Delta-sleep-inducing peptide: Difference between revisions

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'''Delta sleep-inducing peptide''', abbreviated '''DSIP''', is a [[neuropeptide]] that when infused into the mesodiencephalic ventricle of
'''Delta sleep-inducing peptide''', abbreviated '''DSIP''', is a [[neuropeptide]] that when infused into the mesodiencephalic ventricle of
recipient rabbits induces spindle and delta EEG activity and reduced motor activities.<ref name="pmid862769">{{cite journal | author = Monnier M, Dudler L, Gächter R, Maier PF, Tobler HJ, Schoenenberger GA | title = The delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP). Comparative properties of the original and synthetic nonapeptide | journal = Experientia | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 548–52 | year = 1977 | month = April | pmid = 862769 | doi = | url = }}</ref>
recipient rabbits induces spindle and delta EEG activity and reduced motor activities.<ref name="pmid862769">{{cite journal | author = Monnier M, Dudler L, Gächter R, Maier PF, Tobler HJ, Schoenenberger GA | title = The delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP). Comparative properties of the original and synthetic nonapeptide | journal = Experientia | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 548–52 | year = 1977 | month = April | pmid = 862769 | doi = 10.1007/BF01922266| url = }}</ref>


It's aminoacid sequence: Тrр-Аlа-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu.
It's aminoacid sequence: Тrр-Аlа-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu.


== Discovery ==
== Discovery ==
Delta sleep-inducing peptide was first discovered in 1974 by the Swiss Schoenenberger-Monnier group who isolated it from the cerebral venous blood of rabbits in an induced state of sleep. It was primarily believed to be involved in sleep regulation due to its apparent ability to induce [[slow-wave sleep]] in rabbits, but studies on the subject have been contradictory.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schoenenberger GA, Maier PF, Tobler HJ and Monnier M | title = A naturally occurring delta-EEG enhancing nonapeptide in rabbits | journal = European Journal of Physiology | volume = 369 | pages = 99–109 | year = 1977}}</ref>
Delta sleep-inducing peptide was first discovered in 1974 by the Swiss Schoenenberger-Monnier group who isolated it from the cerebral venous blood of rabbits in an induced state of sleep. It was primarily believed to be involved in sleep regulation due to its apparent ability to induce [[slow-wave sleep]] in rabbits, but studies on the subject have been contradictory.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00591565 | author = Schoenenberger GA, Maier PF, Tobler HJ and Monnier M | title = A naturally occurring delta-EEG enhancing nonapeptide in rabbits | journal = European Journal of Physiology | volume = 369 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–109 | year = 1977 | pmid = 560681}}</ref>


== Structure and Interactions ==
== Structure and Interactions ==
DSIP is an [[amphiphilic]] peptide of molecular weight 850 daltons with the amino acid motif:<br />N-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-C<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kovalzon VM and Strekalova TV | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 97 | pages = 303–309 | year = 2006}}</ref><br />
DSIP is an [[amphiphilic]] peptide of molecular weight 850 daltons with the amino acid motif:<br />N-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-C<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x | author = Kovalzon VM and Strekalova TV | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 97 | issue = 2 | pages = 303–309 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16539679}}</ref><br />


It has been found in both free and bound forms in the [[hypothalamus]], [[limbic system]] and [[pituitary]] as well as various peripheral organs, tissues and body fluids.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Charnay Y, Bouras C, Vallet PG, Golaz J, Guntern R, Constantinidis J | title = Immunohistochemical distribution of delta sleep inducing peptide in the rabbit brain and hypophysis | journal = Neuroendocrinology | volume = 49 | pages = 169–175 | year = 1989}}</ref> In the pituitary it co-localises with many peptide and non-peptide mediators such as [[corticotropin-like intermediate peptide]] (CLIP), [[adrenocorticotrophic hormone]] (ACTH), [[melanocyte-stimulating hormone]] (MSH), [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH) and [[melanin concentrating hormone]] (MCH). It is abundant in the gut secretory cells and in the [[pancreas]] where it co-localises with [[glucagon]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kovalzon VM and Strekalova TV | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 97 | pages = 303–309 | year = 2006}}</ref><br />
It has been found in both free and bound forms in the [[hypothalamus]], [[limbic system]] and [[pituitary]] as well as various peripheral organs, tissues and body fluids.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1159/000125110 | author = Charnay Y, Bouras C, Vallet PG, Golaz J, Guntern R, Constantinidis J | title = Immunohistochemical distribution of delta sleep inducing peptide in the rabbit brain and hypophysis | journal = Neuroendocrinology | volume = 49 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–175 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2657475}}</ref> In the pituitary it co-localises with many peptide and non-peptide mediators such as [[corticotropin-like intermediate peptide]] (CLIP), [[adrenocorticotrophic hormone]] (ACTH), [[melanocyte-stimulating hormone]] (MSH), [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH) and [[melanin concentrating hormone]] (MCH). It is abundant in the gut secretory cells and in the [[pancreas]] where it co-localises with [[glucagon]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x | author = Kovalzon VM and Strekalova TV | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 97 | issue = 2 | pages = 303–309 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16539679}}</ref><br />


In the brain its action may be mediated by [[NMDA receptor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sudakova KV, Umriukhina PE, Rayevskyb KS | title = Delta-sleep inducing peptide and neuronal activity after glutamate microiontophoresis: the role of NMDA-receptors | journal = Pathophysiology | volume = 11 | pages = 81–86 | year = 2004}}</ref><br />
In the brain its action may be mediated by [[NMDA receptor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.pathophys.2004.03.003 | author = Sudakova KV, Umriukhina PE, Rayevskyb KS | title = Delta-sleep inducing peptide and neuronal activity after glutamate microiontophoresis: the role of NMDA-receptors | journal = Pathophysiology | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–86 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15364118}}</ref><br />


It is unknown where DSIP is synthesized.<br />
It is unknown where DSIP is synthesized.<br />


