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Alder Lake

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For other uses, see Alder Lake (disambiguation).

Alder Lake
Intel Core i7-12700K
General information
LaunchedNovember 4, 2021; 3 years ago (November 4, 2021)[1]
Marketed byIntel
Designed byIntel
Common manufacturer
Product code80715
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate
  • 1.0 GHz to 5.5 GHz, P-cores
  • 700 MHz to 4.0 GHz, E-cores
Cache
L1 cache
  • 80 KB (32 instructions + 48 data), per P-core
  • 96 KB (64 instructions + 32 data), per E-core
L2 cache1.25 MB per P-core
2 MB per E-core module
L3 cacheUp to 30 MB, shared
Architecture and classification
Technology nodeIntel 7 (previously known as 10ESF)
Microarchitecture
Instruction setx86-64
Extensions
Physical specifications
Cores
  • Up to 8 P-cores
  • Up to 8 E-cores
GPUIntel Xe-based integrated graphics
Sockets
  • LGA 1700 (desktop)
  • BGA 1774 (mobile)
  • BGA 1964 (mobile-HX series)
Products, models, variants
Product code name
  • ADL
Brand names
  • Intel Core
  • Pentium
  • Celeron
History
Predecessors
SuccessorRaptor Lake (2022)

Alder Lake is Intel's codename for the 12th generation of Intel Core processors based on a hybrid architecture utilizing Golden Cove performance cores and Gracemont efficient cores.[2][3] It is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process, previously referred to as Intel 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin (10ESF).[4][5][6] The 10ESF has a 10%-15% boost in performance over the 10SF used in the mobile Tiger Lake processors. Intel officially announced 12th Gen Intel Core CPUs on October 27, 2021.[7] Intel officially announced 12th Gen Intel Core mobile CPUs and non-K series desktop CPUs on January 4, 2022.[8] Intel officially announced the launch of Alder Lake-P and -U series on February 23, 2022,[9] and Alder Lake-HX series on May 10, 2022.[10]

History

Fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process, which was previously referred to as Intel 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin (10ESF),[6] Intel officially announced 12th Gen Intel Core CPUs on October 27, 2021.[7] Intel then officially announced 12th Gen Intel Core mobile CPUs and non-K series desktop CPUs on January 4, 2022.[8]

It further was announced in January 2022 that Intel Alder Lake would use a hybrid architecture combining performance and efficiency cores, similar to big.LITTLE which had been created by the semiconductor firm Arm in the United Kingdom. This was the second Intel's hybrid architecture, after the mobile-only Lakefield released in June 2020. While the desktop Alder Lake processors were already on the market by January 2022, the mobile processors were not, although release was expected early that year. Starting cost were USD $289 for the Core i5-12600K. Gracemont was the name given to the efficiency cores, while Golden Cove cores were set for tasks such as gaming and video processing.[11] First laptop tests were performed later that month, with PCMag positively reviewing the Core i9-12900HK, stating the H series represented "Intel's enthusiast line," with "the same hybrid designs" also in the P-series and U-series chips to come out later that year.[12]

In April 2022, press reported on "hints" that Intel was working on Alder Lake-X.[13][14] Intel officially announced the HX processor series on May 10, 2022, including Core i5, Core i7 and Core i9 models,[10] when Intel announced "seven new mobile processors for the 12th Gen Intel Core mobile family at its Intel Vision event.[15] With the lineup based on Intel's desktop Alder Lake chips,[16] it was named the Alder Lake-HX series, or 12th-gen Core HX, with the Core i9-12950HX as the flagship and Intel's first 16-core chip designed for laptops.[17]

