Mandarin orange: Difference between revisions
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=== Pure mandarins === |
=== Pure mandarins === |
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* [[Nanfengmiju]] (''Citrus reticulata'' Blanco)<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230011002534|title=Subacute toxicity assessment of carotenoids extracted from citrus peel (Nanfengmiju, Citrus reticulata Blanco) in rats|doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.12.003|volume=62|pages=16–22|journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology}}</ref> A rare non-hybrid citrus.<ref name=" |
* [[Nanfengmiju]] (''Citrus reticulata'' Blanco)<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230011002534|title=Subacute toxicity assessment of carotenoids extracted from citrus peel (Nanfengmiju, Citrus reticulata Blanco) in rats|doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.12.003|volume=62|pages=16–22|journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology}}</ref> A rare non-hybrid citrus.<ref name="Curk" /> One of the most widely cultivated varieties in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/13/food/la-fow-marketwatch8-2010jan13|title=The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin|work=latimes}}</ref> |
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* [[ |
* [[Sun Chu Sha mandarin|Sun Chu Sha]]<ref name="Curk"/><ref name="Talon" /> |
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* [[Citrus tachibana|Tachibana]]<ref name="Talon" /> |
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* [[Shekwasha]], a very sour mandarin grown for its acidic juice. |
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* [[ |
* [[Cleopatra mandarin]],<ref name="Curk"/> (contains small amount of pomelo [[introgression]])<ref name="Talon" /> |
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* [[ |
* [[Sunki mandarin|Sunki]],<ref name="Curk"/> (contains small amount of pomelo [[introgression]])<ref name="Talon" /> |
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* '''?''' The [[Dancy tangerine|Dancy]] may be a pure mandarin.<ref name="collection">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00122-006-0255-9 | volume=112 | title=Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) | journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics | pages=1519–1531 | pmid=16699791 | last1 = Barkley | first1 = NA | last2 = Roose | first2 = ML | last3 = Krueger | first3 = RR | last4 = Federici | first4 = CT}}</ref> Until the 1970s, most tangerines grown and eaten in the USA were Dancys, and it was known as "Christmas tangerine"<ref name=arkoftaste>Dancy Tangerine |
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⚫ | |||
* '''?''' [[Obenimikan]] may be a synonym for Dancy<ref>http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/dancy.html</ref> |
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* Grape is popular in Vancouver, B.C |
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=== Unknown === |
=== Unknown === |
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⚫ | |||
* '''"Mandarin"'''; some fruit sold as mandarins in some jurisdictions is in fact hybrid or genetically modified. |
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⚫ | * [[Citrus unshiu|Satsuma]] (''Citrus unshiu''), |
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⚫ | |||
** [[Kishumikan]] |
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⚫ | * [[Tangerine]]s (''Citrus tangerina'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2724391|title=Synonymy of C. tangerina at The Plant List}}</ref> |
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=== Hybrids with mandarin ancestry === |
=== Hybrids with mandarin ancestry === |
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[[File:Harvest Kinnow.jpg|thumb|[[Kinnow]], a 'King' ([[Citrus nobilis]]) × 'Willow Leaf' ([[Citrus × deliciosa]]) cross, developed by Dr H.B. Frost]] |
[[File:Harvest Kinnow.jpg|thumb|[[Kinnow]], a 'King' ([[Citrus nobilis]]) × 'Willow Leaf' ([[Citrus × deliciosa]]) cross, developed by Dr H.B. Frost]] |
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* [[Lemon]], a [[sour orange]] (mandarin-pomelo cross)-[[citron]] hybrid.<ref name="limes and lemons" /> |
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* [[Lemandarins]] |
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* [[Meyer lemon]], a [[sweet orange]] (mandarin-pomelo cross)-[[citron]] hybrid.<ref name="limes and lemons" /> |
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* [[Rangpur (fruit)|Rangpur]], a mandarin–citron hybrid.<ref name="limes and lemons" /> |
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* |
* Mandarin–pomelo hybrids, sometimes called mandelos, but some are marketed simply as 'mandarins' |
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⚫ | ** [[Tangerine]]s (''Citrus tangerina'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2724391|title=Synonymy of C. tangerina at The Plant List}}</ref> is a grouping used for several distinct mandarin hybrids. Some tangerine-grapefruit hybrids are legally sold as tangerines in the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch073|title=Robinson Tangerine|author=Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch|work=ufl.edu}}</ref><ref name="florida.eregulations.us">{{cite web|url=http://florida.eregulations.us/fac/20-13.0061/|title=20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code|author=Commernet, 2011|work=State of Florida|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref> |