''In vitro'' it has been found to have a low molecular stability with a half life of only 15 minutes due to the action of a specific [[aminopeptidase]]-like enzyme.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schoenenberger GA | title = Characterization, properties and multivariate functions of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP) | journal = European Neurology | volume = 23 | pages = 321–345 | year = 1984}}</ref> It has been suggested that in the body it complexes with [[carrier proteins]] to prevent degradation, or exists as a component of a large precursor molecule,<ref>{{Cite book | authorlink = Inoué S and Borbely AA | year = 1985 | title = Endogenous sleep substances and sleep regulation | publisher = Japan scientific societies press, VNU science press | location = Tokyo and BV, Utrecht, Netherlands}}</ref> but as yet no structure or gene has been found for this precursor.<br />
''In vitro'' it has been found to have a low molecular stability with a half life of only 15 minutes due to the action of a specific [[aminopeptidase]]-like enzyme.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1159/000115711 | author = Schoenenberger GA | title = Characterization, properties and multivariate functions of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP) | journal = European Neurology | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 321–345 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6548966}}</ref> It has been suggested that in the body it complexes with [[carrier proteins]] to prevent degradation, or exists as a component of a large precursor molecule,<ref>{{Cite book | authorlink = Inoué S and Borbely AA | year = 1985 | title = Endogenous sleep substances and sleep regulation | publisher = Japan scientific societies press, VNU science press | location = Tokyo and BV, Utrecht, Netherlands | isbn = 9067640581}}</ref> but as yet no structure or gene has been found for this precursor.<br />


Evidence supports the current belief that it is regulated by [[glucocorticoids]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Westrin A, Ekman R, and Traskman-Bendz L | title = High Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide-Like Immunoreactivity in Plasma in Suicidal Patients with Major Depressive Disorder | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 43 | pages = 734–739 | year = 1998}}</ref>
Evidence supports the current belief that it is regulated by [[glucocorticoids]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00254-0 | author = Westrin A, Ekman R, and Traskman-Bendz L | title = High Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide-Like Immunoreactivity in Plasma in Suicidal Patients with Major Depressive Disorder | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 43 | issue = 10 | pages = 734–739 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9606527}}</ref>


Gimble ''et al.'' suggest that DSIP interacts with components of the [[MAPK]] cascade and is homologous to glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gimble JM, Ptitsyn AA, Goh BC, Hebert T, Yu G, Wu X, Zvonic S, Shi X-M and Floyd ZE | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide and glucocorticoidinduced leucine zipper: potential links between circadian mechanisms and obesity? | journal = Obesity reviews | volume = 10 | pages = 46–51 | year = 2009}}</ref> GILZ can be induced by [[Dexamethasone]]. It prevents [[Raf-1]] activation, which inhibits [[phosphorylation]] and activation of [[ERK]]. See [http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/48/4/1724/F4] for image showing the pathway analysis of DSIP <ref>© The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. (2007) http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/48/4/1724/F4 retrieved: 17/11/09</ref>
Gimble ''et al.'' suggest that DSIP interacts with components of the [[MAPK]] cascade and is homologous to glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ).<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00661.x | author = Gimble JM, Ptitsyn AA, Goh BC, Hebert T, Yu G, Wu X, Zvonic S, Shi X-M and Floyd ZE | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide and glucocorticoidinduced leucine zipper: potential links between circadian mechanisms and obesity? | journal = Obesity reviews | volume = 10 | pages = 46–51 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19849801}}</ref> GILZ can be induced by [[Dexamethasone]]. It prevents [[Raf-1]] activation, which inhibits [[phosphorylation]] and activation of [[ERK]]. See [http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/48/4/1724/F4] for image showing the pathway analysis of DSIP <ref>© The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. (2007) http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/48/4/1724/F4 retrieved: 17/11/09</ref>


== Function ==
== Function ==


Many roles for DSIP have been suggested following research carried out using peptide analogues with a greater molecular stability <ref>synthesized by V. N. Kalikhevich and S. I. Churkina, University Chemical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, and I. I. Mikhaleva and I. A. Prudchenko, Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow</ref> and through measuring DSIP-like immunological (DSIP-LI) response by injecting DSIP [[antiserum]] and [[antibodies]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Charnay Y, Golaz J, Vallet PG, Bouras C | title = Production and immunohistochemical application of monoclonal antibodies against delta sleep-inducing peptide | journal = J Chem Neuroanat | volume = 5 | pages = 503–9 | year = 1992}}</ref>
Many roles for DSIP have been suggested following research carried out using peptide analogues with a greater molecular stability <ref>synthesized by V. N. Kalikhevich and S. I. Churkina, University Chemical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, and I. I. Mikhaleva and I. A. Prudchenko, Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow</ref> and through measuring DSIP-like immunological (DSIP-LI) response by injecting DSIP [[antiserum]] and [[antibodies]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0891-0618(92)90005-B | author = Charnay Y, Golaz J, Vallet PG, Bouras C | title = Production and immunohistochemical application of monoclonal antibodies against delta sleep-inducing peptide | journal = J Chem Neuroanat | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 503–9 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1476667}}</ref>


==== Roles in endocrine regulation ====
==== Roles in endocrine regulation ====


*Decreases basal [[corticotropin]] level and blocks its release.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schoenenberger GA | title = Characterization, properties and multivariate functions of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP) | journal = European Neurology | volume = 23 | pages = 321–345 | year = 1984}}</ref>
*Decreases basal [[corticotropin]] level and blocks its release.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1159/000115711 | author = Schoenenberger GA | title = Characterization, properties and multivariate functions of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP) | journal = European Neurology | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 321–345 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6548966}}</ref>
*Stimulates release of [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Iyer KS and McCann SM | title = Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) stimulates the release of LH but not FSH via a hypothalamic site of action in the rat | journal = Brain Research Bulletin | volume = 15 | pages = 535–538 | year = 1987}}</ref>
*Stimulates release of [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Iyer KS and McCann SM | title = Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) stimulates the release of LH but not FSH via a hypothalamic site of action in the rat | journal = Brain Research Bulletin | volume = 15 | pages = 535–538 | year = 1987}}</ref>
*Stimulates release of [[somatoliberin]] and [[somatotrophin]] secretion and inhibits [[somatostatin]] secretion.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kovalzon VM | title = DSIP: a sleep peptide or unknown hypothalamic hormone? | journal = J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. | volume = 30 | pages = 195–199 | year = 1994}}</ref>
*Stimulates release of [[somatoliberin]] and [[somatotrophin]] secretion and inhibits [[somatostatin]] secretion.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kovalzon VM | title = DSIP: a sleep peptide or unknown hypothalamic hormone? | journal = J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. | volume = 30 | pages = 195–199 | year = 1994}}</ref>
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==== Roles in physiological processes ====
==== Roles in physiological processes ====