Features

CPU

Further information: Golden Cove and Gracemont (microarchitecture)
  • Golden Cove performance cores ("P-cores")
    • Dedicated floating-point adders[18]
    • New 6-wide instruction decoder (from 4-wide in Rocket Lake/Tiger Lake) with the ability to fetch up to 32 bytes of instructions per cycle (from 16)[18]
    • 12 execution ports (from 10)
    • 512 reorder-buffer entries (from 352)
    • 6-wide μOP allocations (from 5)
    • μOP cache size increased to 4K entries (up from 2.25K)
    • AVX-VNNI, a VEX-coded variant of AVX512-VNNI for 256-bit vectors
    • AVX-512 (including FP16) is present but disabled by default to match E-cores. On early revisions of microprocessors it still can be enabled on some motherboards with some BIOS versions by disabling the E-cores.[18][19] Intel has physically fused off AVX-512 on later revisions of Alder Lake CPUs manufactured in early 2022 and onward.[20][21]
    • ~18% IPC uplift.[22]
  • Gracemont efficient cores ("E-cores")
  • New instruction set extensions:[23]
    • PTWRITE
    • SERIALIZE
    • HRESET
  • Up to 1 TB/s interconnect between cores[18]
  • Intel Thread Director (only for CPUs with P and E cores), which is a marketing name for Enhanced Hardware Feedback Interface (EHFI). This is a hardware technology to assist the OS thread scheduler with more efficient load distribution between heterogeneous CPU cores.[2] Enabling this new capability requires support in the operating system.
  • Architectural last branch records (LBRs)
  • Hypervisor-managed linear address translation (HLAT)
  • Control-flow enforcement technology (CET), including support for indirect branch tracking (IBT) and shadow stack (SS)
  • 4–30 MB L3 cache[18]
  • Cores:
    • up to 8 P-cores and 8 E-cores on desktop[22]
    • up to 6 P-cores and 8 E-cores on mobile (UP3 designs)[22]
    • up to 2 P-cores and 8 E-cores on ultra mobile (UP4 designs)[22]
    • only P-cores feature hyper-threading

GPU

  • Intel Xe (Gen 12.2) GPU
  • Up to 96 EU on mobile and 32 EU on desktop[18]

I/O

Dies

Core i7-12700K top view with 8P + 4E cores
Core i7-12700K bottom view with 8P + 4E cores

For the Alder Lake generation, Intel will initially produce 4 different dies.[22][26] Each die has a different number of P-cores (P) and E-cores (E) and GPU Execution Units.

Segment CPU configuration GPU Width Length Die size
Alder Lake-S
(desktop) 		8P + 8E (performance) 32 EU 10.5 mm 20.5 mm 215.25 mm2
6P + 0E (budget) 10.19 mm 15.47 mm 157.74 mm2[27]
Alder Lake-P
(mobile) 		6P + 8E 96 EU 10.62 mm 20.45 mm 217.18 mm2
Alder Lake-M
(ultra mobile) 		2P + 8E

Software support

Alder Lake requires special support from the operating system due to its relatively unusual-for-x86 hybrid nature. For software unable to be upgraded, a UEFI-provided compatibility mode may be used to disable the E cores; it is enabled by the user turning on scroll lock.[28]

CPUID incoherence

The P and E cores of early versions of Alder Lake CPUs reported different CPUID models. This has caused issues with digital rights management systems that perceive the P and E cores as being separate computers, and falsely enforce license restrictions preventing a particular piece of software from being executed on more than one device at a time. Intel published a list of PC games it identified as having this compatibility issue, and stated that it was working with publishers to develop patches. Some of the games were identified by Intel as only having this bug on Windows 10, and functioning correctly on Windows 11 (with some of them dependent on Windows 11 patches scheduled to be released in November 2021).[28][29] ExamSoft similarly stated that its monitoring software for educational assessments (such as the bar examination) was similarly incompatible with Alder Lake CPUs due to checks detecting virtual machines.[30]

This problem has been fixed in a microcode update. The P and E cores now return the same CPUID when both are enabled. A different CPUID is reported when E cores are disabled and only P cores are enabled. The AVX-512 instruction set extension is implemented in the P cores but disabled due to incompatibility with the E cores.[31] Hackers have shown that it is possible to enable the AVX-512 instructions on the P cores when the E cores are disabled and an old microcode version is used.[32]

