Jump to content

Italian Radicals

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ (talk | contribs) at 17:01, 30 October 2022 (Replaced obsolete center tags and reduced Lint errors). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Italian Radicals (disambiguation).
Italian Radicals
Radicali Italiani
SecretaryMassimiliano Iervolino
PresidentIgor Boni
Founded14 July 2001; 23 years ago (2001-07-14)
Preceded byRadical Party (not legal predecessor)
HeadquartersVia Angelo Bargoni 32–36, 00153 Rome
NewspaperNotizie Radicali
Quaderni Radicali
Membership (2007)1,841
IdeologyLiberalism
Libertarianism
Political positionCentre
National affiliationCentre-left coalition (2004–2013, 2017–present)

More Europe (2017–2022)
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
Colours  Yellow
Chamber of Deputies
1 / 400
Senate
0 / 200
European Parliament
0 / 73
Regional
Councils
3 / 897
Website
radicali.it

The Italian Radicals (Template:Lang-it, RI) is a liberal[1][2][3] and libertarian[4][5][6] political party in Italy. Founded on 14 July 2001 with Daniele Capezzone as their first secretary, the party describes itself as "liberale, liberista [and] libertario", where liberale refers to political liberalism, liberista is an Italian term for economic liberalism, and libertario[7] denotes a form of cultural liberalism concerning moral and social issues.[8] According to its constitution, the party "as such and with its symbol does not take part in elections".[9]

From 2001 to 2017, the party intended to be the Italian section of the Transnational Radical Party (TRP) as the continuation of the Radical Party founded in 1955 by the left wing of the Italian Liberal Party and re-launched in the 1960s by Marco Pannella. As the Radical Party had become a transnational non-governmental organization working mainly at the United Nations-level which by statute could not participate in national elections, its Italian members organised themselves into the Pannella List between 1992 and 1999 and the Bonino List until 2001, when they established the RI. In 2017, the TRP broke with the RI. Quaderni Radicali and Notizie Radicali are the party's newspapers.[10] Radio Radicale is the official radio station of the party; in December 2008, it was awarded by Italia Oggi as the "best specialized radio broadcaster".[11]

The RI are a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, along with its former associate party More Europe,[12] and was previously a full member of the Liberal International.[13]

History

Further information: Radical Party (Italy), Pannella List, and Bonino List

Background

Marco Pannella, historical Radical Party leader

The Radical Party was long a left-libertarian movement in Italy, often proposing itself as the most extreme opposition to the Italian political establishment. When Silvio Berlusconi entered the political arena in 1994, the Radicals, who were then organised mostly into the Pannella List and were attracted by Berlusconi's proposed economic liberalism, supported him, albeit critically and without becoming directly involved in his centre-right first government (1994–1995), in the hope of a "liberal revolution" as opposed to the conservative and statist political establishment represented by traditional parties.[citation needed]

The relationship between the Radicals and Berlusconi, whose allies included socially conservative groups at odds with the Radicals' cultural liberalism, soon ended. In the 1999 European Parliament election, the Bonino List obtained 8.7% of the vote and seven MEPs, including Emma Bonino, Marco Pannella, Marco Cappato and Benedetto Della Vedova. However, the Radicals were not able to convert that electoral success into a more stable political influence, as subsequent elections would show.

Road to the new party

Shortly after the 1999 election, they deserted Berlusconi's proposal of welcoming them back into the centre-right fold and instead formed the Committee of Radicals for the Liberal Revolution and the United States of Europe, led by Cappato. In the run-up of the 2000 regional elections, the opposite happened: Berlusconi's conservative allies posed a veto on the Radicals, who wanted to re-compose the alliance. Consequently, they ran independent bids in most regions, obtaining elects only in Piedmont and Lombardy.

In 2001, after a defeat in the general election (only 2.3% of the vote and no seats), they re-organised themselves as Italian Radicals and elected 28-year-old Daniele Capezzone as secretary and Della Vedova, Rita Bernardini and Luca Coscioni as joint presidents.

In the run-up of the 2005 regional elections, the Radicals understood that their isolation was no longer sustainable and took the unprecedented step of contextually asking to join either the centre-right House of Freedoms or the centre-left The Union, regardless of their respective political platforms. The request was turned down by both coalitions, but the effort opened the way for the party's re-positionment in the Italian party system.