*Can act as a stress limiting factor.<ref>{{Cite book | authorlink = Kvetňanský R, McCarty R, Axelrod J | title = Stress: Neuroendocrine and Molecular Approaches | publisher = Gordon and Breach Science Publishers | year = 1992 | location = Amsterdam | pages = p59-72}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sudakova KV, Coghlan JP, Kotov AV, Salieva RM, Polyntsev YV, Koplik EV | title = Delta-sleep inducing peptide sequels in mechanisms of resistance to emotional stress | journal = Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 771 | pages = 240–251 | year = 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Khvatova EM, Samartzev VN, Zagoskin PP, Prudchenko IA, Mikhaleva II | title = Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP): effect on respiration activity in rat brain mitochondria and stress protective potency under experimental hypoxia | journal = Peptides | volume = 24 | pages = 307–311 | year = 2003}}</ref>
*Can act as a stress limiting factor.<ref>{{Cite book | authorlink = Kvetňanský R, McCarty R, Axelrod J | title = Stress: Neuroendocrine and Molecular Approaches | publisher = Gordon and Breach Science Publishers | year = 1992 | location = Amsterdam | pages = p59–72}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44685.x | author = Sudakova KV, Coghlan JP, Kotov AV, Salieva RM, Polyntsev YV, Koplik EV | title = Delta-sleep inducing peptide sequels in mechanisms of resistance to emotional stress | journal = Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 771 | pages = 240–251 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8597403}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00040-8 | author = Khvatova EM, Samartzev VN, Zagoskin PP, Prudchenko IA, Mikhaleva II | title = Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP): effect on respiration activity in rat brain mitochondria and stress protective potency under experimental hypoxia | journal = Peptides | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 307–311 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12668217}}</ref>
*May have a direct or indirect effect on body temperature and alleviating [[hypothermia]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pollard BJ and Pomfrett CJD | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide | journal = Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. | volume = 18 | pages = 419–422 | year = 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Yehuda S, Kastin AJ and Coy DH | title = Thermoragulatory and locomotor effects of DSIP: paradoxical interaction with d-amphetamine | journal = Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. | volume = 13 | pages = 895–900 | year = 1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Yehuda S and Mostofsky DI | title = Modification of the hypothermic circadian cycles induced by DSIP and melatonin in pinealectomized and hypophysectomised rats | journal = Peptides | volume = 5 | pages = 495–497 | year = 1984}}</ref>
*May have a direct or indirect effect on body temperature and alleviating [[hypothermia]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pollard BJ and Pomfrett CJD | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide | journal = Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. | volume = 18 | issue = 7 | pages = 419–422 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11437870}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90225-7 | author = Yehuda S, Kastin AJ and Coy DH | title = Thermoragulatory and locomotor effects of DSIP: paradoxical interaction with d-amphetamine | journal = Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 895–900 | year = 1980 | pmid = 6894196}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0196-9781(84)90076-7 | author = Yehuda S and Mostofsky DI | title = Modification of the hypothermic circadian cycles induced by DSIP and melatonin in pinealectomized and hypophysectomised rats | journal = Peptides | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 495–497 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6548024}}</ref>
*Can normalize blood pressure and [[myocardial]] contraction.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schoenenberger GA | title = Characterization, properties and multivariate functions of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP) | journal = European Neurology | volume = 23 | pages = 321–345 | year = 1984}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Yehuda S and Carasso R | title = DSIP – a tool for investigating the sleep onset mechanism: a review | journal = International J. Neurosci. | volume = 38 | pages = 345–353 | year = 1988}}</ref>
*Can normalize blood pressure and [[myocardial]] contraction.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1159/000115711 | author = Schoenenberger GA | title = Characterization, properties and multivariate functions of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP) | journal = European Neurology | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 321–345 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6548966}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3109/00207458808990695 | author = Yehuda S and Carasso R | title = DSIP – a tool for investigating the sleep onset mechanism: a review | journal = International J. Neurosci. | volume = 38 | pages = 345–353 | year = 1988}}</ref>
*It has been shown to enhance the efficiency of [[oxidative phosphorylation]] in rat [[mitochondria]] ''in vitro'', suggesting it may have [[antioxidant]] effects.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Khvatova EM, Samartzev VN, Zagoskin PP, Prudchenko IA, Mikhaleva II | title = Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP): effect on respiration activity in rat brain mitochondria and stress protective potency under experimental hypoxia | journal = Peptides | volume = 24 | pages = 307–311 | year = 2003}}</ref>
*It has been shown to enhance the efficiency of [[oxidative phosphorylation]] in rat [[mitochondria]] ''in vitro'', suggesting it may have [[antioxidant]] effects.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00040-8 | author = Khvatova EM, Samartzev VN, Zagoskin PP, Prudchenko IA, Mikhaleva II | title = Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP): effect on respiration activity in rat brain mitochondria and stress protective potency under experimental hypoxia | journal = Peptides | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 307–311 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12668217}}</ref>
*There is also conflicting evidence as to its involvement in sleep patterns. Some studies suggest a link between DSIP and [[slow-wave sleep]] (SWS) promotion<ref>{{cite journal | author = Iyer KS, Marks GA, Kastin AJ, and McCann SM | title = Evidence for a role of delta sleep-inducing peptide in slow-wave sleep and sleep-related growth hormone release in the rat | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 85 | pages = 3653–3656 | year = 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Susić V, Masirević G, Totić S | title = The effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) on wakefulness and sleep patterns in the cat | journal = Brain Research | volume = 414 | pages = 262–70 | year = 1987}}</ref> and suppression of [[paradoxical sleep]], (PS)<ref>{{cite journal | author = Seifritz E, Muller M, Schonenberger G, Trachsel L, Hemmeter U, Hatzinger M, Ernst A, Moore P and Holsboer-Trachsler E | title = Human plasma DSIP decreases at the initiation of sleep at different circadian times | journal = Peptides | volume = 16 | pages = 1475–1481 | year = 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Steiger A and Holsboer F | title = Neuropeptides and human sleep | journal = Sleep | volume = 20 | pages = 1038–1052 | year = 1997}}</ref> while some studies show no correlation.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nakagaki K, Ebihara S, Usui S, Honda Y, Takahashi Y, Kato N | title = Effects of intraventricular injection of anti-DSIP serum on sleep in rats | journal = Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo (Japanese journal of psychopharmacology) | volume = 6 | pages = 259–65 | year = 1986}}</ref> Stronger effects on sleep have been noted for the synthesized analogues of DSIP.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kovalzon VM | title = Sleep-Inducing Properties of DSIP Analogs: Structural and Functional Relationships | journal = Biology Bulletin | volume = 28 | pages = 394–400 | year = 2001}}</ref>
*There is also conflicting evidence as to its involvement in sleep patterns. Some studies suggest a link between DSIP and [[slow-wave sleep]] (SWS) promotion<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.85.10.3653 | author = Iyer KS, Marks GA, Kastin AJ, and McCann SM | title = Evidence for a role of delta sleep-inducing peptide in slow-wave sleep and sleep-related growth hormone release in the rat | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 85 | issue = 10 | pages = 3653–3656 | year = 1988 | pmid = 3368469 | pmc = 280272}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90006-0 | author = Susić V, Masirević G, Totić S | title = The effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) on wakefulness and sleep patterns in the cat | journal = Brain Research | volume = 414 | issue = 2 | pages = 262–70 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3620931}}</ref> and suppression of [[paradoxical sleep]], (PS)<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0196-9781(95)02027-6 | author = Seifritz E, Muller M, Schonenberger G, Trachsel L, Hemmeter U, Hatzinger M, Ernst A, Moore P and Holsboer-Trachsler E | title = Human plasma DSIP decreases at the initiation of sleep at different circadian times | journal = Peptides | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | pages = 1475–1481 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8745061}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Steiger A and Holsboer F | title = Neuropeptides and human sleep | journal = Sleep | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 1038–1052 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9456470}}</ref> while some studies show no correlation.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nakagaki K, Ebihara S, Usui S, Honda Y, Takahashi Y, Kato N | title = Effects of intraventricular injection of anti-DSIP serum on sleep in rats | journal = Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo (Japanese journal of psychopharmacology) | volume = 6 | pages = 259–65 | year = 1986}}</ref> Stronger effects on sleep have been noted for the synthesized analogues of DSIP.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1023/A:1016679208936 | author = Kovalzon VM | title = Sleep-Inducing Properties of DSIP Analogs: Structural and Functional Relationships | journal = Biology Bulletin | volume = 28 | pages = 394–400 | year = 2001}}</ref>
*It may have an impact on human [[lens]] [[epithelial]] cell function via the MAPK pathway, which is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival, and [[apoptosis]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gupta V, Awasthi N and Wagner BJ | title = Specific Activation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Modulation of Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Lens Epithelial Cells | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science | volume = 48 | pages = 1724–1734 | year = 2007}}</ref>
*It may have an impact on human [[lens]] [[epithelial]] cell function via the MAPK pathway, which is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival, and [[apoptosis]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1167/iovs.06-0889 | author = Gupta V, Awasthi N and Wagner BJ | title = Specific Activation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Modulation of Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Lens Epithelial Cells | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 1724–1734 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17389505 | pmc = 2814520}}</ref>