There are minor differences between the behavior of the two cores with regard to an undefined overflow flag in certain bitwise operations.[33]

Scheduler support

Alder Lake's CPU topology has performance implications, especially for gaming environments where the developers are not used to NUMA setups. Microsoft added support for Intel Thread Director (ITD) in Windows 11.[18][34] A wide variety of inputs, including whether a process' window is in the foreground, feeds into the ITD.[35] The ITD can function to a lesser extent with the OS providing less or no cooperation.[36] Support in Linux is merged in kernel 5.18[37] but this alone is not sufficient until the kernel gets hints from userspace in order to schedule tasks to run on certain types of cores.

Blu-Ray DRM support

The CPU family no longer features Intel SGX which is a requirement for playing UltraHD Blu-Ray disks.[38]

List of 12th generation Alder Lake processors

Desktop processors (Alder Lake-S)

  • All the CPUs support up to 128 GB of DDR4-3200 or DDR5-4800 RAM in dual channel mode.[39]
  • All the CPUs support 16x PCI Express Gen 5 and 4x PCI Express Gen 4 lanes, but support may vary depending on motherboard and chipsets.
  • Models without the F suffix feature either of the following integrated UHD Graphics GPUs, all with base frequency of 300 MHz:
    • UHD Graphics 770 with 32 EUs,
    • UHD Graphics 730 with 24 EUs, or
    • UHD Graphics 710 with 16 EUs.
  • By default, Alder Lake CPUs are configured to run at Turbo Power at all times and Base Power is only guaranteed when P-Cores/E-cores do not exceed the base clock rate.[18]
  • Max Turbo Power: the maximum sustained (> 1 s) power dissipation of the processor as limited by current and/or temperature controls. Instantaneous power may exceed Maximum Turbo Power for short durations (≤ 10 ms). Maximum Turbo Power is configurable by system vendor and can be system specific.
  • CPUs in bold below feature ECC memory support only when paired with a motherboard based on the W680 chipset.[40]
  • By default, Core i9-12900KS achieves 5.5 GHz only when using Thermal Velocity Boost.[41]
Processor
branding 		Model Cores
(threads) 		Base
clock rate 		Turbo
Boost 2.0 		Turbo
Max 3.0 		GPU Smart
cache 		Power Price
(USD)
P E P E P E P Model Max.
clock rate 		Base Turbo
Core i9 12900KS 8 (16) 8 (8) 3.4 GHz 2.5 GHz 5.2 GHz 4.0 GHz 5.3 GHz UHD 770 1.55 GHz 30 MB 150 W 241 W $739
12900K 3.2 GHz 2.4 GHz 5.1 GHz 3.9 GHz 5.2 GHz 125 W $589
12900KF — $564
12900 2.4 GHz 1.8 GHz 5.0 GHz 3.8 GHz 5.1 GHz UHD 770 1.55 GHz 65 W 202 W $489
12900F — $464
12900T 1.4 GHz 1.0 GHz 4.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 4.9 GHz UHD 770 1.55 GHz 35 W 106 W $489
Core i7 12700K 4 (4) 3.6 GHz 2.7 GHz 4.9 GHz 3.8 GHz 5.0 GHz 1.50 GHz 25 MB 125 W 190 W $409
12700KF — $384
12700 2.1 GHz 1.6 GHz 4.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 4.9 GHz UHD 770 1.50 GHz 65 W 180 W $339
12700F — $314
12700T 1.4 GHz 1.0 GHz 4.6 GHz 3.4 GHz 4.7 GHz UHD 770 1.50 GHz 35 W 99 W $339
Core i5 12600K 6 (12) 3.7 GHz 2.8 GHz 4.9 GHz 3.6 GHz — 1.45 GHz 20 MB 125 W 150 W $289
12600KF — $264
12600 — 3.3 GHz — 4.8 GHz — UHD 770 1.45 GHz 18 MB 65 W 117 W $223
12600T 2.1 GHz 4.6 GHz 35 W 74 W
12500 3.0 GHz 65 W 117 W $202
12500T 2.0 GHz 4.4 GHz 35 W 74 W
12490F[42] 3.0 GHz 4.6 GHz — 20 MB 65 W 117 W China
exclusive
12400 2.5 GHz 4.4 GHz UHD 730 1.45 GHz 18 MB $192
12400F — $167
12400T 1.8 GHz 4.2 GHz UHD 730 1.45 GHz 35 W 74 W $192
Core i3 12300 4 (8) 3.5 GHz 4.4 GHz 12 MB 60 W 89 W $143
12300T 2.3 GHz 4.2 GHz 35 W 69 W
12100 3.3 GHz 4.3 GHz 1.40 GHz 60 W 89 W $122
12100F — 58 W $97
12100T 2.2 GHz 4.1 GHz UHD 730 1.40 GHz 35 W 69 W $122
Pentium Gold G7400 2 (4) 3.7 GHz — UHD 710 1.35 GHz 6 MB 46 W — $64
G7400T 3.1 GHz 35 W
Celeron G6900 2 (2) 3.4 GHz 1.3 GHz 4 MB 46 W $42
G6900T 2.8 GHz 35 W

