Ann Dunham

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"Anne Dunham" redirects here. For the British equestrian, see Anne Dunham (equestrian).
Stanley Ann Dunham Soetoro

Stanley Armour Dunham, Ann Dunham, Maya Soetoro and Barack Obama, mid 1970s (l to r)
Born Stanley Ann Dunham
November 29, 1942(1942-11-29)
Ft. Leavenworth, KS, USA
Died November 7, 1995 (aged 52)
Honolulu, HI, USA
Resting place Pacific Ocean
   at Koko Head, Oahu
Nationality American
Ethnicity White
Education BA, MA, PhD [1]
Alma mater University of Hawaii
Occupation Anthropologist
Home town Wichita, KS
Known for Mother of US President Barack Obama
Religious beliefs Agnostic
Spouse(s) Barack Obama, Sr.
   (1961–1964, divorced)
Lolo Soetoro
   (1965–1980, divorced)
Children Barack Obama
Maya Soetoro-Ng
Parents Madelyn Lee Payne
Stanley Armour Dunham

Stanley Ann Dunham Soetoro (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995), mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was an American anthropologist who specialized in rural development.[2] In an interview, Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in my formative years... The values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics."[3]

Dunham was born Stanley Ann Dunham and nicknamed Anna,[4][5] later known as Dr. Stanley Ann Dunham Soetoro,[1] and finally Ann Dunham Sutoro.[1] Born in Kansas, Dunham spent her childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas and her teenage years in Mercer Island, Washington, and much of her adult life in Hawaii and Indonesia.

Contents

[edit] Early life

Stanley Ann Dunham was born on November 29, 1942 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to Madelyn Payne and Stanley Dunham. Her parents were born in Kansas, met in Wichita, and married on May 5, 1940.[6] After the attack on Pearl Harbor, her father joined the U.S. Army and her mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita.[7] She was born while her father was stationed at Fort Leavenworth.[8] Her father gave his daughter and only child his name because he had wanted a boy.[1][3][9] She was known as Stanley as a child and teenager and "endured the expected teasing over this indignity, but dutifully lugged the name through high school, apologizing for it each time she introduced herself in a new town", a profile in Time magazine stated. However, the article continued, "By college, she had started introducing herself as Ann".[1]

At the end of World War II she moved with her parents from Wichita to Ponca City, Oklahoma, from there to Vernon, Texas, and then to El Dorado, Kansas.[10][11] In 1955 the family moved to Seattle, Washington, where her father was a furniture salesman and her mother was a vice president of a bank. They lived in an apartment complex in the Wedgwood neighborhood where Ann attended Eckstein Junior High School.[12] In 1956 the family moved to Mercer Island, an Eastside suburb of Seattle, so that 13-year-old Ann could attend Mercer Island High School which had just opened.[3] There, teachers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of challenging social norms and questioning authority. Dunham took the lessons to heart; "She felt she didn't need to date or marry or have children." A classmate remembers her as "intellectually way more mature than we were and a little bit ahead of her time, in an off-center way."[3] One high school friend described her: "If you were concerned about something going wrong in the world, Stanley would know about it first. We were liberals before we knew what liberals were." Another called her "the original feminist."[3]

[edit] First marriage

In 1960, after she graduated from high school, the Dunham family moved to Hawaii so that her parents could pursue further business opportunities in the new state, and she enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. There she met Barack Obama, Sr., a student from Nyang’oma Kogelo in Kenya and the school's first African student, during a Russian language class.[13] She married him on February 2, 1961 in Maui, Hawaii despite some parental opposition to the marriage from both sides.[3][14] In November 2008, Obama Sr.'s first wife, Kezia, said she had granted her consent for him to marry a second wife, in keeping with Luo customs.[15] Obama Sr. eventually told Ann about his first marriage in Kenya, but said he was divorced, which she would find out years later was not true.[16] Dunham was three months pregnant at the time of her marriage.[1][3]