Rose in the Fist

Launch of Rose in the Fist in 2006 (in the center, from left to right: Enrico Boselli, Emma Bonino and Daniele Capezzone)

In November 2005, the Radicals formed an alliance with the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI),[14] becoming de facto members of The Union coalition for the 2006 general election. The "rose in the fist", the symbol of the Socialist International (which included the SDI) which the Radical Party bought from the French Socialist Party, was chosen for the joint list that was thus named Rose in the Fist (RnP). This decision led those Radicals who were more keen on an alliance with the centre-right to split: this group, led by Della Vedova, launched the Liberal Reformers and joined the House of Freedoms, eventually merging into Berlusconi's Forza Italia.

In the election, the list won a mere 2.6% of the vote, much less than the combined support for the two parties before the alliance (the Radicals alone got 2.3% in the 2004 European Parliament election). The Radicals lost voters in their strongholds in the North to Forza Italia, while the Socialists lost ground in their southern heartlands to The Olive Tree parties (see electoral results of the RnP). After the election, Bonino was sworn in as Minister of European Affairs and International Trade in the Prodi II Cabinet.

In November 2006, after a row with Pannella, Capezzone was forced not to run again for secretary and was replaced by rank-and-file Bernardini. Since then, although not officially leaving, Capezzone became very critical of the government and formed his own political association named Decide!, closer to the centre-right than the centre-left. Later on, Capezzone entered Forza Italia and became the party's spokesman.

In November 2007, the RnP was disbanded as the SDI merged with minor Socialist parties to form the modern-day Italian Socialist Party. The Radicals were at a new turning-point of their history. In the run-up of the 2007 congress, Pannella declared that the party should "give absolute priority to economic, liberal and libertarian reforms rather than the civil struggle to Vatican power, prepotency and arrogance", which had been central in 2006.[15][16] This did not mean a reconciliation with the centre-right.

Within the Democratic Party

In the 2008 general election, the Radicals stood for re-election in list with the Democratic Party (PD). Under an agreement with PD's leader Walter Veltroni, six deputies and three senators were elected. After the election, Bonino was appointed Vice President of the Senate and the Radicals joined the PD's parliamentary groups. In June, Bernardini, Maria Antonietta Coscioni and Elisabetta Zamparutti (all three elected MPs) were replaced by Antonella Casu, Bruno Mellano and Michele De Lucia as secretary, president and treasurer, respectively.[17] In November, the new leadership was confirmed by the national congress.[18]

In the 2009 European Parliament election, the Radicals ran separately from the PD under the banner of Bonino-Pannella List. Having obtained 2.4% of the vote, they failed to return any MEPs and were excluded from the assembly for the first time in 30 years. In November, Mario Staderini replaced Casu as secretary.[19]

Bonino ran for President of Lazio for the centre-left coalition in the 2010 regional election, but was defeated by Renata Polverini.

Out of Parliament

Emma Bonino, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and current leader

In January 2013, the party announced that it would contest the upcoming general election on a stand-alone electoral list called Amnesty, Justice and Freedom (Aministia, Giustizia, e Libertà).[20][21] In the election, the party received 0.2% of the vote, returning no deputies and senators.[22][23] However, in April and after two months of failed attempts at forming a new government, thanks to her international standing and Pannella's lobbying efforts, Bonino was sworn in as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Letta Cabinet. The cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014, when it was replaced by the Renzi Cabinet, which did not include Bonino.

In November 2013, the party elected a new leadership: Bernardini secretary, Laura Arconti president and Valerio Federico treasurer.[24] The party did not take part in the 2014 European Parliament election, partly due to lack of funds.

During the annual party congress in November 2015, Riccardo Magi was elected secretary and Cappato president. Pannella, who did not speak at the congress, opposed the change, while Bonino, who was no longer in good terms with the old leader, did not even take part in the congress.[25][26][27][28] However, in the following months Bonino decided to side with Magi and Cappato, who launched "Radical" lists for the 2016 municipal elections in Rome and Milan, in a move opposed by the leadership of the TRP, especially Maurizio Turco.[29][30] The lists obtained 1.2%[31] and 1.9%,[32] respectively, and in both cases they supported the candidates put forward by the PD, either in the first or the second round, opening the way for the party's rapprochement with the centre-left at country-level.

