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This article is about the top-level domain. For the filename extension, see Executable and Linkable Format.
.so
Introduced28 August 1997
TLD typeCountry code top-level domain
StatusActive
RegistrySONIC
SponsorSomali Network Information Center
Intended useEntities connected with  Somalia
Actual useRecently re-established
Registration restrictionsLimited to institutions and organizations in Somalia, residents of Somalia, others who have a legitimate, clear and provable connection to Somalia
StructureRegistrations can be made via authorized registrars
DocumentsSomalia .so
Dispute policies.so domain name registration policies
WIPO
Registry websitesonic.so

.so is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.[1] It was launched through various accredited registrars around the world.

On 11 July 2013 the ISO 3166-1 code for Somalia changed to reflect the SO used for the ccTLD.

On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC),[2] which introduced new limitations on purchasing .so domain names by persons and organizations not affiliated with Somalia.[3][4] As a result, several registrars suspended the registration of new .so domain names.[5]

On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took full control of the country's top-level internet domain (dotSO) from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.[6]

History

Overview

Due to the civil war in Somalia, operations of this domain were previously officially delegated to Monolith Innovation Group, a company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,[7] which is now defunct. The domain remained delegated to this company, even though it was defunct, until April 17, 2009, at which time the .so domain record was changed in the root zone to point to the servers of the new registry operator, the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Somalia.[8]

The demise of Monolith (ml.org)

Monolith Innovations, as a domain name server, was popular in the mid-1990s.

Second-level domain registrations at the time were (by modern standards) relatively expensive. Monolith operated various projects which allowed small sites to obtain an Internet address of the form example.ml.org at effectively no cost instead of paying full price ($50US in the first year) for a domain like example.com, example.org or example.net [9]

The domain name record for .so was initially created on 28 August 1997, at or near the peak of the ml.org service's popularity. At the time, the potential benefits seemed more than apparent. By taking responsibility for a country code domain, Monolith could have become able to issue *.so domains at second-level for little or no cost, providing a viable alternative to the higher Network Solutions pricing of that era.

According to ml.org's founder, Aveek Datta, in 1998, "I've personally been trying to create a global FREE top level domain. Whether or not this becomes a reality is another question; money talks and big bucks are being waved about in the registry battles."[10] However, the ml.org service ceased operations at the end of 1998 due to "technical and organisational problems" which included major server failures.[11] Its second-level domains remain registered to Aveek Datta, president of the former Monolith Innovations Group, but appear not to be in active use.[12] Throughout the domain's history, a one-page placeholder site at the nic.so address claimed that "no .SO domains are available and we are not looking for any registrar partners."[13] [14] However, the DNS servers for the domain name were badly configured,[citation needed] so the nic.so address was only available intermittently.

Relaunch

On February 3, 2009, ICANN approved redelegation of the .so domain to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia.[15] In ICANN's meeting minutes, it was revealed that Aveek Datta, the former registry operator, had disputed the redelegation request but he did not respond to ICANN's request to verify his connection with the former company.

The new registry operator relaunched the .so domain on November 1, 2010. Requests to become a registrar can already be submitted using the recently launched website of .SO Registry.[1]

Transfer

On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC).[16] On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator, the National Communications Authority (NCA) took control of the domain name from SONIC and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.[6][17] Somaliland banned use of this TLD as a result of the 2018 transfer.[18]

Name spaces

The .so domain currently offers thirteen namespaces: the second-level-space .so is intended for general purpose usage, and the third-level-space .com.so, .me.so, .net.so and .org.so are set aside for commercial entities, individuals, networks, and not-for-profit organisations, respectively.[19] There also exists .edu.so for higher education institutions; .gov.so for government entities; .sch.so for schools;[20] and .gm.so, .hs.so, .jl.so, .pl.so, and .sw.so for Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubbaland, Puntland, and South West states respectively.

Registrars

SONIC maintains a list of officially accredited local[21] and international[22] registrars.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "SO Registry". Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
  2. ^ "Migration - SONIC". Archived from the original on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  3. ^ "OpenProvider: Upcoming Changes to SO Domains". Archived from the original on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  4. ^ ".so domain names". Gandi.net. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  5. ^ "About .so Domains".
  6. ^ a b "Somalia's new telecom regulator takes control of top-level domain - Xinhua | English.news.cn". Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
  7. ^ "IANA | .so - Somalia". 2007-10-23. Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  8. ^ IANA Whois information- zone updated April 17th 2009 Archived October 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ "Monolith Internet Services". 1998-01-22. Archived from the original on 22 January 1998. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  10. ^ "Monolith Internet Services". 1998-01-22. Archived from the original on 22 January 1998. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  11. ^ "Monolith Network Status". 1998-12-01. Archived from the original on 1 December 1998. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  12. ^ "Monolith Interim Services". 1998-12-12. Archived from the original on 12 December 1998. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  13. ^ "NIC.SO". 2000-10-24. Archived from the original on 24 October 2000. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  14. ^ "NIC.SO". 2005-02-20. Archived from the original on 20 February 2005. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  15. ^ "Preliminary Report Resolutions of Special Board Meeting - ICANN". www.icann.org. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  16. ^ "Migration". Archived from the original on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  17. ^ "NCA Takes Full Control of Somalia's ccTLD (DotSO)".
  18. ^ "Somaliland retaliates top-level domain take-over, bans dotSo extensions". Goobjoog News English. 11 March 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  19. ^ ".SO Registry". Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 9 Sep 2014.
  20. ^ "sch.so".
  21. ^ "Local Registrars".
  22. ^ "International Registrars".
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