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Education in England

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Education in England
Department for Education
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
Secretary of State (Education)
Minister for Universities and Science (with BEIS)[2]		Justine Greening

Jo Johnson
National education budget (2008–09)
Budget£62.2 billion[3][4]
General details
Primary languagesEnglish
System typeNational
Compulsory education1880
Literacy (2003[5])
Total99 %
Male99 %
Female99 %
Enrollment
Total11.7 million
Primary4.50 million (in state schools)[6] (2016)
Secondary2.75 million (up to year 11 in state schools)[6] (2016)
Post secondaryHigher Education: 1,844,095[7](2014/15)
Further Education: 2,613,700[8](2014/15)
Total: 4,457,795 (2014/15)
Attainment
Secondary diplomaLevel 2 and above: 87.4%
Level 3 and above: 60.3%
(of 19 year olds in 2015)[9] Level 2 and above: 81.0%
Level 3 and above: 62.6%
(of adults 19-64 in 2014)[8]
Post-secondary diplomaLevel 4 and above: 41.0%
(of adults 19-64 in 2014)[8]

Education in England is overseen by the United Kingdom's Department for Education. Local government authorities are responsible for implementing policy for public education and state-funded schools at a local level. England also has a tradition of independent schools (sometimes termed "public schools") and Home schooling; legally, parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means.

The state-funded education system is divided into stages based upon age:[10] Early Years Foundation Stage (ages 3–5); primary education (ages 5 to 11), subdivided into Key Stage 1 (KS1) Infants (ages 5 to 7) and Key Stage 2 (KS2) Juniors (ages 7 to 11); secondary education (ages 11 to 16), subdivided into Key Stage 3 (KS3; ages 11 to 14) and Key Stage 4 (KS4; ages 14 to 16), post-16 education (ages 16 to 18); and tertiary education (for ages 18+).[11]

At age 16 the students typically take exams for the General Certificate of Secondary Education or other Level 1/2 qualifications. While education is compulsory until 18, schooling is only compulsory to 16, thus post-16 education can take a number of forms, and may be academic or vocational. This can involve continued schooling, known as "sixth form" or "college", leading (typically after two years of further study) to A-level qualifications (similar to a high school diploma in some other countries), or a number of alternative Level 3 qualifications such as BTEC, the International Baccalaureate or the Cambridge Pre-U. It can also include work-based apprenticeships or traineeships, or volunteering.[12][13]

Higher education often begins with a three-year bachelor's degree. Postgraduate degrees include master's degrees, either taught or by research, and doctoral level research degrees that usually takes at least three years. Tuition fees for first degrees are up to £9,000 per academic year for English, Welsh and European Union students, although these are set to rise to £9,250 for students starting from 2017.[14]

The Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) covers national school examinations and vocational education qualifications. It is referenced to the European Qualifications Framework, and thus to other qualifications frameworks across the European Union.[15] The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ), which is tied to the RQF, covers degrees and other qualifications from degree-awarding bodies.[16] This is referenced to the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area developed under the Bologna process.[17]

History of English education

Main article: History of education in England

Until 1870 all schools were charitable or private institutions, but in that year the Elementary Education Act 1870 permitted local governments to complement the existing elementary schools in order to fill any gaps. The Education Act 1902 allowed local authorities to create secondary schools. The Education Act 1918 abolished fees for elementary schools.

Legally compulsory education

Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged 5 to 18, either at school or otherwise, with a child beginning primary education during the school year he or she turns 5.[18] Children between the ages of 3 and 5 are entitled to 600 hours per year of optional, state-funded, pre-school education. This can be provided in "playgroups", nurseries, community childcare centres or nursery classes in schools.

The age at which a student may choose to stop education is commonly known as the "leaving age" for compulsory education. This age was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act 2008; the change took effect in 2013 for 16-year-olds and 2015 for 17-year-olds. From this time, the school leaving age (which remains 16) and the education leaving age (which is now 18) have been separated.[19] State-provided schooling and sixth-form education are paid for by taxes.