Pannella's death and split

In May 2016, Pannella, who had long suffered from cancer, died and Italian politicians from across the entire political spectrum paid tribute to him.[33][34]

In the event, the party found itself increasingly divided in two factions: on one side Magi, Cappato and Staderini (who were backed by Bonino), on the other Turco, Bernardini and most of the staff of Radio Radicale (who were closer to the late Pannella). The former focused more on Italian politics and elections, while the latter were more interested in the activity of the Transnational Radical Party (TRP) and no longer in playing an active role in elections (as suggested by Pannella).[35][36]

The fracture was evident in September 2016 at the congress of the TRP, during which the faction of Turco and Bernardini soundly beat the other wing.[37][38][39][40] At the November 2016 congress, in turn the RI confirmed Magi as secretary, while electing Antonella Soldo as president.[41][42]

In February 2017, the TRP severed its ties with the RI (who were accused of boycotting the TRP) and the latter were forced out of the Radical headquarters.[43][44][45][46][47]

Return to Parliament

In November 2017, the RI formed, along with Della Vedova's Forza Europa (FE) and some members of the Civics and Innovators (CI), More Europe (+E), a pro-Europeanist list for the 2018 general election, led by Bonino.[48][49][50] +E was part of the centre-left coalition led by Matteo Renzi and the PD.

The list won 2.6% of the vote in the election, falling short of the 3% threshold, but Bonino was elected to the Senate in a single-seat constituency in Rome, Magi to the Chamber also from Rome and Alessandro Fusacchia from the European constituency of Italians abroad. Contextually, the list obtained 2.1% and one regional councillor in the Lombard regional election and 2.1% and one regional councillor also in the 2018 regional election.

In July 2018, +E started to organise itself as a full-fledged party. It was decided that a committee, presided by Gianfranco Spadaccia (a long-time Radical), would lead +E until the founding congress, scheduled for January 2019. The newly formed committee appointed Della Vedova as coordinator.[51] In November, following his election to Parliament, Magi was replaced by Silvja Manzi as secretary; at the same congress Barbara Bonvicini was elected president of the party.[52][53] One year later, Manzi and Bonvicini were respectively replaced by Massimiliano Iervolino and Igor Boni.[54]

In August 2019, tensions grew within the coalition supporting the Conte government, leading to the issuing of a motion of no-confidence by the League.[55] During the following government crisis, the M5S and the PD agreed to form a new cabinet together, under outgoing Prime Minister Conte.[56] In September, +E decided not to support the newly formed Conte II Cabinet, despite opposition by Tabacci, Magi and Fusacchia.[57][58] The three voted in favour of the government in the Chamber, while Bonino voted against it in the Senate.[59] In October, Fusacchia announced he was leaving +E.[60]

In November 2020, Magi and Bonino formed joint sub-groups in the Mixed Groups of the Chamber and the Senate respectively, together with the deputies and senators affiliated with Action, a political party led by Carlo Calenda. The sub-group in the Chamber continued to include "Italian Radicals" in its name.[61][62]

The party supported the centre-left coalition in the 2022 general election.[63]

Ideology

According to the party statute,[64] the RI is both a "liberal, liberist and libertarian" party, and a non-ideological, pragmatic, and open movement. The party is the only Italian political movement that consents to dual membership with other parties. The Italian Radicals has been described as representing "the most significant expression" of "libertarianism ... in the Italian context". Libertarianism in this sense is defined as follows:[1] "In emphasising the importance of individual liberty and personal responsibility with respects to all matters, libertarians argued that the only thing that may legtimately be demanded of others is non-interference. Hence, libertarians oppose state intervention to help individuals achieve self-realisation (e.g. through welfare measures) or to protect them from themselves (e.g. through legislation against the sale and use of drugs). And on the same grounds they staunchly support private property and unregulated markets."[65][failed verification]

The RI claims the legacy of Risorgimento radical-republican figures such as Carlo Cattaneo,[66] Giuseppe Mazzini,[67] and Felice Cavallotti, and 19th-century liberal and socialist intellectuals as Gaetano Salvemini,[68] the brothers Carlo and Nello Rosselli, Benedetto Croce,[69] and party-ideologue Ernesto Rossi.[70] Internationally, the RI political though is influenced by ideas of Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma Gandhi, Immanuel Kant and Karl Popper.[71]

The Radicals have long adopted referendums to bring political changes. Since 1974, the Radical Party and its successor RI had purposed more than 110 referendums and were successful 35 times.[72] Other political methods have included Gandhi-inspired nonviolence, the Satyagraha, also adopting extreme tactics like hunger strike and, occasionally, thirst strike.[73][74] Pannella became involved in nonviolence after a long-time association with Aldo Capitini, a pacifist activist nicknamed the "Italian Gandhi".[75]

