Executive agency
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An executive agency is a part of a government department that is treated as managerially and budgetarily separate, to carry out some part of the executive functions of the United Kingdom government, Scottish Government, Welsh Government or Northern Ireland Executive. Executive agencies are "machinery of government" devices distinct both from non-ministerial government departments and non-departmental public bodies (or "quangos"), each of which enjoy legal and constitutional separation from ministerial control. The model has been applied in several other countries.
Size and scope
Agencies[1] include well-known organisations such as His Majesty's Prison Service and the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. The annual budget for each agency, allocated by HM Treasury, ranges from a few million pounds for the smallest agencies to £700m for the Court Service.[citation needed] Virtually all government departments have at least one agency.
Issues and reports
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The initial success or otherwise of executive agencies was examined in the Sir Angus Fraser's Fraser Report of 1991. Its main goal was to identify what good practices had emerged from the new model and spread them to other agencies and departments. The report also recommended further powers be devolved from ministers to chief executives.
A series of reports and white papers examining governmental delivery were published throughout the 1990s, under both Conservative and Labour governments. During these the agency model became the standard model for delivering public services in the United Kingdom. By 1997, 76% of civil servants were employed by an agency. The new Labour government in its first such report – the 1998 Next Steps Report – endorsed the model introduced by its predecessor. A later review (in 2002, linked below) made two central conclusions (their emphasis):
- "The agency model has been a success. Since 1988 agencies have transformed the landscape of government and the responsive and effectiveness of services delivered by Government."
- "Some agencies have, however, become disconnected from their departments ... The gulf between policy and delivery is considered by most to have widened."
The latter point is usually made more forcefully by Government critics, describing agencies as "unaccountable quangos".
List by department
Attorney General's Office
Non-ministerial department
Other
- HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate
Cabinet Office
Ministerial department
Executive agency
Executive non-departmental public body
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Advisory Committee on Business Appointments
- Boundary Commission for England
- Boundary Commission for Wales
- Committee on Standards in Public Life
- House of Lords Appointments Commission
- Security Vetting Appeals Panel
- Senior Salaries Review Body
- Social Mobility Commission
Other
- Commissioner for Public Appointments
- Government Estates Management
- Office of the Registrar of Consultant Lobbyists
- Privy Council Office
Civil Service
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy
Non-ministerial department
Executive agency
Executive non-departmental public body
- Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service
- British Hallmarking Council
- Civil Nuclear Police Authority
- Coal Authority
- Committee on Climate Change
- Competition Service
- Nuclear Decommissioning Authority
- UK Atomic Energy Authority
- UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), overseeing:
- Arts and Humanities Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Innovate UK
- Medical Research Council
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Research England
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Committee on Fuel Poverty
- Committee on Radioactive Waste Management
- Council for Science and Technology
- Industrial Development Advisory Board
- Insolvency Rules Committee
- Land Registration Rule Committee
- Low Pay Commission
- Nuclear Liabilities Financing Assurance Board
- Regulatory Policy Committee
Tribunal non-departmental public body
- Central Arbitration Committee
- Competition Appeal Tribunal
- Copyright Tribunal
- Insolvency Practitioners Tribunal
Other
- British Business Bank
- Certification Officer
- Government Office for Science
- Groceries Code Adjudicator
- Independent Complaints Reviewer
- Office of Manpower Economics
- Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies
- Oil and Gas Authority
Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities
Executive agency
Executive non-departmental public body
- Ebbsfleet Development Corporation
- Homes and Communities Agency
- Housing Ombudsman
- Leasehold Advisory Service
- Valuation Tribunal Service
Advisory non-departmental public body
Tribunal non-departmental public body
- Valuation Tribunal for England
Public corporation
Other
Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport
Non-ministerial department
Executive agency
- Building Digital UK[2]
- Royal Parks
Executive non-departmental public body
- Arts Council England
- Big Lottery Fund
- British Film Institute
- British Library
- British Museum
- English Institute of Sport
- Gambling Commission
- Geffrye Museum
- Historic England
- Horniman Public Museum and Public Park Trust
- Horserace Betting Levy Board
- Imperial War Museum
- Information Commissioner's Office
- National Gallery
- National Heritage Memorial Fund
- National Lottery Heritage Fund (administered by the NHMF)
- National Museums Liverpool
- National Portrait Gallery
- Natural History Museum
- Royal Armouries Museum
- Royal Museums Greenwich
- Science Museum Group
- Sir John Soane's Museum
- Sport England
- Sports Grounds Safety Authority
- Tate
- UK Anti-Doping