All children in England must currently therefore receive an effective education (at school or otherwise) from the first "prescribed day", which falls on or after their fifth birthday until their 18th birthday, and must remain in school until the last Friday in June of the school year in which they turn 16.[13][20][21] The education leaving age was raised in 2013 to the year in which they turn 17 and in 2015 to their 18th birthday for those born after 1 September 1997.[19] The prescribed days are 31 August, 31 December and 31 March.[22][23] The school year begins on 1 September (or 1 August if a term starts in August).[24]

The Compulsory stages of education are broken into a Foundation Stage (actually covering the last part of optional and first part of compulsory education), four Key Stages, and post-16 education (sometimes unofficially termed Key Stage 5), which takes a variety of forms including Sixth Form (covering the last 2 years of Secondary Education in schools).

Schools and stages

Below is a table summarizing the most common names of the various schools and stages. Grammar schools are normally state-funded but selective schools, admitting children from 11 years old onward, but there are exceptions such as Manchester Grammar School.

Key stage Year Final exam Ages State funded school name State funded Alternative name State funded selective school name Fee paying private school name Fee paying entrance exam name
Foundation Nursery 3-4 Pre-preparatory
Foundation Reception 4-5 Primary Infant Pre-preparatory
Key Stage 1 Year One 5-6 Primary Infant Pre-preparatory
Key Stage 1 Year Two 6-7 Primary Infant Pre-preparatory
Key Stage 2 Year Three 7-8 Primary Junior Prep school
Key Stage 2 Year Four 8-9 Primary Junior Prep school
Key Stage 2 Year Five 9-10 Primary Junior Prep school
Key Stage 2 Year Six SATS, 11+ 10-11 Primary Junior Prep school
Key Stage 3 Year Seven 11-12 Secondary High school Grammar school Prep school
Key Stage 3 Year Eight 12-13 Secondary High school Grammar school Prep school
Key Stage 3 Year Nine 13-14 Secondary High school Grammar school Senior school Common Entrance Examination
Key Stage 4 Year Ten 14-15 Secondary High school Grammar school Senior school
Key Stage 4 Year Eleven GCSE 15-16 Secondary High school Grammar school Senior school
Key Stage 5 Year Twelve 16-17 Secondary Sixth form Grammar school Senior school
Key Stage 5 Year Thirteen A-Levels 17-18 Secondary Sixth form Grammar school Senior school

State-funded schools

St Barnabas Church of England Primary School, Oxford
Main article: State-funded schools (England)

Some 93% of children between the ages of 3 and 18 are in education in state-funded schools without charge (other than for activities such as swimming, theatre visits and field trips for which a voluntary payment can be requested, and limited charges at state-funded boarding schools[25]).

Allerton High School, a typical former secondary modern school in Leeds, West Yorkshire.

Since 1998, there have been six main types of maintained (state funded) school in England:[26][27][28]

  • Academy schools, established by the 1997-2010 Labour Government to replace poorly-performing community schools in areas of high social and economic deprivation. Their start-up costs are typically funded by private means, such as entrepreneurs or NGOs, with running costs met by Central Government and, like Foundation schools, are administratively free from direct local authority control. The 2010 Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government expanded the role of Academies in the Academy Programme, in which a wide number of schools in non-deprived areas were also encouraged to become Academies, thereby essentially replacing the role of Foundation schools established by the previous Labour government. They are monitored directly by the Department for Education.[29]
  • Community schools (formerly county schools), in which the local authority employs the schools' staff, owns the schools' lands and buildings, and has primary responsibility for admissions.
  • Free schools, introduced by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition following the 2010 general election, are newly established schools in England set up by parents, teachers, charities or businesses, where there is a perceived local need for more schools. They are funded by taxpayers, are academically non-selective and free to attend, and like Foundation schools and Academies, are not controlled by a local authority. They are ultimately accountable to the Secretary of State for Education. Free schools are an extension of the existing Academy Programme. The first 24 free schools opened in Autumn 2011.
  • Foundation schools, in which the governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions. School land and buildings are owned by the governing body or by a charitable foundation. The Foundation appoints a minority of governors. Many of these schools were formerly grant maintained schools. In 2005 the Labour government proposed allowing all schools to become Foundation schools if they wished.
  • Voluntary Aided schools, linked to a variety of organisations. They can be faith schools (often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church), or non-denominational schools, such as those linked to London Livery Companies. The charitable foundation contributes towards the capital costs of the school (typically 10%), and appoints a majority of the school governors. The governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.[30]
  • Voluntary Controlled schools, which are almost always church schools, with the lands and buildings often owned by a charitable foundation. However, the local authority employs the schools' staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.

