Arena da Amazônia
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| Full name | Arena da Amazônia - Vivaldo Lima |
|---|---|
| Location | Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil |
| Coordinates | 3°4′59″S 60°1′41″W / 3.08306°S 60.02806°W |
| Owner | Amazonas State Government |
| Executive suites | 68 |
| Capacity | 42,924[2] |
| Field size | 105 x 68 m |
| Surface | Grass |
| Construction | |
| Built | 2010–14 |
| Opened | 9 March 2014 |
| Construction cost | R$605 million[1] US$270 million €200 million |
| Architect | gmp |
| Tenants | |
| Amazonas (some games; 2023-present) Nacional (2014–present) Manaus Futebol Clube (some games) Brazil national football team (selected matches) | |
Arena da Amazônia (Amazon Arena) is a football stadium in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, located on the former site of the Vivaldão stadium. The stadium has an all-seater capacity of 42,924[2] and was constructed from 2010 to 2014 as part of Brazil's hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. It hosted matches of the football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics. During the World Cup, the arena had a limited maximum-capacity of 40,549.[3]
Design and construction
[edit]
Built on the site of the old Vivaldo Lima stadium, the Arena da Amazônia is located midway between Manaus International Airport and the historic center of the city. It is also near the Manaus Convention Center and the Amadeu Teixeira Arena. The cost of its construction was split with 25% paid by the Amazonas State Government and 75% by the Brazilian Development Bank.
The stadium was designed by German architecture firm Gerkan, Marg and Partners, with inspiration from the Amazon rainforest that surrounds the city of Manaus and its metallic exterior structure is designed to evoke the straw baskets that are made in the region. It was built by the Brazilian engineering firm Andrade Gutierrez and incorporates several sustainability-friendly features.[4]
The stadium can seat around 44,300 spectators and features a restaurant, luxury suites, underground parking spaces and accessibility for people with special needs. It also includes an on-site rain water recycling system and sewage treatment facilities to reduce its water usage and is designed to make use of natural ventilation to reduce its consumption of energy. In addition, more than 95% of the material from the demolition of the old stadium was recycled.[4]
Because the climate of Manaus is extremely warm due to its location near the equator, the stadium was designed to minimize the temperatures inside the structure with features such as a white, reflective exterior, plentiful shade over the seating areas, and a large amount of ventilation openings in the façade of the building.[4]
Despite these efforts, England manager Roy Hodgson criticized the location of the stadium saying the extreme heat of Manaus makes it difficult for players. England later played its opening game against Italy in Manaus and lost 2–1. The average goals-per-game in Manaus tallied 3.5 goals compared to 2.7 for the total 2014 World Cup matches.[5][6]
The stadium itself has been criticised for being completely unnecessary beyond the World Cup, because of the small crowds that attend local Football Matches in Manaus and the remote nature of Manaus. The Stadium has seen light use since the World Cup with occasional 4th Division Matches and Christian Evangelical and Guns N' Roses Concerts.[7][8] The Stadium hosted several men's and women's football matches during the 2016 Olympics and some of Brazil's 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches.
2014 FIFA World Cup
[edit]The stadium was still under construction by February 2014, and doubts were raised over whether or not it would have been ready to host the FIFA World Cup.[9]
However, the stadium opened on 9 March 2014 and staged its opening match, a cup game in which Northern Brazilian teams Nacional FC and Clube do Remo participated.
The stadium hosted four games during the World Cup.
| Date | Time (UTC-04) | Team #1 | Result | Team #2 | Round | Attendance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| June 14, 2014 | 18:00 |  England |
1–2 |  Italy |
Group D | 39,800 |
| June 18, 2014 | 18:00 |  Cameroon |
0–4 |  Croatia |
Group A | 39,982 |
| June 22, 2014 | 18:00 |  United States |
2–2 |  Portugal |
Group G | 40,123 |
| June 25, 2014 | 16:00 |  Honduras |
0–3 |  Switzerland |
Group E | 40,322 |
Brazil national football team
[edit]| Date | Time (UTC-04) | Team #1 | Result | Team #2 | Round | Attendance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| September 5, 2016 | 20:45 |  Brazil |
2–1 |  Colombia |
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification | 36,609 |
| October 14, 2021 | 20:30 | 4–1 |  Uruguay |
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification | 12,500 |
Local Engagement
[edit]The Arena da Amazônia is a source of pride and identity for Manaus residents. The four matches in 2014 brought international attention and pride to the city of two million in the Rainforest. The stadium and its Amazon-inspired design was initially celebrated as a venue that could bring economic opportunities to the region.[6] However, local engagement has been challenging since the 2014 FIFA World Cup due to the limited number of events that can consistently fill the 44,000-seat stadium.[10] Though the stadium hosts regional soccer matches and concerts, it has struggled to become an active venue for the people of Manaus without a high level soccer team.