Mobile processors

Alder Lake-HX

  • CPUs in bold below feature ECC memory support only when paired with a motherboard based on the WM690 chipset.
Processor
branding 		Model Cores
(threads) 		Base
clock rate 		Turbo
Boost 2.0 		UHD Graphics Smart
cache 		Power Price
(USD)
P E P E P E EUs Max. freq. Base Turbo
Core i9 12950HX 8 (16) 8 (8) 2.3 GHz 1.7 GHz 5.0 GHz 3.6 GHz 32 1.55 GHz 30 MB 55 W 157 W $590
12900HX $606
Core i7 12850HX 2.1 GHz 1.5 GHz 4.8 GHz 3.4 GHz 1.45 GHz 25 MB $428
12800HX 2.0 GHz $457
12650HX 6 (12) 4.7 GHz 3.3 GHz 24 MB $428
Core i5 12600HX 4 (8) 2.5 GHz 1.8 GHz 4.6 GHz 1.35 GHz 18 MB $284
12450HX 4 (4) 2.4 GHz 4.4 GHz 3.1 GHz 16 1.30 GHz 12 MB

Alder Lake-H

Processor
branding 		Model Cores
(threads) 		Base
clock rate 		Turbo
Boost 2.0 		Iris Xe Graphics Smart
cache 		Power Price
(USD)
P E P E P E EUs Max. freq. Base Turbo
Core i9 12900HK 6 (12) 8 (8) 2.5 GHz 1.8 GHz 5.0 GHz 3.8 GHz 96 1.45 GHz 24 MB 45 W 115 W $635
12900H $617
Core i7 12800H 2.4 GHz 4.8 GHz 3.7 GHz 1.4 GHz $457
12700H 2.3 GHz 1.7 GHz 4.7 GHz 3.5 GHz
12650H 4 (4) 64
Core i5 12600H 4 (8) 8 (8) 2.7 GHz 2.0 GHz 4.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 80 18 MB 95 W $311
12500H 2.5 GHz 1.8 GHz 1.3 GHz
12450H 4 (4) 2.0 GHz 1.5 GHz 4.4 GHz 48 1.2 GHz 12 MB

Alder Lake-P

Processor
branding 		Model Cores
(threads) 		Base
clock rate 		Turbo
Boost 2.0 		Iris Xe Graphics Smart
cache 		Power Price
(USD)
P E P E P E EUs Max. freq. Base Turbo
Core i7 1280P 6 (12) 8 (8) 1.8 GHz 1.3 GHz 4.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 96 1.45 GHz 24 MB 28 W 64 W $482
1270P 4 (8) 2.2 GHz 1.6 GHz 3.5 GHz 1.40 GHz 18 MB $438
1260P 2.1 GHz 1.5 GHz 4.7 GHz 3.4 GHz
Core i5 1250P 1.7 GHz 1.2 GHz 4.4 GHz 3.3 GHz 80 12 MB $320
1240P 1.30 GHz
Core i3 1220P 2 (4) 1.5 GHz 1.1 GHz 64 1.10 GHz $281