On August 4, 1961, at age 18, she gave birth to her first child, Barack Obama II.[17] Old friends in Washington State recall her visiting them with her new baby in 1961.[18][19][20][21] At some point, she gave her old friends the impression that she was on her way to visit her husband at Harvard (where he would not enroll until Fall of 1962).[22] By January 1962, she had enrolled at the University of Washington, and was living as a single mother in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle with her son, while her husband continued his studies in Hawaii.[12][19][23][24][25]

When Obama Sr. graduated from the University of Hawaii in June 1962, he was offered a scholarship to study in New York City[26] with which he could have supported his family, but he declined it preferring to attend the more prestigious Harvard University.[14] He left for Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he would begin graduate study at Harvard in the fall of 1962.[16]

Ann filed for divorce in Honolulu in January 1964. Obama Sr. did not contest, and the divorce was granted.[1] Ann graduated from the University of Hawaii in 1967 with a bachelor's degree.[1] Obama Sr. received a Masters degree (MA) in economics from Harvard in 1965[27] and only saw his son again once, in 1971, when Barack was ten years old.

[edit] Second marriage

Ann Dunham's second husband, Lolo Soetoro in 1971

Dunham met an Indonesian student, Lolo Soetoro (ca. 1936–1987), at the East-West Center on the University of Hawaii campus.[28] They married in 1966 or 1967 and moved with six-year-old Barack to Jakarta, Indonesia, (after the unrest surrounding the ascent of Suharto[2]), where Soetoro worked as a government relations consultant with Mobil Corporation, the US-based international petroleum company.[29][30]

Soetoro and Dunham had a daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro, on August 15, 1970.[6]

In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's education with correspondence courses in English, recordings of Mahalia Jackson, and speeches by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. She sent the young Obama back to Hawaii rather than having him stay in Asia with her, though the decision was painful for her.[2] Madelyn Dunham's job as a vice-president at the Bank of Hawaii helped pay the steep tuition at Punahou School,[31] with some assistance from a scholarship.[32]

In the 1970s, Dunham wished to return to work, but Soetoro wanted more children. She once said that he became more American as she became more Javanese.[2] Ann Dunham left Soetoro in 1972, returning to Hawaii and reuniting with her son Barack for several years. Soetoro and Dunham saw each other periodically in the 1970s when Dunham returned to Indonesia for her fieldwork[2] but did not live together again. They divorced in 1980 and she began using the name Ann Dunham Sutoro, with a modern spelling of her former husband's surname.[1]

[edit] Later life

Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband, and encouraged her children to feel connected to their fathers. She returned to graduate school in Honolulu in 1974, while raising Barack and Maya. When Dunham returned to Indonesia for field work in 1977 with Maya, Barack chose not to go, preferring to finish high school in Hawaii while living with his grandparents.[2]

Having been a weaver, Dunham was interested in village industries, and she therefore moved to Yogyakarta, the center of Javanese handicrafts.[33] In 1992 she earned a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Hawaii, under the supervision of Prof. Alice Dewey, with a dissertation titled Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds.[34] Duke University Press announced that they would publish an edited version of Dunham's dissertation, with a foreword by her daughter, in the Fall of 2009.[35]

Dunham then pursued a career in rural development championing women’s work and microcredit for the world’s poor, with Indonesia’s oldest bank, the United States Agency for International Development, the Ford Foundation, Women's World Banking, and as a consultant in Lahore, Pakistan. She mingled with leaders from organizations supporting Indonesian human rights, women's rights, and grass-roots development.[2] While at the Ford Foundation, Dunham worked with Peter Geithner, father of Tim Geithner (who later became United States Secretary of the Treasury in her son's administration), to develop the Foundation's microfinance programs in Indonesia.[36]

In 1994, she was diagnosed with ovarian and uterine cancer; she moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother.[2] She died there in 1995 at the age of 52.[37][38] Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean on the south side of Oahu[2] at Lanai Lookout. Obama scattered his grandmother Madelyn's ashes in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after being elected to the presidency.[39]

In September 2008, the University of Hawaii at Mānoa held a symposium about Dunham.[40]