== Roles in Disease and Medicine ==
== Roles in Disease and Medicine ==


*It has been found to have [[anticarcinogenic]] properties. In a study on mice, injecting a preparation of DSIP over the mice’s lifetime decreased total spontaneous tumor incidence 2.6-fold.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Popovich IG, Voitenkov BO, Anisimov VN, Ivanov VT, Mikhaleva II, Zabezhinski MA, Alimova IN, Baturin DA, Zavarzina NY, Rosenfeld SV, Semenchenko AV, Yashin AI | title = Effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide-containing preparation Deltaran on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female SHR mice | journal = Mechanisms of Ageing and Development | volume = 124 | pages = 721–731 | year = 2003}}</ref>
*It has been found to have [[anticarcinogenic]] properties. In a study on mice, injecting a preparation of DSIP over the mice’s lifetime decreased total spontaneous tumor incidence 2.6-fold.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0047-6374(03)00082-4 | author = Popovich IG, Voitenkov BO, Anisimov VN, Ivanov VT, Mikhaleva II, Zabezhinski MA, Alimova IN, Baturin DA, Zavarzina NY, Rosenfeld SV, Semenchenko AV, Yashin AI | title = Effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide-containing preparation Deltaran on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female SHR mice | journal = Mechanisms of Ageing and Development | volume = 124 | issue = 6 | pages = 721–731 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12782416}}</ref>


*The same study found it to also have geroprotective effects: it slowed down the age-related switching-off of oestrous function; it decreased by 22.6% the frequency of [[chromosome aberrations]] in [[bone marrow]] cells and it increased by 24.1% maximum life span in comparison with the control group.
*The same study found it to also have geroprotective effects: it slowed down the age-related switching-off of oestrous function; it decreased by 22.6% the frequency of [[chromosome aberrations]] in [[bone marrow]] cells and it increased by 24.1% maximum life span in comparison with the control group.