In addition, 3 of the 15 City Technology Colleges established in the 1980s still remain, the rest having converted to academies. These are state-funded all-ability secondary schools which charge no fees but which are independent of local authority control. There are also a small number of state-funded boarding schools.

English state-funded primary schools are almost all local schools with a small catchment area. More than half are owned by the Local Authority, though many are (nominally) voluntary controlled and some are voluntary aided. Some schools just include infants (aged 4 to 7) and some just juniors (aged 7 to 11). Some are linked, with automatic progression from the infant school to the junior school, and some are not. A few areas still have first schools for ages around 4 to 8 and middle schools for ages 8 or 9 to 12 or 13.

An example of a Grammar School - in Sutton, London

English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive, although the intake of comprehensive schools can vary widely, especially in urban areas with several local schools. Nearly 90% of state-funded secondary schools are specialist schools, receiving extra funding to develop one or more subjects in which the school specialises, which can select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in the specialism (though relatively few of them have taken up this option). In a few areas children can enter a grammar school if they pass the eleven plus exam, there are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools and a few dozen partially selective schools.[31] A significant minority of state-funded schools are faith schools, which are attached to religious groups, most often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church.

All state-funded schools are regularly inspected by the Office for Standards in Education, often known simply as Ofsted. Ofsted publish reports on the quality of education at a particular school on a regular basis. Schools judged by Ofsted to be providing an inadequate standard of education may be subject to special measures, which could include replacing the governing body and senior staff.

Independent schools

Main article: Independent school (United Kingdom)

Approximately 7% of school children in England attend privately run, fee-paying independent schools. Some independent schools for 13-18 year olds are known for historical reasons as 'public schools' and for 8-13 year olds as 'prep schools'. Some schools offer scholarships for those with particular skills or aptitudes, or bursaries to allow students from less financially well-off families to attend. Independent schools do not have to follow the National Curriculum, and their teachers are not required or regulated by law to have official teaching qualifications."[32]

Education by means other than schooling

See also: Education Otherwise

The 1944 Education Act (Section 36) stated that parents are responsible for the education of their children, "by regular attendance at school or otherwise", which allows children to be educated at home. The legislation places no requirement for parents who choose not to send their children to school to follow the National Curriculum, or to give formal lessons, or to follow school hours and terms, and parents do not need to be qualified teachers.[33] A small but increasing numbers of parents do choose to educate their children outside the conventional school systems.[34][35][36] Officially referred to as "Elective Home Education", teaching ranges from structured homeschooling (using a school-style curriculum) to less-structured unschooling.[37][38] Education Otherwise has supported parents who wished to educate their children outside school since the 1970s. The state provides no financial support to parents who choose to educate their children outside of school.

Post-16 education

Students at both state schools and independent schools typically take GCSE examinations, which mark the end of compulsory education in school. Above school-leaving age, the independent and state sectors are similarly structured. In the 16–18 age group, sixth form education is not compulsory, but mandatory education or training until the age of 18 is being phased in under the Education and Skills Act 2008.

This took effect for 16-year-olds in 2013 and for 17-year-olds in September 2015. While students may still leave school on the last Friday in June, they must remain in education of some form until their 18th birthday.[13]

Sixth form colleges / further education colleges

Students over 16 typically study in the sixth form of a school, in a separate sixth form college, or in a Further Education (FE) College. Courses at FE colleges, referred to as further education courses, can also be studied by adults over 18. Students typically study Level 3 qualifications such as A-levels, BTEC National awards and level 3 NVQs. Some 16–18 students will be encouraged to study Key Skills in Communication, Application of Number, and Information Technology at this time.