[edit] Spiritual beliefs

Maxine Box, Dunham's best friend in high school, said about Dunham during Obama's campaign: "She touted herself as an atheist, and it was something she'd read about and could argue. She was always challenging and arguing and comparing. She was already thinking about things that the rest of us hadn't."[3]

Maya Soetoro-Ng, when asked if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an atheist. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all the good books — the Bible, the Hindu Upanishads and the Buddhist scripture, the Tao Te Ching, Sun Tzu — and wanted us to recognize that everyone has something beautiful to contribute."[28] "Jesus, she felt, was a wonderful example. But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways."[41]

In his 1995 memoir Dreams from My Father Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn't possess... In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism remained a necessary tool for enduring hardship... she was a lonely witness for secular humanism, a soldier for New Deal, Peace Corps, position-paper liberalism."[42] In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote, "I was not raised in a religious household... My mother's own experiences... only reinforced this inherited skepticism. Her memories of the Christians who populated her youth were not fond ones... And yet for all her professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I've ever known."[43] Religion for her was "just one of the many ways — and not necessarily the best way — that man attempted to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truths about our lives," Obama wrote.[41] In 2007 Obama described his mother as "a Christian from Kansas." "I was raised by my mother," he continued. "So, I’ve always been a Christian."[44][45] Also in 2007, he said in a speech, "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew. But she had a healthy skepticism of religion as an institution."[1]

[edit] 2008 Presidential campaign ad

A photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama was included in a 30-second television advertisement called "Mother".[38] Obama says in the ad, which focuses on his calls for health care improvements, that his mother spent her final months "more worried about paying her medical bills than getting well."[38]

[edit] Ancestry

Dunham's heritage consists mostly of English ancestors, and smaller numbers of Irish, Scottish, Welsh, French, Swiss and German ancestors, who settled in the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries.[46][47][48][49][50][51]

Prior to migrating to Kansas, her paternal ancestors settled in Tipton County, Indiana in the 1840s and her maternal ancestors settled in Newton County, Arkansas also in the 1840s.[52][53] She was a distant cousin of former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney and former U.S. Presidents Lyndon Baines Johnson and Harry S Truman.[54] According to oral history, Dunham's maternal grandmother had a full-blooded Cherokee ancestor, although no recorded evidence has been found to prove or disprove this claim.[29]


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jacob William Dunham
(1863–1930)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson Dunham, Sr.
(1894–1970)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mary Ann Kearney
(1869–1936)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stanley Armour Dunham
(1918–1992)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Harry Ellington Armour
(1874–1953)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ruth Lucille Armour
(1900–1926)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gabriella Clark
(1876–1966)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stanley Ann Dunham
(1942–1995)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Charles Thomas Payne
(1861–1940)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rolla Charles Payne
(1892–1968)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Della L. Wolfley
(1863–1906)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Madelyn Lee Payne
(1922–2008)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thomas Creekmore McCurry
(1850–1939)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Leona Belle McCurry
(1897–1968)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Margaret Belle Wright
(1869–1935)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Ancestry chart source: New England Historic Genealogical Society[55]