Alder Lake-U

Processor
branding 		Model Cores
(threads) 		Base
clock rate 		Turbo
Boost 2.0 		Iris Xe Graphics Smart
cache 		Power Price
(USD)
P E P E P E EUs Max. freq. Base Turbo
Core i7 1265U 2 (4) 8 (8) 1.8 GHz 1.3 GHz 4.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 96 1.25 GHz 12 MB 15 W 55 W $426
1260U 1.1 GHz 0.8 GHz 4.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 0.9 GHz 9 W 29 W
1255U 1.7 GHz 1.2 GHz 1.25 GHz 15 W 55 W $426
1250U 1.1 GHz 0.8 GHz 0.9 GHz 9 W 29 W
Core i5 1245U 1.6 GHz 1.2 GHz 4.4 GHz 3.3 GHz 80 1.2 GHz 15 W 55 W $309
1240U 1.1 GHz 0.8 GHz 0.9 GHz 9 W 29 W
1235U 1.3 GHz 0.9 GHz 1.2 GHz 15 W 55 W $309
1230U 1.0 GHz 0.7 GHz 0.9 GHz 9 W 29 W
Core i3 1215U 4 (4) 1.2 GHz 0.9 GHz 64 1.1 GHz 10 MB 15 W 55 W $281
1210U 1.0 GHz 0.7 GHz 0.85 GHz 9 W 29 W
Pentium 8505 1 (2) 1.2 GHz 0.9 GHz 48 0.9 GHz 8 MB 15 W 55 W $161
8500 1.0 GHz 0.7 GHz 0.7 GHz 9 W 29 W
Celeron 7305 1 (1) 1.1 GHz 0.9 GHz — 0.9 GHz 15 W 55 W $107
7300 1.0 GHz 0.7 GHz 0.7 GHz 9 W 29 W

Processors for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and embedded systems (Alder Lake-PS)

Most of these processors are identical to the corresponding Alder Lake-H and Alder Lake-U processors (without the L suffix) listed above.

High-power

Processor
branding 		Model Cores
(threads) 		Base
clock rate 		Turbo
Boost 2.0 		Iris Xe Graphics Smart
cache 		Power Price
(USD)
P E P E P E EUs Max. freq. Min.

Assured

Base Max.

Assured

@45 W @35 W[43]
Core i7 12800HL 6 (12) 8 (8) 2.4 GHz 1.6 GHz 1.8 GHz 4.8 GHz 3.7 GHz 96 1.4 GHz 24 MB 35 W 45 W 65 W $457
12700HL 2.3 GHz 1.7 GHz 4.7 GHz 3.5 GHz $430
Core i5 12600HL 4 (8) 2.7 GHz 1.7 GHz 2.0 GHz 4.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 80 18 MB $311
12500HL 2.5 GHz 1.8 GHz 1.3 GHz $279
Core i3 12300HL 4 (4) 2.0 GHz 1.1 GHz 1.5 GHz 4.4 GHz 48 1.2 GHz 12 MB —

Low-power

Processor
branding 		Model Cores
(threads) 		Base
clock rate 		Turbo
Boost 2.0 		Graphics Smart
cache 		Power Price
(USD)
P E P E P E Brand EUs Max. freq. Min.

Assured

Base Max.

