 Tropicos: 25518070 WFO: wfo-0000874467

Sorghum

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Panicoideae
Genus:	Sorghum
Species:	S. bicolor
Binomial name
*Sorghum bicolor* (L.) Moench
Synonyms^[1]
List Agrostis nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Poir. Andropogon besseri Kunth Andropogon bicolor (L.) Roxb. Andropogon caffrorum (Thunb.) Kunth Andropogon compactus Brot. Andropogon dulcis Burm.f. Andropogon niger (Ard.) Kunth Andropogon saccharatrus Kunth Andropogon saccharatus (L.) Raspail Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. Andropogon subglabrescens Steud. Andropogon truchmenorum Walp. Andropogon usorum Steud. Andropogon vulgare (Pers.) Balansa Andropogon vulgaris Raspail Holcus arduinii J.F.Gmel. Holcus bicolor L. Holcus cafer Ard. Holcus caffrorum (Retz.) Thunb. Holcus cernuus Ard. Holcus cernuus Muhl. nom. illeg. Holcus cernuus Willd. nom. illeg. Holcus compactus Lam. Holcus dochna Forssk. Holcus dora Mieg Holcus duna J.F.Gmel. Holcus durra Forssk. Holcus niger Ard. Holcus nigerrimus Ard. Holcus rubens Gaertn. Holcus saccharatus var. technicus (Körn.) Farw. Holcus sorghum L. Holcus sorghum Brot. nom. illeg. Milium bicolor (L.) Cav. Milium compactum (Lam.) Cav. Milium maximum Cav. Milium nigricans Ruiz & Pav. Milium sorghum (L.) Cav. Panicum caffrorum Retz. Panicum frumentaceum Salisb. nom. illeg. Rhaphis sorghum (L.) Roberty Sorghum abyssinicum (Hack.) Chiov. nom. illeg. Sorghum ankolib (Hack.) Stapf Sorghum anomalum Desv. Sorghum arduinii (Gmel.) J.Jacq. Sorghum basiplicatum Chiov. Sorghum basutorum Snowden Sorghum caffrorum (Retz.) P.Beauv. Sorghum campanum Ten. & Guss. Sorghum caudatum (Hack.) Stapf Sorghum centroplicatum Chiov. Sorghum cernuum (Ard.) Host Sorghum compactum Lag. Sorghum conspicuum Snowden Sorghum coriaceum Snowden Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden Sorghum dora (Mieg) Cuoco Sorghum dulcicaule Snowden Sorghum dura Griseb. Sorghum durra (Forssk.) Batt. & Trab. Sorghum elegans (Körn.) Snowden Sorghum eplicatum Chiov. Sorghum exsertum Snowden Sorghum gambicum Snowden Sorghum giganteum Edgew. Sorghum glabrescens (Steud.) Schweinf. & Asch. Sorghum glycychylum Pass. Sorghum guineense Stapf Sorghum japonicum (Hack.) Roshev. Sorghum margaritiferum Stapf Sorghum medioplicatum Chiov. Sorghum melaleucum Stapf Sorghum melanocarpum Huber Sorghum mellitum Snowden Sorghum membranaceum Chiov. Sorghum miliiforme (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum nankinense Huber Sorghum nervosum Besser ex Schult. & Schult.f. Sorghum nervosum Chiov. nom. illeg. Sorghum nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Snowden Sorghum nigrum (Ard.) Roem. & Schult. Sorghum notabile Snowden Sorghum pallidum Chiov. nom. illeg. Sorghum papyrascens Stapf Sorghum rigidum Snowden Sorghum rollii Chiov. Sorghum roxburghii var. hians (Hook.f.) Stapf Sorghum saccharatum Host nom. illeg. Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Pers. nom. illeg. Sorghum sativum (Hack.) Batt. & Trab. Sorghum schimperi (Hack.) Chiov. nom. illeg. Sorghum simulans Snowden Sorghum splendidum (Hack.) Snowden Sorghum subglabrescens (Steud.) Schweinf. & Asch. Sorghum tataricum Huber Sorghum technicum (Körn.) Batt. & Trab. Sorghum technicum (Körn.) Roshev. Sorghum truchmenorum K.Koch Sorghum usorum Nees Sorghum vulgare Pers. nom. illeg.