[edit] Publications

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ripley, Amanda (2008-04-09). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Scott, Janny (2008-03-14). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama’s path". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Jones, Tim (2007-03-27). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune: p. 1 (Tempo). http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story. Retrieved on 2009-02-16. 
    . (2007-03-27). "Video: Reflections on Obama's mother (02:34)". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323174. Retrieved on 2009-02-16. 
    . (2007-03-27). "Video: Jim Wichterman reflects on his former student (02:03)". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323768. Retrieved on 2009-02-16. 
    . (2007-03-27). "Video: She changed his diapers (01:02)". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323682. Retrieved on 2009-02-16. 
  4. ^ Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from my father: A story of race and inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. pp. 7,68. ISBN 1400082773. 
  5. ^ Turow, Scott (2004-03-30). "The new face of the Democratic Party -- and America". Salon.com. http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2004/03/30/obama/index.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  6. ^ a b Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (2007-09-09). "The Obama family tree". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 2B. http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/MP3/obamatree.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  7. ^ Nakaso, Dan (2008-11-04). "Barack Obama's grandma, 86, dies of cancer before election". The Honolulu Advertiser. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Nov/04/ln/hawaii811040331.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
    Nakaso, Dan (2008-11-11). "Day, time of Dunham death clarified". The Honolulu Advertiser. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Nov/11/ln/hawaii811110356.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  8. ^ Obama Press Office (2008-01-29). "Gov. Kathleen Sebelius Endorses Barack Obama". Reuters.com. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS234607+29-Jan-2008+BW20080129. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  9. ^ Mann, Fred (2008-02-02). "Kansas roots show in Obama, say relatives". The Wichita Eagle: p. 1B. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=WE&p_product=WE&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=kansas&s_trackval=WE&s_dispstring=title(Kansas%20roots%20show%20in%20Obama)%20AND%20(%20say%20relatives)%20AND%20date(02/02/2008%20to%2002/02/2008)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=02/02/2008%20to%2002/02/2008)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Kansas%20roots%20show%20in%20Obama)&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_field_advanced-1=&p_text_advanced-1=(%20say%20relatives)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  10. ^ “President’s kin lived in state,” NewsOK (2009-02-09).
  11. ^ Jones, Tim. "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas," Chicago Tribune via Baltimore Sun (2007-03-27).
  12. ^ a b Dougherty, Phil (2009-02-07). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=pf_output.cfm&file_id=8897. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  13. ^ Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from my father: A story of race and inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 9. ISBN 1400082773. 
    Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From promise to power. New York: Amistad. p. 27. ISBN 0060858206. 
    Glauberman, Stu; Burris, Jerry (2008). The dream begins: How Hawai'i shaped Barack Obama. Honolulu: Watermark Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 0981508685. 
    Maraniss, David (2008-08-22). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/22/AR2008082201679_pf.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-05. 
    Jacobs, Sally (2008-09-21). "A father's charm, absence; Friends recall Barack Obama Sr. as a self-confident, complex dreamer whose promising life ended in tragedy". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/09/21/a_fathers_charm_absence/?page=full. Retrieved on 2008-12-05. 
  14. ^ a b Meachem, Jon (2008-08-23). "On his own". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/155173/. Retrieved on 2008-11-14. 
  15. ^ Oywa, John (2008-11-10). "Keziah Obama: My life with Obama Senior". The Standard (Kenya). http://www.eastandard.net/InsidePage.php?id=1143999026&cid=4. Retrieved on 2009-02-18. "“in keeping with the Luo customs, Obama Senior sought her consent to take another wife, which she granted." 
  16. ^ a b Maraniss, David (2008-08-24). "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620_pf.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-14. 
  17. ^ "Born in the U.S.A.". FactCheck. August 21, 2008. http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html. Retrieved on October 24 2008. 
  18. ^ Brodeur, Nicole (2008-02-05). "Memories of Obama's mother". The Seattle Times: p. B1. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2004164387_brodeur05m.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. "Box last saw her friend in 1961, when she visited Seattle…" 
  19. ^ a b Martin, Jonathan (2008-04-08). "Obama's mother known here as "uncommon"". The Seattle Times: p. A1. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2004334057_obama08m.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13.  Regarding the 1961 visit to Washington state: "Susan Blake,[Botkin] another high-school classmate, said that during a brief visit in 1961, Dunham was excited about her husband's plans to return to Kenya." Regarding her enrollment at University of Washington: "By 1962, Dunham had returned to Seattle as a single mother, enrolling in the UW for spring quarter and living in an apartment on Capitol Hill."
  20. ^ Montgomery, Rick (2008-05-26). "Barack Obama's mother wasn't just a girl from Kansas". The Kansas City Star (reprinted 2008-06-01 on p. B4 of the Lawrence Journal-World): p. A1. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=KC&p_product=KC&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=kansascity&s_trackval=KC&s_dispstring=title(Barack%20Obama's%20mother%20wasn't%20just%20a%20girl%20from%20Kansas)%20AND%20date(05/26/2008%20to%2005/26/2008)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=05/26/2008%20to%2005/26/2008)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Barack%20Obama's%20mother%20wasn't%20just%20a%20girl%20from%20Kansas)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. "But all doubts dissipated when she passed through Mercer Island in 1961 with her month-old son." 
  21. ^ . (2007-03-27). "Video: She changed his diapers (01:02)". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323682. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.  Susan Blake [Botkin] (Stanley Ann Dunham's high school classmate):

