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'''Anthelmintics''' or '''antihelminthics''' are a group of [[antiparasitic|antiparasitic drugs]] that expel [[parasite|parasitic]] [[worm]]s ([[helminths]]) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host. They may also be called '''vermifuges''' (those that stun) or '''vermicides''' (those that kill). They are used to treat people or animals who are infected by helminths, a condition called [[helminthiasis]]. |
'''Anthelmintics''' or '''antihelminthics''' are a group of [[antiparasitic|antiparasitic drugs]] that expel [[parasite|parasitic]] [[worm]]s ([[helminths]]) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host. They may also be called '''vermifuges''' (those that stun) or '''vermicides''' (those that kill). They are used to treat people or animals who are infected by helminths, a condition called [[helminthiasis]]. |
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Pills containing anthelmintics are used in [[mass deworming]] campaigns of school-aged children in many developing countries.<ref>{{cite book |author= WHO |year=2006|title= Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers| url= http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103_eng.pdf |edition= |publisher= WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland |pages=1–61 |isbn= 9241547103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albonico|first1=Marco|last2=Allen|first2=Henrietta|last3=Chitsulo|first3=Lester|last4=Engels|first4=Dirk|last5=Gabrielli|first5=Albis-Francesco|last6=Savioli|first6=Lorenzo|last7=Brooker|first7=Simon|title=Controlling Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Pre-School-Age Children through Preventive Chemotherapy|journal=PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2008|volume=2|issue=3|pages=e126|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000126|pmid=18365031|pmc=2274864}}</ref> For example, the treatment of choice for soil-transmitted helminths is [[mebendazole]] and [[albendazole]]<ref name=Taylor2015 |
Pills containing anthelmintics are used in [[mass deworming]] campaigns of school-aged children in many developing countries.<ref>{{cite book |author= WHO |year=2006|title= Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers| url= http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103_eng.pdf |edition= |publisher= WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland |pages=1–61 |isbn= 9241547103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albonico|first1=Marco|last2=Allen|first2=Henrietta|last3=Chitsulo|first3=Lester|last4=Engels|first4=Dirk|last5=Gabrielli|first5=Albis-Francesco|last6=Savioli|first6=Lorenzo|last7=Brooker|first7=Simon|title=Controlling Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Pre-School-Age Children through Preventive Chemotherapy|journal=PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2008|volume=2|issue=3|pages=e126|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000126|pmid=18365031|pmc=2274864}}</ref> For example, the treatment of choice for soil-transmitted helminths is [[mebendazole]] and [[albendazole]]<ref name="Taylor2015">{{cite journal|last1=Taylor-Robinson|first1=DC|last2=Maayan|first2=N|last3=Soares-Weiser|first3=K|last4=Donegan|first4=S|last5=Garner|first5=P|title=Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators, haemoglobin, and school performance.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=23 July 2015|volume=7|pages=CD000371|pmid=26202783}}</ref> and [[praziquantel]] for schistosomiasis.<ref name=WHO1>{{cite web|title=Helminth control in school-age children|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548267_eng.pdf?ua=1|website=World Health Organisation|accessdate=28 July 2015|date=2011}}</ref> |
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==Types== |
==Types== |
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Revision as of 11:00, 2 December 2015
Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host. They may also be called vermifuges (those that stun) or vermicides (those that kill). They are used to treat people or animals who are infected by helminths, a condition called helminthiasis.
Pills containing anthelmintics are used in mass deworming campaigns of school-aged children in many developing countries.[1][2] For example, the treatment of choice for soil-transmitted helminths is mebendazole and albendazole[3] and praziquantel for schistosomiasis.[4]
Types
Antiparasitics that specifically target Ascaris worms are called ascaricides.