Apprenticeships and traineeships

The National Apprenticeship Service helps people 16 or more years of age enter apprenticeships in order to learn a skilled trade. Traineeships are also overseen by the National Apprenticeship Service, and are education and a training programmes that are combined with work experience to give trainees the skills needed to get an apprenticeship.[39]

Apprenticeships come in four levels: Intermediate (level 2), Advanced (level 3), Higher (level 4 – 7) and Degree (level 6 – 7). Intermediate apprenticeships are equivalent to 5 GCSEs at A* – C, Advanced to 2 A-levels, Higher to a foundation degree or above, and Degree apprenticeships to a bachelor's or master's degree.[40]

A study in 2014 found that unemployment rates among former apprentices one year after completing their apprenticeships werre one-third those of university graduates one year after finishing their degrees.[41] A 2015 study by the Sutton Trust found that, while average net[42] lifetime earnings for those who had completed level 5 apprenticeships were higher than those for graduates from non-Russell Group universities, most apprenticeships offered were at levels 2 and 3, providing little improvement over earnings from secondary school qualifications. The report also found that apprenticeships had a lower perceived value compared to degrees in Britain than in many other countries.[43]

Higher education

Main article: Universities in the United Kingdom
The chapel of King's College, Cambridge University.
London School of Economics Library Roof
A view from one of the postgraduate study carrels at the Clock Tower of Maughan Library, King's College London, one of the founding colleges of University of London.
Campus of New College Durham, a college of further and higher education
Built as a factory in the early 20th century, the William Morris building is now home to Coventry University's Faculty of Business, Environment and Society
The University of Birmingham, a 'Red Brick university'.

Higher education in England is provided by Higher Education (HE) colleges, university colleges, universities and private colleges. Students normally enter higher education as undergraduates from age 18 onwards, and can study for a wide variety of vocational and academic qualifications, including certificates of higher education and higher national certificates at level 4, diplomas of higher education, higher national diplomas and foundation degrees at level 5, bachelor's degrees (normally with honours) at level 6, and integrated master's degrees and degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science at level 7.

Historically, undergraduate education outside a small number of private colleges and universities has been largely state-financed since the 1960s, with a small contribution from top-up fees introduced in the 1990s,[44] however fees of up to £9,000 per annum have been charged from October 2012. There is a perceived hierarchy among universities, with the Russell Group seen as being composed of the country's more prestigious universities.[45] League tables of universities are produced by private companies and generally cover the whole UK.

The state does not control university syllabuses, but it does influence admission procedures through the Office for Fair Access (OFFA), which approves and monitors access agreements to safeguard and promote fair access to higher education. The independent Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education inspects universities to assure standards, advises on the granting of degree awarding powers and University title, and maintains the Quality Code for Higher Education, which includes the Framework for Higher Education Qualification.[46] Unlike most degrees, the state has control over teacher training courses, and standards are monitored by Ofsted inspectors.[47]

The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelor's degree with honours, which usually lasts for three years, although more vocational foundation degrees, typically lasting two years (or full-time equivalent) are also available in some institutions. Many institutions now offer an integrated master's degree, particularly in STEM subjects, as a first degree, which typically lasts for four years, the first three years running parallel to the bachelor's course. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between integrated and traditional postgraduate master's degrees (and that fees are capped at the first degree level for the former) makes taking an integrated master's degree as a first degree a more attractive option. Integrated master's degrees are often the standard route to chartered status for STEM professionals in England.[48]

Postgraduate education

Students who have completed a first degree can apply for postgraduate and graduate courses. These include:

Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the state.

Fees

Until the academic year 2011-2012 most undergraduates paid fees that were set at a maximum of £3,375 per annum. These fees are repayable after graduation, contingent on attaining a certain level of income, with the state paying all fees for students from the poorest backgrounds. UK students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance. Undergraduates admitted from the academic year 2012-2013 have paid tuition fees set at a maximum of up to £9,000 per annum, with most universities charging over £6,000 per annum, and other higher education providers charging less.

Postgraduate fees vary but are generally more than undergraduate fees, depending on the degree and university. There are numerous bursaries (awarded to low income applicants) to offset undergraduate fees and, for postgraduates, full scholarships are available for most subjects, and are usually awarded competitively.