*Levels of DSIP may be significant in patients diagnosed with [[major depressive disorder]] (MDD). In several studies, levels of DSIP in the plasma and [[cerebrospinal fluid]] are significantly deviated from the norm in patients with MDD, though there are contradictions as to whether levels are higher or lower than healthy control patients.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Westrin A, Ekman R, and Traskman-Bendz L | title = High Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide-Like Immunoreactivity in Plasma in Suicidal Patients with Major Depressive Disorder | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 43 | pages = 734–739 | year = 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Walleus H, Widerlöv E and Ekman R | title = Decreased concentrations of delta-sleep inducing peptide in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from depressed patients | journal = Nordic Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 39 | pages = 63–67 | year = 1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Bjartell A, Ekman R, Sundler F and Widerlöv E | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): An overview of central actions and possible relationship to psychiatric illnesses | journal = Nordic Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 42 | pages = 111–117 | year = 1988}}</ref>
*Levels of DSIP may be significant in patients diagnosed with [[major depressive disorder]] (MDD). In several studies, levels of DSIP in the plasma and [[cerebrospinal fluid]] are significantly deviated from the norm in patients with MDD, though there are contradictions as to whether levels are higher or lower than healthy control patients.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00254-0 | author = Westrin A, Ekman R, and Traskman-Bendz L | title = High Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide-Like Immunoreactivity in Plasma in Suicidal Patients with Major Depressive Disorder | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 43 | issue = 10 | pages = 734–739 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9606527}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3109/08039488509101959 | author = Walleus H, Widerlöv E and Ekman R | title = Decreased concentrations of delta-sleep inducing peptide in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from depressed patients | journal = Nordic Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 39 | pages = 63–67 | year = 1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3109/08039488809103215 | author = Bjartell A, Ekman R, Sundler F and Widerlöv E | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): An overview of central actions and possible relationship to psychiatric illnesses | journal = Nordic Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 42 | pages = 111–117 | year = 1988}}</ref>
*Studies have demonstrated a direct link between GILZ expression (homologous to DSIP) and [[adipogenesis]] which has links to obesity and [[metabolic syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Shi X, Shi W, Li Q, Song B, Wan M, Bai S | title = A glucocorticoid-induced leucine-zipper protein, GILZ, inhibits adipogenesis of mesenchymal cells | journal = EMBO Rep | volume = 4 | pages = 374–380 | year = 2003}}</ref>
*Studies have demonstrated a direct link between GILZ expression (homologous to DSIP) and [[adipogenesis]] which has links to obesity and [[metabolic syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.embor805 | author = Shi X, Shi W, Li Q, Song B, Wan M, Bai S | title = A glucocorticoid-induced leucine-zipper protein, GILZ, inhibits adipogenesis of mesenchymal cells | journal = EMBO Rep | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 374–380 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12671681 | pmc = 1319161}}</ref>


*In studies on rats with metaphit-induced [[epilepsy]] DSIP acted as an anticonvulsant, significantly decreasing the incidence and duration of fits suggesting DSIP as a potential treatment for epilepsy.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Stanojilovic OP, Zivanovic DP and Su Sic VT | title = The effects of Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide on incidence and severity in metaphit-induced epilepsy in rats | journal = Pharmacological Research | volume = 45 | pages = 241–247 | year = 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Stanojlovic OP, Zivanovic DP, Mirkovic S, Mikhaleva II | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide and its tetrapeptide analogue alleviate severity of metaphit seizures | journal = Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior | volume = 77 | pages = 227–234 | year = 2004}}</ref>
*In studies on rats with metaphit-induced [[epilepsy]] DSIP acted as an anticonvulsant, significantly decreasing the incidence and duration of fits suggesting DSIP as a potential treatment for epilepsy.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1006/phrs.2001.0938 | author = Stanojilovic OP, Zivanovic DP and Su Sic VT | title = The effects of Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide on incidence and severity in metaphit-induced epilepsy in rats | journal = Pharmacological Research | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 241–247 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11884222}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.pbb.2003.10.014 | author = Stanojlovic OP, Zivanovic DP, Mirkovic S, Mikhaleva II | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide and its tetrapeptide analogue alleviate severity of metaphit seizures | journal = Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior | volume = 77 | pages = 227–234 | year = 2004}}</ref>


*DSIP has been found to have an [[analgesic]] effect. In studies on mice it was found to have a potent [[antinociceptive]] effect when administered intracerebroventricularly or intracisternally (see: [[Route of administration]]).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nakamura A, Nakashima M, Sugao T, Kanemoto H, Fukumura Y, Shiomi H | title = Potent antinociceptive effect of centrally administered delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | volume = 155 | pages = 247–53 | year = 1988}}</ref>
*DSIP has been found to have an [[analgesic]] effect. In studies on mice it was found to have a potent [[antinociceptive]] effect when administered intracerebroventricularly or intracisternally (see: [[Route of administration]]).<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90510-9 | author = Nakamura A, Nakashima M, Sugao T, Kanemoto H, Fukumura Y, Shiomi H | title = Potent antinociceptive effect of centrally administered delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | volume = 155 | issue = 3 | pages = 247–53 | year = 1988 | pmid = 2853064}}</ref>


*Due to its possible effects on sleep and nociception, trials have been carried out to determine whether DSIP can be used as an [[anaesthetic]]. One such study found that administration of DSIP to humans as an adjunct to [[isoflurane]] anaesthesia actually increased the heart rate and reduced the depth of anaesthesia instead of deepening it as expected.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pomfrett CJD, Dolling S, Anders NRK, Glover DG, Bryan A, Pollard BJ | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide alters bispectral index, the electroencephalogram and heart rate variability when used as an adjunct to isoflurane anaesthesia | journal = Eur J Anaesthesiol | volume = 26 | pages = 128–34 | year = 2009}}</ref>
*Due to its possible effects on sleep and nociception, trials have been carried out to determine whether DSIP can be used as an [[anaesthetic]]. One such study found that administration of DSIP to humans as an adjunct to [[isoflurane]] anaesthesia actually increased the heart rate and reduced the depth of anaesthesia instead of deepening it as expected.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32831c8644 | author = Pomfrett CJD, Dolling S, Anders NRK, Glover DG, Bryan A, Pollard BJ | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide alters bispectral index, the electroencephalogram and heart rate variability when used as an adjunct to isoflurane anaesthesia | journal = Eur J Anaesthesiol | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 128–34 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19142086}}</ref>