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** The [[Mandelo]] cultivar, a specific indirect complex mandarin–pumelo hybrid |
** The [[Mandelo]] cultivar, a specific indirect complex mandarin–pumelo hybrid |
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** [[Huanglingmiao]], a |
** [[Huanglingmiao]], a mandarin–pomelo hybrid<ref name="Talon">{{cite journal|title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' | last1=Wu | first1=Guohong Albert | last2=Terol | first2=Javier | last3=Ibanez | first3=Victoria | last4=López-García | first4=Antonio | last5=Pérez-Román | first5=Estela | last6=Borredá | first6=Carles | last7=Domingo | first7=Concha | last8=Tadeo | first8=Francisco R | last9=Carbonell-Caballero | first9=Jose | last10=Alonso | first10=Roberto | last11=Curk | first11=Franck | last12=Du | first12=Dongliang | last13=Ollitrault | first13=Patrick | last14=Roose | first14=Mikeal L. Roose | last15=Dopazo | first15=Joaquin | last16=Gmitter Jr | first16=Frederick G. | last17=Rokhsar | first17=Daniel | last18=Talon | first18=Manuel | journal=Nature | year = 2018 | doi=10.1038/nature25447}} and Supplement</ref><ref name=genealogy>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nbt.2906 | volume=32 | title=Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication | journal=Nature Biotechnology | pages=656–662 |year=2014| pmid=24908277 | pmc=4113729}}</ref> |
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⚫ | *** [[Citrus unshiu|Satsuma]] (''Citrus unshiu''), a complex mandarin-pomelo hybrid, where one parent is a Huanglingmiao, and the other a Huanglingmiao/pomelo cross.<ref name="Talon" /> It is a seedless variety, of which there are over 200 [[cultivar]]s, including Wenzhou migana, {{sic|hide=y|reason=This IS capitalized; it's a placename.|Owari}}, and {{sic|hide=y|reason=This is ''not'' capitalized; it's just the Japanese word for "Mandarin orange" borrowed into English.|mikan}}; the source of most canned mandarins, and popular as a fresh fruit due to its ease of consumption |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
** [[Kishumikan]], clonal relative of Huanglingmiao, the two sharing a common origination before diverging as they were propagated<ref name="Talon" /> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
*** The [[Dancy tangerine]] is a hybrid, the cross of a Ponkan with another unidentified hybrid mandarin.<ref name="Talon" /> Until the 1970s, most tangerines grown and eaten in the USA were Dancys, and it was known as "Christmas tangerine"<ref name=arkoftaste>Dancy Tangerine |
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⚫ | |||
**Mediterranean/Willowleaf/Thorny (''[[Citrus × deliciosa]]''), a mandarin–pumelo hybrid<ref name=genealogy_review /> |
**Mediterranean/Willowleaf/Thorny (''[[Citrus × deliciosa]]''), a mandarin–pumelo hybrid<ref name=genealogy_review /> |
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*** [[Kinnow]] (see image), a 'King' ([[Citrus nobilis]]) × 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa) hybrid. |
*** [[Kinnow]] (see image), a 'King' ([[Citrus nobilis]]) × 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa) hybrid. |
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**** Tango is a proprietary seedless mid-late season irradiated selection of murcott developed by the University of California Citrus Breeding Program.<ref>http://plantbiology.ucr.edu/faculty/Tango%20Information%20Sheet-4-12-2009.pdf</ref> |
**** Tango is a proprietary seedless mid-late season irradiated selection of murcott developed by the University of California Citrus Breeding Program.<ref>http://plantbiology.ucr.edu/faculty/Tango%20Information%20Sheet-4-12-2009.pdf</ref> |
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*** [[Fairchild (fruit)|Fairchild]] is a [[Clementine]]-[[Grapefruit#Grapefruit relatives|Orlando]] hybrid |
*** [[Fairchild (fruit)|Fairchild]] is a [[Clementine]]-[[Grapefruit#Grapefruit relatives|Orlando]] hybrid |
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** [[Shekwasha]], a very sour mandarin grown for its acidic juice, a hybrid involving both pomelo and citron<ref name="limes and lemons">{{cite journal | title=Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers | last1=Curk | first1=Franck | last2=Ollitrault | first2= Frédérique | last3=Garcia-Lor | first3= Andres | last4=Luro | first4=François | last5=Navarro | first5=Luis | last6=Ollitrault | first6=Patrick | journal=Annals of Botany | volume=11 | pages=565-583 | year=2016 | doi=10.1093/aob/mcw005 }}</ref> |
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=== Non-mandarins === |
=== Non-mandarins === |
Revision as of 01:50, 16 March 2018
Mandarin orange | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Rutaceae |
Genus: | Citrus |
Species: | C. reticulata
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Binomial name | |
Citrus reticulata Blanco, 1837
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The mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata; Chinese: 橘子 or 桔子; pinyin: júzi; Yue Chinese: 桔, jyutping: gat1), also known as the mandarin or mandarine, is a small citrus tree with fruit resembling other oranges, usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. Specifically reddish-orange mandarin cultivars can be marketed as tangerines, but this is not a botanical classification.