Different arrangements apply to English students studying in Scotland, and to Scottish and Welsh students studying in England. Students from outside the UK and the EU attending English universities are charged differing amounts, often in the region of £5,000 - £20,000 per annum[50] for undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The actual amount differs by institution and subject, with the lab based subjects charging a greater amount.

Adult education

Adult education, continuing education or lifelong learning is offered to students of all ages. This can include the vocational qualifications mentioned above, and also:

  • One or two year access courses, to allow adults without suitable qualifications access to university.
  • The Open University runs undergraduate and postgraduate distance learning programmes.
  • The Workers' Educational Association offers large number of semi-recreational courses, with or without qualifications, made available by Local Education Authorities under the guise of Adult Education. Courses are available in a wide variety of areas, such as holiday languages, crafts and yacht navigation.

Qualifications Frameworks

The two qualifications frameworks in England are the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), for qualifications regulated by Ofqual, and the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ) for qualifications granted by bodies with degree awarding powers, overseen by the Quality Assurance Agency. These share a common numbering scheme for their levels, which was also used for the earlier Qualifications and Credit Framework. The RQF is linked to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and the FHEQ to the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area (QF-EHEA).[15][16][17][51]

RQF/FHEQ level Common qualifications EQF/QF-EHEA equivalent
Level 1 Foundation diploma
GCSE (grades D - G)
NVQ level 1 		EQF level 2
Level 2 Higher diploma
GCSE (grades A* - C)
NVQ level 2 		EQF level 3
Level 3 Advanced diploma
A-level
International Baccalaureate
BTEC National
NVQ level 3 		EQF level 4
Level 4 Certificate of Higher Education
HNC (awarded by a degree-awarding institution) 		QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Short Cycle
BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 4
Higher National Certificate (HNC)
NVQ level 4 		EQF level 5
Level 5 BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 5
Higher National Diploma (HND)
NVQ level 4
Diploma of Higher Education
Foundation degree
HND (awarded by a degree-awarding institution) 		QF-EHEA Short Cycle (within or linked to first cycle)
Level 6 BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 6
NVQ level 4 		EQF level 6
Graduate certificate
Graduate diploma
Professional Graduate Certificate of Education 		QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the First Cycle
Ordinary bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree with honours 		QF-EHEA First Cycle (end of cycle)
Level 7 BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 7
NVQ level 5 		EQF level 7
Postgraduate certificate
Postgraduate diploma
Postgraduate Certificate of Education 		QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Second Cycle
Integrated master's degree
Master's degree 		QF-EHEA Second Cycle (end of cycle)
Level 8 NVQ level 5 EQF level 8
Doctorates QF-EHEA Third Cycle (end of cycle)

Criticism

One-half of British universities have “lost confidence in the A* or A grades”, and require many applicants to sit for a competitive entrance examination or other aptitude test. According to the Schools Minister, “strong evidence has been emerging of grade inflation across subjects” in recent years.[52] The Confederation of British Industry, the EEF and the British Chambers of Commerce are also complaining of falling academic standards. Employers often experience difficulty in finding young people who have such basic employability skills as literacy, numeracy, problem solving, teamworking and time management. As a result, employers either have to pay for employees' remedial education, or they must hire foreign candidates.[53][54][55]

Katharine Birbalsingh has written of the problems she perceives in many community schools. She cites the impossibility of effective classroom management, bad teachers who cannot be dismissed, and government policies encouraging "soft" subjects. Birbalsingh has visited schools in Jamaica and India where pupils are desperate to gain the kind of education to which pupils in her own school (and their parents) were indifferent. She was a deputy head teacher in south London until she spoke at a Conservative Party conference in 2010 and was quickly sacked.[56] Frank Chalk, who taught at an inner-city school for ten years before resigning in frustration, makes similar claims.[57]

An analysis of 2010 school data by The Guardian found that state faith schools were not taking a fair share of the poorest pupils in their local areas, as indicated by free school meal entitlement. Not only was this so at an overall national level, but also in the postcode areas nearby the schools. This suggested selection by religion was leading to selection of children from more well-off families.[58]