    She came to visit briefly one afternoon in 1961 when Barry was just a few weeks old. Um, she, we were sitting at my Mom’s house, late August afternoon, and she had just finished nursing her baby, and she was patting him, and she went “oh, he’s pooped, oh”, and she looked at me ‘cause I had two little baby brothers, and she handed him, she says “here, you know how to do this”, and she handed him off, so I changed Barry’s diaper, and showed her how to do it, said “get used to it, they do this a lot, these new babies do.”

  22. ^ Maraniss, David (2008-08-24). "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620_pf.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.  Maraniss wrote:

    [T]here is an unresolved part of the story: Did Ann try to follow him to Cambridge? Her friends from Mercer Island were left with that impression. Susan Botkin [now Blake], Maxine Box and John W. Hunt all remember Ann showing up in Seattle late that summer with little Barry, as her son was called. "She was on her way from her mother's house to Boston to be with her husband," Botkin recalled. "[She said] he had transferred to grad school and she was going to join him... She had her baby and was talking about her husband, and what life held in store for her... She was leaving the next day to fly on to Boston." But as Botkin and others later remembered it, something happened in Cambridge, and Stanley Ann returned to Seattle. They saw her a few more times, and they thought she even tried to enroll in classes at the University of Washington, before she packed up and returned to Hawaii.

  23. ^ LeFevre, Charlette; co-director, Seattle Museum of the Mysteries (2009-01-09). "Barack Obama: from Capitol Hill to Capitol Hill". Capitol Hill Times. http://www.capitolhilltimes.com/main.asp?SectionID=26&SubSectionID=248&ArticleID=27447. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. "A single mother who enrolled in the University of Washington in 1961 and signed up for 1962 extension program, she likely came across many social prejudices in the predominantly all-white campus.... Recently located was a listing for Stanley Ann Obama in the 1961 Polk directory at the Seattle Public Library...." 
  24. ^ LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip; co-directors, Seattle Museum of the Mysteries (2009-01-28). "Baby Sitting Barack Obama on Seattle's Capitol Hill". Seattle Museum of the Mysteries, reprinted 2009-02-06 on p. 3 of the Seattle Gay News. http://www.seattlechatclub.org/museum.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13.  LeFevre and Lipson wrote:

    Mary Toutonghi....recalls as best she can the dates she baby sat Barack as her daughter was 18 months old and was born in July of 1959 and that would have placed the months of baby sitting Barack in January and February of 1962.... Anna was taking night classes at the University of Washington and according to the University of Washington’s registrar’s office her major was listed as History. She was enrolled at the University of Washington in the fall of 1961, took a full course load in the Spring of 1962 and had her transcript transferred to the University of Hawaii in the Fall of 1962. Along with the Seattle Polk Directory, Marc Leavipp of the University of Washington Registrar¹s office confirms 516 13th Ave. E. was the address Ann Dunham had given upon registering at the University.