Mandarins are smaller and oblate, rather than spherical like the common oranges (which are a mandarin hybrid). The taste is considered less sour, as well as sweeter and stronger.[1] A ripe mandarin is firm to slightly soft, heavy for its size, and pebbly-skinned. The peel is very thin, with very little bitter white mesocarp,[2] so they are usually easier to peel and to split into segments. Hybrids generally have these traits to a lesser degree.
The mandarin orange tree is more drought-tolerant than the fruit. The mandarin is tender and is damaged easily by cold. It can be grown in tropical and subtropical areas.
According to molecular studies,[3] the mandarin, the citron, the pomelo, and to a lesser extent the papedas and kumquat, were the ancestors of most other commercial citrus varieties, through breeding or natural hybridization; mandarins are therefore important as the only sweet fruit among the parental species.
Etymology
The name "mandarin orange" is a calque of Swedish mandarin apelsin (apelsin from German Apfelsine=Apfel+Sino means chinese apple), first attested in the 18th century. The form "mandarine" derives from the French name for this fruit. The reason for the epithet "mandarin" is not clear; it may relate to the yellow colour of some robes worn by mandarin dignitaries.[4][5]
Uses
Fresh mandarins
Mandarins are generally peeled and eaten fresh. The fresh fruit is also used in salads, desserts and main dishes. Fresh tangerine juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States. The number of seeds in each segment (carpel) varies greatly.
Peel
The peel is used fresh, whole or zested, or dried as chenpi. It can be used as a spice for cooking, baking, drinks, or candy.
Canning
Canned mandarin segments are peeled to remove the white pith prior to canning; otherwise, they turn bitter. Segments are peeled using a chemical process. First, the segments are scalded in hot water to loosen the skin; then they are bathed in a lye solution, which digests the albedo and membranes. Finally, the segments undergo several rinses in plain water. They are often used in salads, desserts, and baking.
Traditional medicine
In traditional Chinese medicine, the dried peel of the fruit is used in the regulation of ch'i, and also used to treat abdominal distension, to enhance digestion, and to reduce phlegm.[6] Mandarins have also been used in ayurveda (traditional medicine of India).[7][verification needed][unreliable medical source?]