Pupils claiming free school meals (2010)[59]
School type Primary Secondary
All 19.3% 15.2%
Church of England 13.1% 12.0%
Roman Catholic 16.3% 14.0%
Non-religious 21.5% 15.6%
Schools with fewer free school meal children than local postcode average (2010)[59]
School type Primary Secondary
Church of England 63.5% 39.6%
Roman Catholic 76.3% 64.7%
Non-religious 47.3% 28.8%

A survey of 2000 teachers by The Guardian in 2011 identified a widespread reason for not enjoying the job: lack of trust and respect by senior staff, parents and governments.[60] Writing about her own reasons for leaving teaching, a contributing editor to the newspaper's Guardian Teacher Network described the realisation of needing to leave the profession as having slowly crept up on her. Being a mature entrant, she questioned things in her aspiration to improve education and was reluctant to "be moulded into a standard shape".[61]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Jo Johnson reappointed as universities and science minister". Times Higher Education. 16 July 2016.
  2. ^ From July 2016, Higher Education comes under the Department for Education, Science under the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy[1]
  3. ^ Annex A: Total Departmental Spending, 7391 Departmental report 2008, Department for Children, Schools and Families. £43 billion total spending on schools.
  4. ^ Table 1 Total Departmental spending, Departmental report 2008, Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills. £14.3 billion spending on HE, £4.9 billion on FE.
  5. ^ Estimate for the United Kingdom, from United Kingdom, CIA World Factbook
  6. ^ a b "National pupil projections: July 2016". Department for Education. July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  7. ^ "Higher Education Student Enrolments and Qualifications Obtained at Higher Education Providers in the United Kingdom 2014/15". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  8. ^ a b c "Further education and skills: statistical first release (SFR)". Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. 23 June 2016.
  9. ^ "Level 2 and 3 attainment by young people aged 19 in 2015". Department for Education. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  10. ^ Divisions between stages fall at the start/end of academic years so an 11 year old child may, for example, be in primary or secondary school depending on the date and when in the year their birthday falls
  11. ^ "The national curriculum". Gov.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  12. ^ "Options at 16 and beyond". Kent County Council. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  13. ^ a b c "School leaving age". Gov.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  14. ^ Richard Adams (20 July 2016). "English universities to raise tuition fees for first time since they trebled". The Guardian.
  15. ^ a b "Find and Compare Qualifications Frameworks". European Commission. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  16. ^ a b "Compare different qualifications". Gov.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  17. ^ a b "The Bologna Process in higher education" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency. 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  18. ^ "Schools in the Great Britain". Rogalinski.com. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  19. ^ a b Education and Skills Act 2008, Office of Public Sector Information.
  20. ^ Section 8. Compulsory school age, Education Act 1996, 1996 c.56, UK Parliament.
  21. ^ "School attendance and absence: the law". Directgov.
  22. ^ "The Education (Start of Compulsory School Age) Order 1998". The National Archives.
  23. ^ "School leaving age". Retrieved 6 December 2013. You'll have to stay in some form of education or training until you turn 18, if you started year 11 in September 2013 or later
  24. ^ The Education (Information as to Provision of Education) (England) Regulations 1994, Statutory Instrument 1994 No. 1256, UK Parliament.
  25. ^ Jeevan Vasagar (31 January 2012). "State boarding school boom: surge in pupils living away from home". Guardian.
  26. ^ "Categories of Schools – Overview". GovernorNet. Department for Children, Schools and Families. 5 September 2003. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  27. ^ "The Composition of Schools in England" (PDF). Department for Children, Schools and Families. June 2008.
  28. ^ Types of School, Citizens Advice Bureau.
  29. ^ "What are Academies?". Standards Site. Department for Children, Schools and Families. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  30. ^ "Voluntary Aided Schools". Teachernet. Department for Children, Schools and Families. 8 January 2008.
  31. ^ Clyde Chitty (16 November 2002). "The Right to a Comprehensive Education". Second Caroline Benn Memorial Lecture. Retrieved 22 January 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. ^ Table 1.2: Full-time and Part-time pupils by age, gender and school type, Education and Training Statistics for the United Kingdom: 2008, Department for Children, Schools and Families. Enrolment at independent schools is not partitioned by stages in the source, and has been estimated using an equal division. The error is within the precision of these figures.