*Low plasma concentrations of DSIP have been found in patients with [[Cushing's syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Friedman TC, García-Borreguero D, Hardwick D, Akuete CN, Doppman JL, Dorn LD, Barker CN, Yanovski JA, Chrousos GP | title = Decreased Delta-Sleep and Plasma Delta-Sleep-Inducing Peptide in Patients with Cushing Syndrome | journal = Clinical Neuroendocrinology | volume = 60 | pages = 626–634 | year = 1994}}</ref>
*Low plasma concentrations of DSIP have been found in patients with [[Cushing's syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1159/000126806 | author = Friedman TC, García-Borreguero D, Hardwick D, Akuete CN, Doppman JL, Dorn LD, Barker CN, Yanovski JA, Chrousos GP | title = Decreased Delta-Sleep and Plasma Delta-Sleep-Inducing Peptide in Patients with Cushing Syndrome | journal = Clinical Neuroendocrinology | volume = 60 | pages = 626–634 | year = 1994}}</ref>


*In [[Alzheimer’s]] patients levels of DSIP have been found to be slightly elevated, though this is unlikely to be causal.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Torreilles F and Touchon J | title = Pathogenic theories and intrathecal analysis of the sporadic form of Alzheimer’s disease | journal = Progress in Neurobiology | volume = 66 | pages = 191–203 | year = 2002}}</ref>
*In [[Alzheimer’s]] patients levels of DSIP have been found to be slightly elevated, though this is unlikely to be causal.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0301-0082(01)00030-2 | author = Torreilles F and Touchon J | title = Pathogenic theories and intrathecal analysis of the sporadic form of Alzheimer’s disease | journal = Progress in Neurobiology | volume = 66 | issue = 3 | pages = 191–203 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11943451}}</ref>


*A preparation of DSIP, Deltaran, has been used to correct [[central nervous system]] function in children after antiblastomic therapy. Ten children aged 3–16 years were given a ten-day course of Deltaran and their [[bioelectric]] activity recorded. It was found that the [[chemotherapy]]-induced impairment in the bioelectrical activity of 9 out of the 10 children was reduced by administration of DSIP.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sinyukhin AB, Timoshinov GP, Komilov VA, Shabanov PD | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide analogue corrects the eNS functional state of children treated with antiblastomic therapy | journal = European Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 19 | pages = S681 | year = 2009}}</ref>
*A preparation of DSIP, Deltaran, has been used to correct [[central nervous system]] function in children after antiblastomic therapy. Ten children aged 3–16 years were given a ten-day course of Deltaran and their [[bioelectric]] activity recorded. It was found that the [[chemotherapy]]-induced impairment in the bioelectrical activity of 9 out of the 10 children was reduced by administration of DSIP.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0924-977X(09)71101-0 | author = Sinyukhin AB, Timoshinov GP, Komilov VA, Shabanov PD | title = Delta sleep-inducing peptide analogue corrects the eNS functional state of children treated with antiblastomic therapy | journal = European Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 19 | pages = S681 | year = 2009}}</ref>


*DSIP can act antagonistically on [[opiate receptor]]s to significantly inhibit the development of [[opioid]] and alcohol dependence and is currently being used in clinical trials to treat [[withdrawal syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Soyka M and Rothenhaeusler H | title = Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide Opioid Detoxification | journal = Am. J. Psychiat. | volume = 154 | pages = 714–715 | year = 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Yukhananov RY, Tennila TML, Miroshnichenko II, Kudrina VS, Ushakov AN and Melnik EI | title = Ethanol and Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide effects on brain monoamines | journal = Pharmacol. Bio-chem. Behav. | volume = 43 | pages = 683–687 | year = 1992}}</ref> In one such trial it was reported that in 97% of opiate-dependent and 87% of alcohol-dependent patients the symptoms were alleviated by DSIP administration.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Backmund M, Meyer K, Rothenhaeusler HB and Soyka M | title = Opioid detoxification with delta sleep-inducing peptide: results of an open clinical trial. | journal = J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. | volume = 18 | pages = 257–258 | year = 1998}}</ref>
*DSIP can act antagonistically on [[opiate receptor]]s to significantly inhibit the development of [[opioid]] and alcohol dependence and is currently being used in clinical trials to treat [[withdrawal syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Soyka M and Rothenhaeusler H | title = Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide Opioid Detoxification | journal = Am. J. Psychiat. | volume = 154 | issue = 5 | pages = 714–715 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9137140}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90396-W | author = Yukhananov RY, Tennila TML, Miroshnichenko II, Kudrina VS, Ushakov AN and Melnik EI | title = Ethanol and Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide effects on brain monoamines | journal = Pharmacol. Bio-chem. Behav. | volume = 43 | pages = 683–687 | year = 1992}}</ref> In one such trial it was reported that in 97% of opiate-dependent and 87% of alcohol-dependent patients the symptoms were alleviated by DSIP administration.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1097/00004714-199806000-00016 | author = Backmund M, Meyer K, Rothenhaeusler HB and Soyka M | title = Opioid detoxification with delta sleep-inducing peptide: results of an open clinical trial. | journal = J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 257–258 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9617990}}</ref>


*Studies have shown that administration of DSIP can alleviate [[narcolepsy]] and normalize disturbed sleeping patterns.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schneider-Helmert D | title = DSIP in Sleep Disturbances | journal = Eur Neurol | volume = 25 | pages = 154–157 | year = 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Schneider-Helmert D and Schoenenberger GA | title = The influence of synthetic DSIP (delta-sleep-inducing-peptide) on disturbed human sleep | journal = Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | volume = 37 | pages = 913–917 | year = 1981}}</ref>
*Studies have shown that administration of DSIP can alleviate [[narcolepsy]] and normalize disturbed sleeping patterns.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1159/000116097 | author = Schneider-Helmert D | title = DSIP in Sleep Disturbances | journal = Eur Neurol | volume = 25 | pages = 154–157 | year = 1986 | pmid = 3758119}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF01971753 | author = Schneider-Helmert D and Schoenenberger GA | title = The influence of synthetic DSIP (delta-sleep-inducing-peptide) on disturbed human sleep | journal = Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | volume = 37 | pages = 913–917 | year = 1981}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 08:47, 29 July 2010

Delta sleep-inducing peptide
Identifiers
SymbolDSIP
UniProtP01158
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

Delta sleep-inducing peptide, abbreviated DSIP, is a neuropeptide that when infused into the mesodiencephalic ventricle of recipient rabbits induces spindle and delta EEG activity and reduced motor activities.[1]

It's aminoacid sequence: Тrр-Аlа-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu.

