1691

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century 17th century 18th century
Decades:	1670s 1680s 1690s 1700s 1710s
Years:	1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694

1691 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1691 MDCXCI
Ab urbe condita	2444
Armenian calendar	1140 ԹՎ ՌՃԽ
Assyrian calendar	6441
Balinese saka calendar	1612–1613
Bengali calendar	1098
Berber calendar	2641
English Regnal year	3 Will. & Mar. – 4 Will. & Mar.
Buddhist calendar	2235
Burmese calendar	1053
Byzantine calendar	7199–7200
Chinese calendar	庚午年 (Metal Horse) 4388 or 4181     — to — 辛未年 (Metal Goat) 4389 or 4182
Coptic calendar	1407–1408
Discordian calendar	2857
Ethiopian calendar	1683–1684
Hebrew calendar	5451–5452
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1747–1748
- Shaka Samvat	1612–1613
- Kali Yuga	4791–4792
Holocene calendar	11691
Igbo calendar	691–692
Iranian calendar	1069–1070
Islamic calendar	1102–1103
Japanese calendar	Genroku 4 (元禄４年)
Javanese calendar	1614–1615
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	4024
Minguo calendar	221 before ROC 民前221年
Nanakshahi calendar	223
Thai solar calendar	2233–2234
Tibetan calendar	阳金马年 (male Iron-Horse) 1817 or 1436 or 664     — to — 阴金羊年 (female Iron-Goat) 1818 or 1437 or 665

1691 (MDCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1691st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 691st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 17th century, and the 2nd year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1691, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–June

• March 5 – Nine Years' War: French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons.
• March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion: A new governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders, after a standoff of several hours.
• March 29 – The Siege of Mons ends in the city’s surrender.
• April 9 – A fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery.
• May 6 – The Spanish Inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 xuetas in Palma, Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake.
• May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason.
• June 23 – Ahmed II (1691–1695) succeeds Suleiman II (1687–1691), as Ottoman Emperor.

July–December

• July 12
  • Pope Innocent XII becomes the 242nd pope, succeeding Pope Alexander VIII.
  • Williamite War in Ireland – Battle of Aughrim: Protestant Williamite forces, led by Godert de Ginkell, decisively defeat Jacobites under the Marquis de St Ruth (who is killed).
• September 18 – War of the Grand Alliance – Battle of Leuze: English and Dutch forces are defeated by the French.
• October 3 – The Treaty of Limerick, ending the Williamite War in Ireland and guaranteeing civil rights to Roman Catholics, is signed (It was broken "before the ink was dry", according to a contemporary commentator). The Flight of the Wild Geese (the departure of the Jacobite army) follows.

Date unknown

• Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
• In New England, the two separate colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity, by an act of the King and Queen of England.
• The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

• The textile factory Barnängens manufaktur is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.

Births

• February 27 – Edward Cave, English editor and publisher (d. 1754)
• March 12 – Dionisia de Santa María Mitas Talangpaz, Filipino saint (b. 1732)
• April 5 – Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1768)
• April 9 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (d. 1761)
• June 17 – Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect (d. 1765)
• August 25 – Alessandro Galilei, Italian architect, mathematician (d. 1736)
• September 29 – Richard Challoner, English Catholic prelate (d. 1781)
• October 1 – Arthur Onslow, English politician (d 1768)
• October 28 – Peder Tordenskjold, Norwegian naval hero (d. 1720)

Deaths

• January 13 – George Fox, English founder of the Society of Friends (b. 1624)
• January 17 – Richard Lower, English physician (b. 1631)
• February 1 – Pope Alexander VIII (b. 1610)
• April 3 – Jean Petitot, Swiss enamel painter (b. 1607)
• May 11 – Colonel John Birch, English soldier (b. 1615)
• May 16 – Jacob Leisler, German-born American colonist (b. 1640)
• May 23 – Adrien Auzout, French astronomer (b. 1622)
• May 29 – Cornelis Tromp, Dutch admiral (b. 1629)
• June 23 – Suleiman II, Sultan, Ottoman Empire (b. 1642)
• July 12 – Marquis de St Ruth, French (killed at the Battle of Aughrim) (b. c. 1650)
• July 16 – François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (b. 1641)
• July 30 – Daniel Georg Morhof, German writer and scholar (b. 1639)
• August 14 – Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, Irish rebel (b. 1630)
• September 12 – John George III, Elector of Saxony (b. 1647)
• October 9 – William Sacheverell, English statesman (b. 1638)
• October 10 – Isaac de Benserade, French poet (b. 1613)
• November 14 – Tosa Mitsuoki, Japanese painter (b. 1617)
• November 15 – Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (b. 1620)
• December 8 – Richard Baxter, English clergyman (b. 1615)
• December 31 – Robert Boyle, English chemist who formulated Boyle's Law, which states that under conditions of constant temperature, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional (b. 1627)
• date unknown
  • Bárbara Coronel, Spanish stage actress (b. 1632)
  • Mariyam Kaba'afa'anu Rani Kilege, queen mother and regent of the Maldives
• probable – Elizabeth Polwheele, English playwright (b. c. 1651)

See also

• Upside down year