Assured

@28 W[43] @15 W @12 W[43]
Core i7 1265UL 2 (4) 8 (8) 2.6 GHz 1.8 GHz 1.1 GHz 1.3 GHz 4.8 GHz 3.6 GHz Iris Xe 96 1.25 GHz 12 MB 12 W 15 W 28 W $426
1255UL 1.7 GHz 1.2 GHz 4.7 GHz 3.5 GHz $399
Core i5 1245UL 2.5 GHz 1.6 GHz 1.0 GHz 4.4 GHz 3.3 GHz 80 1.2 GHz $309
1235UL 1.3 GHz 1.1 GHz $277
Core i3 1215UL 4 (4) 1.2 GHz 0.8 GHz 0.9 GHz UHD 64 1.1 GHz 10 MB $285
Celeron 7305L 1 (1) — 1.1 GHz — 48 8 MB $107

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c Cutress, Ian (August 14, 2020). "Intel Alder Lake: Confirmed x86 Hybrid with Golden Cove and Gracemont for 2021". AnandTech. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  3. ^ Dexter, Alan (April 6, 2021). "Intel Alder Lake CPUs: What are they, when will they launch, and how fast will they be?". PC Gamer. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  4. ^ "CES 2021: Intel Announces Four New Processor Families". Intel Newsroom. January 11, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  5. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (July 26, 2021). "Intel has a new architecture roadmap and a plan to retake its chipmaking crown in 2025". The Verge. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
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  7. ^ a b "Intel Unveils 12th Gen Intel Core, Launches World's Best Gaming Processor, i9-12900K". Intel. October 27, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  8. ^ a b "CES: Intel Engineers Fastest Mobile Processor Ever with 12th Gen Intel Core Mobile". Intel. January 4, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  9. ^ "Intel Expands Mobile Leadership, Brings Enthusiast Performance to". Intel Newsroom. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  10. ^ a b "12th Gen Intel Core HX Processors Launch as World's Best Mobile Workstation Platform". Intel Newsroom. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  11. ^ Loeffler, John (January 28, 2022). "Intel Alder Lake: everything we know so far". TechRadar. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  12. ^ Westover, Brian (January 25, 2022). "First Tests: Intel's 12th Gen 'Alder Lake' Core i9 Is the Laptop CPU to Beat". PC Magazine. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  13. ^ Szewczyk, Chris (April 11, 2022). "There are hints that Intel will return to the HEDT market with Alder Lake-X". PC Gamer. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  14. ^ Liu, Zhiye (April 16, 2022). "Intel Alder Lake-HX Leak: 16 Cores, 5 GHz Boost Clock". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  15. ^ Takahashi, Dean (May 10, 2022). "Intel unveils 7 new 12th Gen Intel Core HX mobile processors". GamesBeat. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  16. ^ Duckett, Chris (May 10, 2022). "Intel releases Alder Lake HX chips for mobile workstations and gamers". ZDNet. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  17. ^ Hachman, March (May 10, 2022). "Intel propels laptops to 16 cores with ferocious new Core HX laptop CPUs". PC World. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
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  19. ^ Alcorn, Paul (August 19, 2021). "Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake Chips, Golden Cove and Gracemont Cores". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  20. ^ Alcorn, Paul (March 2, 2022). "Intel Nukes Alder Lake's AVX-512 Support, Now Fuses It Off in Silicon". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  21. ^ zingaburga (May 11, 2022). "Enabling AVX-512 on Alder Lake". GitHub.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Cutress, Ian; Frumusanu, Andrei (August 21, 2021). "Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed". AnandTech. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  23. ^ "Intel® Architecture Instruction Set Extensions and Future Features: Programming Reference" (PDF). Intel. June 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  24. ^ Subramaniam, Vaidyanathan (May 5, 2020). "Intel 12th gen Alder Lake-S will use a larger LGA 1700 socket that may last for three generations". Notebook Check. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  25. ^ Larabel, Michael (June 11, 2021). "Intel Alder Lake Thunderbolt/USB4 Support For Linux 5.14". Phoronix. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
  26. ^ "MSI confirms there are two die variants of Alder Lake-S desktop CPUs". VideoCardz.com. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  27. ^ "Intel@intel7(10nmESF)@AlderLake@ADL-S(6P+0E)@i5-12400F@SRL5Z___DSCx11_poly@5xDIC". Fritzchens Fritz @ Flickr.com.
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  39. ^ "Products formerly Alder Lake". Intel.
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