The stadium does not have consistent events that were expected for a major urban stadium, but has retained some relevance within the community. The stadium has helped Manaus through community initiatives such as hosting cultural festivals. These alternative uses have redefined the stadium’s role in the community, allowing it to be a multipurpose public space rather than solely a sports venue.[11]
Hosting only four World Cup matches in 2014 did not justify the substantial cost. This is only heightened without a major local soccer team or large-scale events, as the stadium struggles to consistently generate revenue. The stadium’s remote location in the Amazon rainforest is a major factor, which limits the amount of events compared to stadiums in Brazil’s larger cities.
Economic Impact
[edit]The substantial investment in the stadium without a long-term agenda frustrated many locals who believed the resources could have been used on healthcare, education, and infrastructure in Manaus. The large investment in the stadium, around $300 million, left resentment among many residents who felt the funds could have been more meaningfully used on local priorities.[12] The allocation of resources away from socioeconomic challenges was viewed by locals as trying to appeal to international spectators rather than address the needs of the Manaus community.[13] The stadium’s construction and limited use after the World Cup is viewed as a symbol of misplaced priorities and feel disconnected from the project.
The construction of the Arena da Amazônia did come with urban planning initiatives in Manaus, mainly to assist visitors for the 2014 World Cup. Eduardo Gomes International Airport was a primary focus of the upgrades to increase its capacity and improve its facilities. Transportation to the stadium was improved by expanding key roads and upgrading transportation infrastructure around the area.[14] Despite the improvements to transportation infrastructure, they were mostly limited to the stadium area instead of general transit for the public.
The focus of government funds on the stadium over public needs left residents feeling that the project did not help their quality of life or access to services. In 2014, the stadium brought attention to Manaus on an international scale, but it has struggled to integrate into the local economy in a sustainable way. High costs of maintenance and limited demand has restricted its ability for economic value.[7] Infrastructure improvements at the airport and around the stadium have had some benefits, but were not enough to significantly improve the city’s transit or public services in the long term.
The limited use of the Arena is an example of how global sports infrastructure projects often fail to deliver long-term benefits to local communities. Built at such a large cost, the stadium has simply struggled to live up to the investment due to its remote location in the Amazon and limited demand. This situation demonstrates the injustice of prioritizing large-scale sports events at the expense of more important local needs. The mismanagement of these massive projects showcase bigger issues in global sports development, where investments are directed to stadiums instead of projects that could provide long-term value and development to the community.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Com ritmo acelerado, obras da Arena da Amazônia chegam a 76% (With fast pace, the Arena da Amazonia work reaches 76%)". O Globo. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
- ^ a b The Brazilian Bid for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2027 (PDF). FIFA. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ "Arena Amazonia, Manaus". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ a b c "Arena da Amazônia - The Stadium Guide". Retrieved 2014-06-18.
- ^ "England manager Roy Hodgson fears difficult Amazon assignment in Friday's World Cup draw". Daily Mirror. 2 December 2013.
- ^ a b "FIFA". Archived from the original on May 15, 2018.
- ^ a b "Future Murky for Brazil's Arena da Amazonia". Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ Editorial (2022-09-21). "Guns N' Roses Arrive in Manaus, Brazil". News NCR. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
- ^ http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Work-continues-after-death-at-World-Cup-stadium-5221240.php [dead link]
- ^ Nobre, Eduardo Alberto Cusce. Sports Mega-Events and Urban Legacies the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Brazil. Springer International Publishing, 2017.
- ^ Rodanthi, Tzanelli. Socio-Cultural Mobility and Mega-Events: Ethics and Aesthetics in Brazil’s 2014 World Cup. Routledge, 2018.
- ^ Zirin, Dave. Brazil’s Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, the Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy. Haymarket Books, 2016.
- ^ Zimbalist, Andrew. Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup. Brookings Institution Press, 2020.
- ^ Sennes, Ricardo. Will Brazil Get What It Expects from the World Cup. Atlantic Council, 2014.
- ^ Pereira, R. "Distributive justice and transportation equity: inequality in accessibility in Rio de Janeiro." PhD diss., University of Oxford, 2018.
External links
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| Maracanã-Engenho de Dentro Cluster | ||
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