  33. ^ "Educating your child at home". Directgov. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  34. ^ Richard Garner (28 January 2002). "Rising number of parents decide they can do a better job than the education system". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  35. ^ Mathew Charles (18 March 2005). "Growth market in home education". BBC News. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  36. ^ Katie Razzall; Lewis Hannam (26 September 2007). "UK home-school cases soar". Channel 4 News. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  37. ^ "Elective Home Education: Guidelines for Local Authorities" (PDF). Department for Children, Schools and Families. 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  38. ^ Terri Dowty (editor) (2000). Free Range Education: How Home Education Works. Hawthorn Press. ISBN 1-903458-07-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  39. ^ "Traineeships". Skills Funding Agency. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  40. ^ "A Guide to Apprenticeships". National Apprenticeship Service. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  41. ^ Clark, Laura (25 November 2014). "Apprentices beat graduates in jobs race: University leavers three times more likely to be unemployed a year after finishing course". Daily Mail. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  42. ^ including student debt repayments
  43. ^ Dr Philip Kirby (9 October 2015). "Levels of Success: The potential of UK apprenticeships". Sutton Trust. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  44. ^ Heidi Blake (10 November 2010). "Grants, loans and tuition fees: a timeline of how university funding has evolved". Daily Telegraph.
  45. ^ Paul Blackmore (29 March 2016). "Universities vie for the metric that cannot be measured: prestige". The Guardian. "The Russell Group has successfully stage-managed the position that it is seen as comprising the best universities. Some are and some aren't, but by and large this is nonsense.
    "However, parents increasingly say they want their child to go to one."
    Pre-92 head
  46. ^ "About is". Quality Assurance Agency. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  47. ^ "Teacher training providers". Office for Standards in Education. 5 December 2008.
  48. ^ Select Committee on Science and Technology (17 July 2012). "Higher Education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects" (PDF). House of Lords. p. 26. First degrees have, in the past, usually lasted three years and resulted in a Bachelors degree. There has, however, been a move towards four year courses in STEM subjects, particularly engineering, leading to an integrated Masters degree and increasingly Masters are seen as a prerequisite for postgraduate study internationally. Such a degree, or its equivalent at Masters level, is essential to achieving Chartered status in engineering and some other areas.
  49. ^ Sara McDonnell (March 2011). "What is a PhD?". jobs.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  50. ^ "UKCISA - Fees, funding and Student Support". Retrieved 25 February 2010. UK Council for International Student Affairs > How much will the 'overseas' fee for my course be?
  51. ^ "Qualifications can cross boundaries" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency, Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework Partnership, CCEA Accreditation, Ofqual, CQFW Welsh Government and Quality and Qualifications Ireland. September 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  52. ^ Paton, Graeme (13 July 2012). "More students forced to sit university admissions tests". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  53. ^ "Boosting employability skills". Confederation of British Industry. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  54. ^ "Skills and education submissions". EEF: The Manufacturers' Association. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  55. ^ "The BCC Skills and Employment Manifesto". British Chambers of Commerce. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  56. ^ Katharine Birbalsingh (2011). To Miss with Love. Viking. ISBN 0-670-91899-7
  57. ^ Frank Chalk (2006). It's Your Time You're Wasting: A Teacher's Tales of Classroom Hell. Monday Books. ISBN 978-0-9552854-0-0
  58. ^ Jessica Shepherd and Simon Rogers (5 March 2012). "Church schools shun poorest pupils". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  59. ^ a b "How many poor children go to faith schools?". The Guardian. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  60. ^ Berliner, Wendy (3 October 2011). "Guardian survey finds teachers want to be treated as professionals". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 October 2011. Many wrote: 'I love teaching but...' [...] fed up with governments that don't trust them [...] One former solicitor, now questioning the sense of the career switch, said: "There is a profound lack of respect by senior staff and parents for the quality of work and quantity of work undertaken by teachers. [...]"
  61. ^ Drury, Emma (5 October 2011). "Why I left teaching". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 October 2011. [leaving teaching] just kind of crept up on me until I had had enough. [...] The problem, I think, was me. I wasn't a fresh out of college squashy NQT ready to be moulded into a standard shape. [...] I questioned things and I answered back. I was determined to make things better.

Further reading

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