Production volume and nutrition
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
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Energy | 223 kJ (53 kcal) |
13.34 g | |
Sugars | 10.58 g |
Dietary fiber | 1.8 g |
0.31 g | |
0.81 g | |
Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
Vitamin A equiv. | 4% 34 μg1% 155 μg |
Thiamine (B1) | 5% 0.058 mg |
Riboflavin (B2) | 3% 0.036 mg |
Niacin (B3) | 2% 0.376 mg |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 4% 0.216 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 5% 0.078 mg |
Folate (B9) | 4% 16 μg |
Choline | 2% 10.2 mg |
Vitamin C | 30% 26.7 mg |
Vitamin E | 1% 0.2 mg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 3% 37 mg |
Iron | 1% 0.15 mg |
Magnesium | 3% 12 mg |
Manganese | 2% 0.039 mg |
Phosphorus | 2% 20 mg |
Potassium | 6% 166 mg |
Sodium | 0% 2 mg |
Zinc | 1% 0.07 mg |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[8] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[9] |
Tangerines, mandarins, clementines, satsumas Top 20 producers in 2011 (1000 tonnes) | |
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People's Republic of China | 12,482 |
Spain | 2,117 |
Brazil | 1,005 |
Japan | 928 |
Turkey | 872 |
Italy | 853 |
Egypt | 848 |
Iran | 800 |
Morocco | 753 |
South Korea | 681 |
United States | 596 |
Pakistan | 515 |
Mexico | 406 |
Argentina | 401 |
Thailand | 360 |
Peru | 236 |
Algeria | 218 |
Taiwan | 197 |
Nepal | 179 |
Maldives | 152 |
All other | 1,582 |
World total | 26,030 |
Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO),[10] |
Cultural significance
During Chinese New Year, mandarin oranges/tangerine/satsumas are considered traditional symbols of abundance and good fortune.[citation needed] During the two-week celebration, they are frequently displayed as decoration and presented as gifts to friends, relatives, and business associates.
Mandarin oranges, particularly from Japan, are a Christmas tradition in Canada, the United States and Russia.
In the United States, they are commonly purchased in 5- or 10-pound boxes, individually wrapped in soft green paper, and given in Christmas stockings. This custom goes back to the 1880s, when Japanese immigrants in the United States began receiving Japanese mandarin oranges from their families back home as gifts for the New Year. The tradition quickly spread among the non-Japanese population, and eastwards across the country: each November harvest, "The oranges were quickly unloaded and then shipped east by rail. 'Orange Trains' – trains with boxcars painted orange – alerted everyone along the way that the irresistible oranges from Japan were back again for the holidays. For many, the arrival of Japanese mandarin oranges signaled the real beginning of the holiday season."[11]
This Japanese tradition merged with European traditions related to the Christmas stocking. Saint Nicholas is said to have put gold coins into the stockings of three poor girls so that they would be able to afford to get married.[12] Sometimes the story is told with gold balls instead of bags of gold, and oranges became a symbolic stand-in for these gold balls, and are put in Christmas stockings in Canada[12][13] along with chocolate coins wrapped in gold foil.
Satsumas were also grown in the United States from the early 1900s, but Japan remained a major supplier.[14] U.S. imports of these Japanese oranges was suspended due to hostilities with Japan during World War II.[11] While they were one of the first Japanese goods allowed for export after the end of the war, residual hostility led to the rebranding of these oranges as "mandarin" oranges.[11]
The delivery of the first batch of mandarin oranges from Japan in the port of Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada), is greeted with a festival that combines Santa Claus and Japanese dancers[13]—young girls dressed in traditional kimonos.[15]
In Russia, mandarin oranges (tangerines)[clarification needed] have traditionally been supplied from Morocco (though there exists a theory that it was only used to mask the supplies of Israeli tangerines during the period of particularly bad relations between Israel and Soviet Union[citation needed]) and are associated with that country, even though nowadays they are also supplied from other countries, e.g. Spain, Israel and Egypt.[citation needed] Another major supplier was a domestic region of Abkhazia in the Caucasus, and even after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union it continued to supply its characteristically yellow-greenish and particularly aromatic fruits to the central Russian regions. The eastern parts of the country, in turn, were generally supplied from China or Vietnam, and continue so nowadays, with the characteristic 10 and 20-pound plastic and cardboard boxes being the ubiquitous seasonal sight. Anyway, regardless of the supplier or variety, mandarin oranges were and are an iconic symbol of winter and the holiday season in Russia, in an interesting parallel with the same status it holds in Japan.
Historically, the Christmas fruit imported to North America was mostly Dancys, but now it is more often a hybrid.[16]
Genetics
Mandarins are one of the four core ancestral citrus taxa, and are thought to have evolved in Vietnam, south China, and Japan.[17]
Pure mandarins seem to divide into two groups; an edible group, including the Nanfengmiju, and an "acidic" group, which is too sour to be edible but which is widely used as rootstock and grown for juice; this includes Sunki, Shekwasha, and Cleopatra mandarins.[18]
Under the Tanaka classification system, mikans, satsumas, tangerines etc. are considered to be divided into different species, including Citrus unshiu and Citrus tangerina. Under the Swingle system, all these are considered to be groups of mandarin varieties.[18] Unshius and tangerines genetically resemble mandarins,[18] but the genetics are still not thoroughly studied.