Discovery

Delta sleep-inducing peptide was first discovered in 1974 by the Swiss Schoenenberger-Monnier group who isolated it from the cerebral venous blood of rabbits in an induced state of sleep. It was primarily believed to be involved in sleep regulation due to its apparent ability to induce slow-wave sleep in rabbits, but studies on the subject have been contradictory.[2]

Structure and Interactions

DSIP is an amphiphilic peptide of molecular weight 850 daltons with the amino acid motif:
N-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-C[3]

It has been found in both free and bound forms in the hypothalamus, limbic system and pituitary as well as various peripheral organs, tissues and body fluids.[4] In the pituitary it co-localises with many peptide and non-peptide mediators such as corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). It is abundant in the gut secretory cells and in the pancreas where it co-localises with glucagon.[5]

In the brain its action may be mediated by NMDA receptors.[6]

It is unknown where DSIP is synthesized.

In vitro it has been found to have a low molecular stability with a half life of only 15 minutes due to the action of a specific aminopeptidase-like enzyme.[7] It has been suggested that in the body it complexes with carrier proteins to prevent degradation, or exists as a component of a large precursor molecule,[8] but as yet no structure or gene has been found for this precursor.

Evidence supports the current belief that it is regulated by glucocorticoids.[9]

Gimble et al. suggest that DSIP interacts with components of the MAPK cascade and is homologous to glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ).[10] GILZ can be induced by Dexamethasone. It prevents Raf-1 activation, which inhibits phosphorylation and activation of ERK. See [1] for image showing the pathway analysis of DSIP [11]

Function

Many roles for DSIP have been suggested following research carried out using peptide analogues with a greater molecular stability [12] and through measuring DSIP-like immunological (DSIP-LI) response by injecting DSIP antiserum and antibodies.[13]

Roles in endocrine regulation

Roles in physiological processes

Roles in Disease and Medicine

  • It has been found to have anticarcinogenic properties. In a study on mice, injecting a preparation of DSIP over the mice’s lifetime decreased total spontaneous tumor incidence 2.6-fold.[33]
  • The same study found it to also have geroprotective effects: it slowed down the age-related switching-off of oestrous function; it decreased by 22.6% the frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells and it increased by 24.1% maximum life span in comparison with the control group.
  • Levels of DSIP may be significant in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). In several studies, levels of DSIP in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid are significantly deviated from the norm in patients with MDD, though there are contradictions as to whether levels are higher or lower than healthy control patients.[34][35][36]
  • In studies on rats with metaphit-induced epilepsy DSIP acted as an anticonvulsant, significantly decreasing the incidence and duration of fits suggesting DSIP as a potential treatment for epilepsy.[38][39]
  • Due to its possible effects on sleep and nociception, trials have been carried out to determine whether DSIP can be used as an anaesthetic. One such study found that administration of DSIP to humans as an adjunct to isoflurane anaesthesia actually increased the heart rate and reduced the depth of anaesthesia instead of deepening it as expected.[41]
  • In Alzheimer’s patients levels of DSIP have been found to be slightly elevated, though this is unlikely to be causal.[43]
  • A preparation of DSIP, Deltaran, has been used to correct central nervous system function in children after antiblastomic therapy. Ten children aged 3–16 years were given a ten-day course of Deltaran and their bioelectric activity recorded. It was found that the chemotherapy-induced impairment in the bioelectrical activity of 9 out of the 10 children was reduced by administration of DSIP.[44]
  • DSIP can act antagonistically on opiate receptors to significantly inhibit the development of opioid and alcohol dependence and is currently being used in clinical trials to treat withdrawal syndrome.[45][46] In one such trial it was reported that in 97% of opiate-dependent and 87% of alcohol-dependent patients the symptoms were alleviated by DSIP administration.[47]
  • Studies have shown that administration of DSIP can alleviate narcolepsy and normalize disturbed sleeping patterns.[48][49]