- UK Sport
- Victoria and Albert Museum
- VisitBritain
- VisitEngland
- Wallace Collection
Advisory non-departmental public body
- The Advisory Council on National Records and Archives
- The Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art and Objects of Cultural Interest
- The Theatres Trust
- Treasure Valuation Committee
Public corporation
Department for Education
Non-ministerial department
Executive agency
Executive non-departmental public body
- Construction Industry Training Board
- Engineering Construction Industry Training Board
- LocatED
- Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education
- Office for Students
- Office of the Children's Commissioner
- Social Work England
- Student Loans Company
Advisory non-departmental public body
- School Teachers' Review Body
- Social Mobility Commission
Other
- Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel
- Independent Review Mechanism
- Office of the Schools Adjudicator
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
Non-ministerial department
Executive agency
- Animal and Plant Health Agency
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
- Rural Payments Agency
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate
Executive non-departmental public body
- Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board
- Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
- Consumer Council for Water
- Environment Agency
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee
- Marine Management Organisation
- National Forest Company
- Natural England
- Sea Fish Industry Authority
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment
- Independent Agricultural Appeals Panel
- Science Advisory Council
- Veterinary Products Committee
Tribunal non-departmental public body
- Plant Varieties and Seeds Tribunal
Other
- Broads Authority
- Covent Garden Market Authority
- Dartmoor National Park Authority
- Drinking Water Inspectorate
- Exmoor National Park Authority
- Lake District National Park Authority
- New Forest National Park Authority
- North York Moors National Park Authority
- Northumberland National Park Authority
- Peak District National Park Authority
- South Downs National Park Authority
- UK Co-ordinating Body (Common Agricultural Policy)
- Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority
Department for International Trade
Department for Transport
Non-ministerial department
Executive agency
- Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
- Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency
- Maritime and Coastguard Agency
- Vehicle Certification Agency
Executive non-departmental public body
- British Transport Police Authority
- Directly Operated Railways Limited
- High Speed Two (HS2) Limited
- Northern Lighthouse Board
- Transport Focus
- Trinity House
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee
Tribunal non-departmental public body
Public corporation
Other
- National Highways
- Network Rail
- Marine Accident Investigation Branch
- Rail Accident Investigation Branch
- Air Accidents Investigation Branch
Department for Work and Pensions
Executive non-departmental public body
- Disabled People's Employment Corporation
- Health and Safety Executive
- National Employment Savings Trust (NEST) Corporation
- The Pensions Advisory Service
- The Pensions Regulator
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Industrial Injuries Advisory Council
- Social Mobility Commission
- Social Security Advisory Committee
Tribunal non-departmental public body
- Pension Protection Fund Ombudsman
- Pensions Ombudsman
Public corporation
Other
- Independent Case Examiner
Department of Health
Executive agency
Executive non-departmental public body
- Care Quality Commission
- Health Education England
- Health Research Authority
- Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
- Human Tissue Authority
- NHS Blood and Transplant
- NHS Business Services Authority
- NHS Digital
- NHS England
- NHS Litigation Authority (operating as NHS Resolution)
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Advisory Committee on Clinical Excellence Awards
- British Pharmacopoeia Commission
- Commission on Human Medicines
- Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment
- Independent Reconfiguration Panel
- NHS Pay Review Body
- Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration
Other
- Accelerated Access Review
- Morecambe Bay Investigation
- NHS Improvement
- National Data Guardian for Health and Social Care
- National Information Board
- Porton Biopharma Limited
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Executive agency
Executive non-departmental public body
- British Council
- Great Britain–China Centre
- Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission
- Westminster Foundation for Democracy
Public corporation
Other
HM Treasury
Non-ministerial department
Executive agency
Executive non-departmental public body
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Royal Mint Advisory Committee
Other
- The Crown Estate
- Financial Conduct Authority
- National Infrastructure Commission
- Payment Systems Regulator
- Royal Mint
- UK Financial Investments
- UK Government Investments
Home Office
Executive non-departmental public body
- Disclosure and Barring Service
- Gangmasters Licensing Authority
- Independent Police Complaints Commission
- Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner
- Security Industry Authority
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
- Animals in Science Committee
- Biometrics and Forensics Ethics Group
- Migration Advisory Committee
- Police Advisory Board for England and Wales
- Police Remuneration Review Body
- Technical Advisory Board
Tribunal non-departmental public body
- Investigatory Powers Tribunal
- Office of Surveillance Commissioners
- Police Discipline Appeals Tribunal