Like all citrus fruit, mandarins hybridize readily with other citrus. Many fruit sold as mandarins are in fact hybrids with some pummelo (C. maxima) ancestry, and are thus on a continuum with clementines, sweet and sour oranges, and grapefruit.[17]
Hybrids between mandarins and other citrus fruits are sold under a variety of names; see below.
Varieties
Mandarins marketed as tangerines in the US are or were usually Dancy, Sunburst or Murcott (Honey) cultivars; Sunbursts and Murcotts are hybrids.
Pure mandarins
- Nanfengmiju (Citrus reticulata Blanco)[19] A rare non-hybrid citrus.[20] One of the most widely cultivated varieties in China.[21]
- Sun Chu Sha[20][22]
- Tachibana[22]
- Cleopatra mandarin,[20] (contains small amount of pomelo introgression)[22]
- Sunki,[20] (contains small amount of pomelo introgression)[22]
Unknown
- Bang Mot tangerine is a popular variety in Thailand
Hybrids with mandarin ancestry
- Lemon, a sour orange (mandarin-pomelo cross)-citron hybrid.[23]
- Meyer lemon, a sweet orange (mandarin-pomelo cross)-citron hybrid.[23]
- Rangpur, a mandarin–citron hybrid.[23]
- Mandarin–pomelo hybrids, sometimes called mandelos, but some are marketed simply as 'mandarins'
- Tangerines (Citrus tangerina)[24] is a grouping used for several distinct mandarin hybrids. Some tangerine-grapefruit hybrids are legally sold as tangerines in the USA.[25][26]
- The Mandelo cultivar, a specific indirect complex mandarin–pumelo hybrid
- Huanglingmiao, a mandarin–pomelo hybrid[22][27]
- Satsuma (Citrus unshiu), a complex mandarin-pomelo hybrid, where one parent is a Huanglingmiao, and the other a Huanglingmiao/pomelo cross.[22] It is a seedless variety, of which there are over 200 cultivars, including Wenzhou migana, Owari, and mikan; the source of most canned mandarins, and popular as a fresh fruit due to its ease of consumption
- Owari, a well-known Satsuma cultivar that ripens during the late autumn
- Satsuma (Citrus unshiu), a complex mandarin-pomelo hybrid, where one parent is a Huanglingmiao, and the other a Huanglingmiao/pomelo cross.[22] It is a seedless variety, of which there are over 200 cultivars, including Wenzhou migana, Owari, and mikan; the source of most canned mandarins, and popular as a fresh fruit due to its ease of consumption
- Kishumikan, clonal relative of Huanglingmiao, the two sharing a common origination before diverging as they were propagated[22]
- Komikan
- The Ponkan, a mandarin–pumelo hybrid[20][28]
- The Dancy tangerine is a hybrid, the cross of a Ponkan with another unidentified hybrid mandarin.[22] Until the 1970s, most tangerines grown and eaten in the USA were Dancys, and it was known as "Christmas tangerine"[16] and zipper-skin tangerine[29]
- Mediterranean/Willowleaf/Thorny (Citrus × deliciosa), a mandarin–pumelo hybrid[28]
- Kinnow (see image), a 'King' (Citrus nobilis) × 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa) hybrid.
- The common sweet orange is 75% mandarin and 25% pumelo
- Tangors, or temple oranges, are crosses between the mandarin orange and the common sweet orange;[27] their thick rind is easy to peel and its bright orange pulp is sour-sweet and full-flavored
- Clementine, (Citrus ×clementina), a hybrid between a mandarin orange and a sweet orange,[28] so named in 1902;[30] sometimes known as a "Thanksgiving Orange" or "Christmas orange", as its peak season is winter; an important commercial mandarin orange form, having displaced mikans in many markets
- Clemenules or Nules, a variety of Clementine named for the Valencian town where it was first bred in 1953; it is the most popular variety of Clementine grown in Spain.[31]
- Murcott, a mandarin–sweet orange hybrid.[28][32]
- Tango is a proprietary seedless mid-late season irradiated selection of murcott developed by the University of California Citrus Breeding Program.[33]
- Fairchild is a Clementine-Orlando hybrid
- Shekwasha, a very sour mandarin grown for its acidic juice, a hybrid involving both pomelo and citron[23]
Non-mandarins
- Mangshanyegans, long thought to be mandarins, are in fact a separate species.[27]
Biological characteristics
Citrus fruits are usually self-fertile (needing only a bee to move pollen within the same flower) or parthenocarpic (not needing pollination and therefore seedless, such as the satsuma).