- Benzimidazoles:
- Albendazole – effective against threadworms, roundworms, whipworms, tapeworms, hookworms
- Mebendazole – effective against pinworms, roundworms and hookworms
- Thiabendazole – effective against roundworms, hookworms
- Fenbendazole – effective against gastrointestinal parasites
- Triclabendazole – effective against liver flukes
- Flubendazole – effective against most intestinal parasites
- Abamectin – effective against most common intestinal worms, except tapeworms, for which praziquantel is commonly used in conjunction with abamectin
- Diethylcarbamazine – effective against Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, loiasis
- Ivermectin – effective against most common internal parasites (except tapeworms)
- Suramin – It is used for treatment of human sleeping sickness caused by trypanosomes
- Pyrantel pamoate – effective against most nematode infections
- Levamisole
- Salicylanilides:
- Niclosamide – effective against tapeworms
- Oxyclozanide – effective against liver flukes
- Praziquantel – effective against cestodes (i.e., tapeworms), some trematodes
- Octadepsipeptides (e.g.: Emodepside) – effective against a variety of gastrointestinal helminths
- Aminoacetonitrile derivatives (e.g., Monepantel): effective against a variety of gastrointestinal roundworms including those resistant to other anthelmintic classes.
- Spiroindoles (e.g., derquantel): effective against a range of gastrointestinal roundworms including those resistant to other anthelmintic classes
- Pelletierine sulphate effective against diverse tapeworms, ring worms and nematodes.[5]
Anthelmintic resistance
The ability of parasites to survive treatments that are generally effective at the recommended dose rate is a major threat to the future control of worm parasites in small ruminants and horses. This is especially true of nematodes, and has helped spur development of aminoacetonitrile derivatives for treatment against drug resistant nematodes.
The resistance is measured by the "Fecal egg count reduction" value which varies for different types of helminths.[6]
Treatment with an antihelminthic drug kills worms whose phenotype renders them susceptible to the drug. But resistant parasites survive and pass on their "resistance" genes. Resistant varieties accumulate and finally treatment failure occurs. See drug resistance.
See also
References
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (September 2009) |
- ^ WHO (2006). Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers (PDF). WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1–61. ISBN 9241547103.
- ^ Albonico, Marco; Allen, Henrietta; Chitsulo, Lester; Engels, Dirk; Gabrielli, Albis-Francesco; Savioli, Lorenzo; Brooker, Simon (2008). "Controlling Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Pre-School-Age Children through Preventive Chemotherapy". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2 (3): e126. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000126. PMC 2274864. PMID 18365031.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Taylor-Robinson, DC; Maayan, N; Soares-Weiser, K; Donegan, S; Garner, P (23 July 2015). "Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators, haemoglobin, and school performance". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 7: CD000371. PMID 26202783.
- ^ "Helminth control in school-age children" (PDF). World Health Organisation. 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=47308
- ^ Levecke, Bruno; Montresor, Antonio; Albonico, Marco; Ame, Shaali M.; Behnke, Jerzy M.; Bethony, Jeffrey M.; Noumedem, Calvine D.; Engels, Dirk; Guillard, Bertrand; Kotze, Andrew C.; Krolewiecki, Alejandro J.; McCarthy, James S.; Mekonnen, Zeleke; Periago, Maria V.; Sopheak, Hem; Tchuem-Tchuenté, Louis-Albert; Duong, Tran Thanh; Huong, Nguyen Thu; Zeynudin, Ahmed; Vercruysse, Jozef; Olliaro, Piero L. (9 October 2014). "Assessment of Anthelmintic Efficacy of Mebendazole in School Children in Six Countries Where Soil-Transmitted Helminths Are Endemic". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (10): e3204. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003204.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
External links
- Anthelmintics at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Plant products in the treatment and control of filariasisand other helminth infections and assay systems for antifilarial/anthelminthic activity.
- Holden-Dye, L. and Walker, R.J.Anthelmintic drugs (November 2, 2007), WormBook, ed. The C. elegans Research Community, WormBook, doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.143.1
Major chemical drug groups – based upon the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System | |
|---|---|
| gastrointestinal tract / metabolism (A) | |
| blood and blood forming organs (B) | |
| cardiovascular system (C) | |
| skin (D) | |
| genitourinary system (G) | |
| endocrine system (H) | |
| infections and infestations (J, P, QI) | |
| malignant disease (L01–L02) | |
| immune disease (L03–L04) | |
| muscles, bones, and joints (M) | |
| brain and nervous system (N) |
|
| respiratory system (R) | |
| sensory organs (S) | |
| other ATC (V) | |
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