Independent monitoring body
- Independent Anti-slavery Commissioner
Other
- Biometrics Commissioner
- Forensic Science Regulator
- His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services
- Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration
- Independent Family Returns Panel
- Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation
- Intelligence Services Commissioner
- Interception of Communications Commissioner
- National Counter Terrorism Security Office
- National Crime Agency Remuneration Review Body
- The Security Service
- Surveillance Camera Commissioner
Ministry of Defence
Executive agency
- Defence Electronics and Components Agency
- Defence Equipment and Support
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
- UK Hydrographic Office
- Submarine Delivery Agency
Executive non-departmental public body
- Armed Forces Covenant Fund Trust
- National Army Museum
- National Museum of the Royal Navy
- Royal Air Force Museum
- Single Source Regulations Office
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Advisory Committee on Conscientious Objectors
- Armed Forces' Pay Review Body
- Defence Nuclear Safety Committee
- Independent Medical Expert Group
- National Employer Advisory Board
- Nuclear Research Advisory Council
- Scientific Advisory Committee on the Medical Implications of Less-Lethal Weapons
- Veterans Advisory and Pensions Committees
Public corporation
Ad-hoc advisory group
- Central Advisory Committee on Compensation
Other
- Advisory Group on Military Medicine
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
- Defence Sixth Form College
- Defence and Security Media Advisory Committee
- Fleet Air Arm Museum
- Reserve Forces and Cadets Association
- Royal Marines Museum
- Royal Navy Submarine Museum
- Service Complaints Ombudsman
- Service Prosecuting Authority
- United Kingdom Reserve Forces Association
- United Kingdom Special Forces Association
Ministry of Justice
Executive agency
- Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority
- HM Courts & Tribunals Service
- HM Prison Service
- Legal Aid Agency
- Office of the Public Guardian
Executive non-departmental public body
- Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS)
- Criminal Cases Review Commission
- Judicial Appointments Commission
- Legal Services Board
- Parole Board for England and Wales
- Youth Justice Board
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Advisory Committees on Justices of the Peace
- Civil Justice Council
- Civil Procedure Rule Committee
- Criminal Procedure Rule Committee
- Family Justice Council
- Family Procedure Rule Committee
- Independent Advisory Panel on Deaths in Custody
- Law Commission
- Prison Service Pay Review Body
- Sentencing Council
- Tribunal Procedure Committee
Other
- Academy for Social Justice
- HM Inspectorate of Prisons
- HM Inspectorate of Probation
- Independent Monitoring Boards
- Judicial Appointments and Conduct Ombudsman
- Judicial Office
- Legal Ombudsman
- Official Solicitor and Public Trustee
- Prisons and Probation Ombudsman
- Victims' Commissioner
- Crown Office
Northern Ireland Office
Executive non-departmental public body
Advisory non-departmental public body
Office of the Advocate General for Scotland
Office of the Leader of the House of Commons
Office of the Leader of the House of Lords
Office of the Secretary of State for Wales
Scotland Office
Advisory non-departmental public body
UK Export Finance
Advisory non-departmental public body
- Export Guarantees Advisory Council
Non ministerial departments
Not already listed above:
- Charity Commission for England and Wales
- Food Standards Agency
- Advisory Committee on Animal Feedingstuffs
- Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes
- Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food
- Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment
- Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment
- General Advisory Committee on Science
- Government Actuary's Department
- HM Revenue and Customs
- National Crime Agency
- Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
- UK Statistics Authority
Other countries
Several other countries have an executive agency model.
In the United States, the Clinton administration imported the model under the name "performance-based organizations."[3]
In Canada, executive agencies were adopted on a limited basis under the name "special operating agencies."[4] One example is the Translation Bureau under Public Services and Procurement Canada.
Executive agencies were also established in Australia, Jamaica, Japan and Tanzania.[citation needed]
See also
- Trading fund
- Agency of the European Union
- Government-owned corporation
- Departments of the United Kingdom Government
- Non-departmental public body
- Independent agencies of the United States government
- United States federal executive departments
References
- ^ "Executive Agencies". GOV.UK. Cabinet Office. 28 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 – via The National Archives.
- ^ "Building Digital UK". GOV.UK. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ Roberts, Alasdair. Performance-Based Organizations: Assessing the Gore Plan. Public Administration Review, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 465-478, December 1997.
- ^ Roberts, Alasdair. Public Works and Government Services: Beautiful Theory Meets Ugly Reality. HOW OTTAWA SPENDS, G. Swimmer, ed., pp. 171-203 Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1996
External links
- Economic Research Council online database of all UK Quangos 1998-2006, archived in 2007
- 2002 Government report into the agencies model entitled "Better Government Services – Executive agencies in the 21st century" published by The Prime Minister's Office of Public Services Reform. Contains a list of agencies. (PDF)
- Civil Service (archived in 2008)