Blossoms from the Dancy cultivar are one exception. They are self-sterile, and therefore must have a pollinator variety to supply pollen, and a high bee population to make a good crop.[citation needed]
See also
- Japanese citrus
- List of citrus fruits
- Mandarin orange (fruit)
- Tangerine
- Citrus unshiu
- Ju Song – "In Praise of the Orange-Tree"
References
- ^ Pittman & Davis (1999-02-22). "Pittman & Davis – Premium Citrus Fruit Gifts – Why Are Tangerines So Tangy?". Pittmandavis.com. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- ^ "Market Watch: The wild and elusive Dancy". David Karp, LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/food/la-fo-marketwatch-20110128-story.html
- ^ "International Citrus Genomics Consortium". University of California.
- ^ "Chinese loanwords in the OED". The Free Library. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
- ^ "mandarin | Origin and meaning of mandarin by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
- ^ Yeung. Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. 1985. Los Angeles: Institute of Chinese Medicine.
- ^ Chopra, R. N.; Nayar, S. L.; Chopra, I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. 1986. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
- ^ "Faostat". Faostat.fao.org. Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Information on This Week's Product: Mandarin Oranges" (PDF). BC Agriculture in the Classroom Foundation. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Personalized Christmas Stockings". centrinet.com.
- ^ a b Marion, Paul (December 19, 2010). "Oranges at Christmas". richardhowe.com: Lowell Politics and Lowell History. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
- ^ http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch116
- ^ "Christmas Stockings". Christmas Traditions in France and in Canada. Ministère de la culture et de la communication de France. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
- ^ a b Dancy Tangerine Citrus Tangerina v. Dancy, Ark of Taste Catalogue http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine
- ^ a b "BMC Genetics – Full text – Next generation haplotyping to decipher nuclear genomic interspecific admixture in Citrus species: analysis of chromosome 2". biomedcentral.com.
- ^ a b c "New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny". Tree Genetics. 7: 49–61. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x.
- ^ "Subacute toxicity assessment of carotenoids extracted from citrus peel (Nanfengmiju, Citrus reticulata Blanco) in rats". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 62: 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.12.003.
- ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference
Curk
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin". latimes.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; Borredá, Carles; Domingo, Concha; Tadeo, Francisco R; Carbonell-Caballero, Jose; Alonso, Roberto; Curk, Franck; Du, Dongliang; Ollitrault, Patrick; Roose, Mikeal L. Roose; Dopazo, Joaquin; Gmitter Jr, Frederick G.; Rokhsar, Daniel; Talon, Manuel (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature25447. and Supplement
- ^ a b c d Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Frédérique; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016). "Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers". Annals of Botany. 11: 565–583. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw005.
- ^ "Synonymy of C. tangerina at The Plant List".
- ^ Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch. "Robinson Tangerine". ufl.edu.
- ^ Commernet, 2011. "20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code". State of Florida. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c "Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication". Nature Biotechnology. 32: 656–662. 2014. doi:10.1038/nbt.2906. PMC 4113729. PMID 24908277.
- ^ a b c d Velasco, R; Licciardello, C. "A genealogy of the citrus family". Nature Biotechnology. 32: 640–642. doi:10.1038/nbt.2954. PMID 25004231.
- ^ Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch. "HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine". ufl.edu.
- ^ Edible: An Illustrated Guide to the World's Food Plants. National Geographic. 2008. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4262-0372-5.
- ^ Toni Siebert (30 July 2009). "Nules". Citrus Variety Database. University Of California. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ Stephen H. Futch and Larry K. Jackson. "HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine)". ufl.edu.
- ^ http://plantbiology.ucr.edu/faculty/Tango%20Information%20Sheet-4-12-2009.pdf
- Notes
- Citrus reticulata at Plants for a Future