References

  1. ^ Monnier M, Dudler L, Gächter R, Maier PF, Tobler HJ, Schoenenberger GA (1977). "The delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP). Comparative properties of the original and synthetic nonapeptide". Experientia. 33 (4): 548–52. doi:10.1007/BF01922266. PMID 862769. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Schoenenberger GA, Maier PF, Tobler HJ and Monnier M (1977). "A naturally occurring delta-EEG enhancing nonapeptide in rabbits". European Journal of Physiology. 369 (2): 99–109. doi:10.1007/BF00591565. PMID 560681.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Kovalzon VM and Strekalova TV (2006). "Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle". Journal of Neurochemistry. 97 (2): 303–309. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x. PMID 16539679.
  4. ^ Charnay Y, Bouras C, Vallet PG, Golaz J, Guntern R, Constantinidis J (1989). "Immunohistochemical distribution of delta sleep inducing peptide in the rabbit brain and hypophysis". Neuroendocrinology. 49 (2): 169–175. doi:10.1159/000125110. PMID 2657475.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Kovalzon VM and Strekalova TV (2006). "Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle". Journal of Neurochemistry. 97 (2): 303–309. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x. PMID 16539679.
  6. ^ Sudakova KV, Umriukhina PE, Rayevskyb KS (2004). "Delta-sleep inducing peptide and neuronal activity after glutamate microiontophoresis: the role of NMDA-receptors". Pathophysiology. 11 (2): 81–86. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2004.03.003. PMID 15364118.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Schoenenberger GA (1984). "Characterization, properties and multivariate functions of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP)". European Neurology. 23 (5): 321–345. doi:10.1159/000115711. PMID 6548966.
  8. ^ Endogenous sleep substances and sleep regulation. Tokyo and BV, Utrecht, Netherlands: Japan scientific societies press, VNU science press. 1985. ISBN 9067640581.
  9. ^ Westrin A, Ekman R, and Traskman-Bendz L (1998). "High Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide-Like Immunoreactivity in Plasma in Suicidal Patients with Major Depressive Disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 43 (10): 734–739. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00254-0. PMID 9606527.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Gimble JM, Ptitsyn AA, Goh BC, Hebert T, Yu G, Wu X, Zvonic S, Shi X-M and Floyd ZE (2009). "Delta sleep-inducing peptide and glucocorticoidinduced leucine zipper: potential links between circadian mechanisms and obesity?". Obesity reviews. 10: 46–51. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00661.x. PMID 19849801.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ © The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. (2007) http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/48/4/1724/F4 retrieved: 17/11/09
  12. ^ synthesized by V. N. Kalikhevich and S. I. Churkina, University Chemical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, and I. I. Mikhaleva and I. A. Prudchenko, Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
  13. ^ Charnay Y, Golaz J, Vallet PG, Bouras C (1992). "Production and immunohistochemical application of monoclonal antibodies against delta sleep-inducing peptide". J Chem Neuroanat. 5 (6): 503–9. doi:10.1016/0891-0618(92)90005-B. PMID 1476667.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Schoenenberger GA (1984). "Characterization, properties and multivariate functions of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP)". European Neurology. 23 (5): 321–345. doi:10.1159/000115711. PMID 6548966.
  15. ^ Iyer KS and McCann SM (1987). "Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) stimulates the release of LH but not FSH via a hypothalamic site of action in the rat". Brain Research Bulletin. 15: 535–538.
  16. ^ Kovalzon VM (1994). "DSIP: a sleep peptide or unknown hypothalamic hormone?". J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 30: 195–199.
  17. ^ Stress: Neuroendocrine and Molecular Approaches. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. 1992. pp. p59–72. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  18. ^ Sudakova KV, Coghlan JP, Kotov AV, Salieva RM, Polyntsev YV, Koplik EV (1995). "Delta-sleep inducing peptide sequels in mechanisms of resistance to emotional stress". Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 771: 240–251. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44685.x. PMID 8597403.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Khvatova EM, Samartzev VN, Zagoskin PP, Prudchenko IA, Mikhaleva II (2003). "Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP): effect on respiration activity in rat brain mitochondria and stress protective potency under experimental hypoxia". Peptides. 24 (2): 307–311. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00040-8. PMID 12668217.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Pollard BJ and Pomfrett CJD (2001). "Delta sleep-inducing peptide". Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 18 (7): 419–422. PMID 11437870.
  21. ^ Yehuda S, Kastin AJ and Coy DH (1980). "Thermoragulatory and locomotor effects of DSIP: paradoxical interaction with d-amphetamine". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 13 (6): 895–900. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(80)90225-7. PMID 6894196.
  22. ^ Yehuda S and Mostofsky DI (1984). "Modification of the hypothermic circadian cycles induced by DSIP and melatonin in pinealectomized and hypophysectomised rats". Peptides. 5 (3): 495–497. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(84)90076-7. PMID 6548024.
  23. ^ Schoenenberger GA (1984). "Characterization, properties and multivariate functions of Delta-Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP)". European Neurology. 23 (5): 321–345. doi:10.1159/000115711. PMID 6548966.
  24. ^ Yehuda S and Carasso R (1988). "DSIP – a tool for investigating the sleep onset mechanism: a review". International J. Neurosci. 38: 345–353. doi:10.3109/00207458808990695.
  25. ^ Khvatova EM, Samartzev VN, Zagoskin PP, Prudchenko IA, Mikhaleva II (2003). "Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP): effect on respiration activity in rat brain mitochondria and stress protective potency under experimental hypoxia". Peptides. 24 (2): 307–311. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00040-8. PMID 12668217.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Iyer KS, Marks GA, Kastin AJ, and McCann SM (1988). "Evidence for a role of delta sleep-inducing peptide in slow-wave sleep and sleep-related growth hormone release in the rat". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 85 (10): 3653–3656. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.10.3653. PMC 280272. PMID 3368469.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Susić V, Masirević G, Totić S (1987). "The effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) on wakefulness and sleep patterns in the cat". Brain Research. 414 (2): 262–70. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)90006-0. PMID 3620931.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Seifritz E, Muller M, Schonenberger G, Trachsel L, Hemmeter U, Hatzinger M, Ernst A, Moore P and Holsboer-Trachsler E (1995). "Human plasma DSIP decreases at the initiation of sleep at different circadian times". Peptides. 16 (8): 1475–1481. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(95)02027-6. PMID 8745061.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Steiger A and Holsboer F (1997). "Neuropeptides and human sleep". Sleep. 20 (11): 1038–1052. PMID 9456470.
  30. ^ Nakagaki K, Ebihara S, Usui S, Honda Y, Takahashi Y, Kato N (1986). "Effects of intraventricular injection of anti-DSIP serum on sleep in rats". Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo (Japanese journal of psychopharmacology). 6: 259–65.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Kovalzon VM (2001). "Sleep-Inducing Properties of DSIP Analogs: Structural and Functional Relationships". Biology Bulletin. 28: 394–400. doi:10.1023/A:1016679208936.
  32. ^ Gupta V, Awasthi N and Wagner BJ (2007). "Specific Activation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Modulation of Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Lens Epithelial Cells". Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 48 (4): 1724–1734. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0889. PMC 2814520. PMID 17389505.
  33. ^ Popovich IG, Voitenkov BO, Anisimov VN, Ivanov VT, Mikhaleva II, Zabezhinski MA, Alimova IN, Baturin DA, Zavarzina NY, Rosenfeld SV, Semenchenko AV, Yashin AI (2003). "Effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide-containing preparation Deltaran on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female SHR mice". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 124 (6): 721–731. doi:10.1016/S0047-6374(03)00082-4. PMID 12782416.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Westrin A, Ekman R, and Traskman-Bendz L (1998). "High Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide-Like Immunoreactivity in Plasma in Suicidal Patients with Major Depressive Disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 43 (10): 734–739. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00254-0. PMID 9606527.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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External links

Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
Identifiers
Symbol?
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