    Both Anna Obama and Joseph Toutonghi were listed as residing at the same address, in the Seattle Reverse Directory, 1961-1962. See Dougherty, Phil. “Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960,” HistoryLink.org (2009-02-07). Retrieved (2009-02-13).
  25. ^ Neyman, Jenny (2009-01-20). "Obama baby sitter awaits new era — Soldotna woman eager for former charge’s reign". Redoubt Reporter. http://redoubtreporter.blogspot.com/2009/01/obama-baby-sitter-awaits-new-era.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  26. ^ One source says the scholarship was for New York University: Meachem, Jon (2008-08-23). "On his own". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/155173/. Retrieved on 2008-11-14. ; others say it was for the New School for Social Research: e.g., Maraniss, David (2008-08-24). "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620_pf.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.  and Ripley, Amanda (2008-04-09). "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524-3,00.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  27. ^ Harvard University (1986). Harvard University 350th Anniversary Alumni Directory. vol. I (seventeenth edition ed.). Cambridge, MA: President and Fellows of Harvard College. p. p. 904. 
  28. ^ a b Solomon, Deborah (2008-01-20). "Questions for Maya Soetoro-Ng: All in the Family". The New York Times Magazine: p. 17. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/magazine/20wwln-Q4-t.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  29. ^ a b Secrets of Obama Family Unlocked, New America Media.
  30. ^ Watson, Paul (2007-03-15). "As a child, Obama crossed a cultural divide in Indonesia". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/15/nation/na-obama15. Retrieved on 2008-06-s21. 
  31. ^ Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6. 
  32. ^ Tani, Carlyn (Spring 2007). "A Kid Called Barry: Barack Obama '79". Punahou School. http://www.punahou.edu/page.cfm?p=601. Retrieved on 2008-04-01. 
  33. ^ Sutoro, Ann Dunham, and Roes Haryanto. 1990. "KUPEDES Development Impact Survey." BRI Briefing Booklet. Jakarta.
  34. ^ Dunham, S. Ann (1992). Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia : surviving against all odds. University of Hawaii. http://worldcat.org/oclc/65874559. 
  35. ^ "Duke to publish dissertation by Obama's mother". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 2009-05-04. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/04/AR2009050403125.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-04. 
  36. ^ "Ford Foundation Links Parents of Obama and Treasury Secretary Nominee". Chronicle of Philanthropy. 2008-12-03. http://philanthropy.com/news/government/index.php?id=6453. Retrieved on 2008-12-20. 
  37. ^ Chipman, Kim (2008-02-11). "Obama Drive Gets Inspiration From His White Mom Born in Kansas". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aOOwMgWY_VIA&refer=home. 
  38. ^ a b c McCormick, John (2007-09-21). "Obama's mother in new ad". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-obama_adsep21,0,7546153.story?coll=chi-news-col. 
  39. ^ OBAMA BIDS FAREWELL TO GRANDMOTHER - New York Post - December 24, 2008
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v • d • e
Family of Barack Obama
Stanley
Dunham
1918–1992
Madelyn
Payne
1922–2008
Akumu
Nyanjoga
Onyango
Obama
c. 1895–1979
Sarah
Ogwel
1922–
Lolo
Soetoro
1936–1987
Ann
Dunham
1942–1995
Barack
Obama, Sr. *
1936–1982
Kezia
Aoko
c. 1940–
Omar
Obama
1944–
Zeituni
Onyango
1952–
Yusuf
Obama
c. 1950s–
Said
Obama
c. 1950s–
Konrad
Ng
c. 1974–
Maya
Soetoro
1970–
Barack
Obama
1961–
Michelle
Robinson
1964–
M. Abongo
Obama
1958–
Auma
Obama
c. 1960–
Abo
Obama
1968–
Bernard
Obama
1970–
Suhaila
Ng
c. 2005–
Malia Ann
Obama
1998–
Natasha
Obama
2001–
* Barack
Obama, Sr.'s
additional
Ruth
Nidesandjo
c. 1940s–
Jael
Otieno
relationships:
Mark
Ndesandjo
David
Ndesandjo
died c. 1987
George
Obama
c. 1982–
v • d • e
Barack Obama
Presidency
Barack Obama
Early life and
political career
Books
Speeches
Family
Michelle Obama · Barack Obama, Sr. · Ann Dunham · Lolo Soetoro (stepfather) · Maya Soetoro-Ng (half-sister) · Marian Robinson (mother-in-law) · Stanley Armour Dunham (grandfather) · Madelyn Dunham (grandmother) · Bo (dog) · Extended family · Family tree
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Barbara Bush		 Mother of the President of the United States
Posthumous
January 20, 2009 - present		 Succeeded by
Incumbent


Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham"
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