On fiscal issues, the RI is usually liberal, supporting non-interventionist and free-market policies, but in recent times accepted part of the welfare state system, especially on healthcare. The RI is divided in two wings, i.e. the Friedmanians, who are influenced by Milton Friedman and the Chicago School, and the Keynesians, who support neo-Keynesian or post-Keynesian economics.[76] This divide declined in the 2010s, when it adopted moderate liberal trends on economy.[77]

On social issues, the RI appears as the most progressive party in Italy. The RI fully supports progressive stances including same-sex marriage, LGBT adoption, abortion, artificial insemination and euthanasia, vocally advocating for an advance healthcare directive (AHD).[78] On healthcare, the RI support universal healthcare with possibility to choose between state-managed service and private insurances. The RI also calls for the legalization of prostitution[79] and cannabis[80][81] while enforcing the fight against hard drugs like heroin with harm reduction methods. On immigration, the RI supports ius soli policy and faster legal integration of regular immigrants, granting them citizenship and the right to vote.[82][83] The RI criticises sentiment against illegal immigrants, rejecting the "invasion" theory supported by far-rightists.[84] On religious affairs, the RI follows the historical Radical Party's position of anti-clericalism,[85] calling for the abolition of Lateran Treaty (approved in 1929 and modified in 1984) and secularisation. The party is a strong critic of the Catholic-dominated politics, underlining the ghettoisation of religious minorities, including atheists and agnostics.[86]

On foreign affairs issues, the RI has been a keen supporter of European federalism,[87][88][89] non-interventionism, Atlanticism[90] and Zionism, while advocating a two-state solution.[91][92] The party is also a strong supporter of enlargement of the European Union including towards Turkey, Morocco, Israel and Palestine[93][94] and is a strong opponent of dictatorial-like states such as China, Russia and Syria. Despite their non-interventionism, the RI is not pacifist and supports war actions where civil rights are absent and minorities endangere, e.g. the Kosovo and Afghanistan wars. The RI had supported several cultural and social mobilisations in support of several persecuted ethnic and religious minorities including the Tibetans, the Uyghurs, the Degar and the Chechens.

Electoral results

Chamber of Deputies

Chamber of Deputies
Year Votes % ± pp Rank Seats +/– Leader Notes
2006 990,694 2.60 Increase 0.36 Increase 7th
7 / 630
 Increase 7 Emma Bonino Into the Rose in the Fist
2008 N/A
6 / 630
 Decrease 1 Emma Bonino Into the Democratic Party
2013 64,732 0.19 Decrease 2.41 Decrease 19th
0 / 630
 Decrease 6 Marco Pannella Into the Amnesty Justice Freedom List
2018 841,468 2.56 Increase 2.37 Increase 7th
3 / 630
 Increase 3 Emma Bonino Into More Europe

Senate of the Republic

Senate of the Republic
Year Votes % ± pp Rank Seats +/– Leader Notes
2006 851,604 2.49 Increase 0.49 Increase 9th
0 / 315
 Steady 0 Emma Bonino Into the Rose in the Fist
2008 N/A
3 / 315
 Increase 3 Emma Bonino Into the Democratic Party
2013 63,149 0.20 Decrease 2.29 Decrease 18th
0 / 315
 Decrease 3 Marco Pannella Into the Amnesty Justice Freedom List
2018 714,821 2.37 Increase 2.17 Increase 7th
1 / 315
 Increase 1 Emma Bonino Into the Democratic Party

European Parliament

European Parliament
Year Votes % ± pp Rank Seats +/– Leader Notes
2004 731,536 2.25 Decrease 6.20 Decrease 9th
2 / 72
 Decrease 5 Emma Bonino Into the Bonino List
2009 743,284 2.43 Increase 0.18 Increase 8th
0 / 72
 Decrease 2 Emma Bonino Into the Bonino-Pannella List
2014 N/A
0 / 72
 N/A Emma Bonino Did not run
2019 833,443 3.11 Increase 0.68 Increase 6th
0 / 73
 N/A Emma Bonino Into More Europe

Leadership

Symbols

References

  1. ^ a b Newell, James L. (2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42, 218–219. ISBN 9780521840705. Retrieved 4 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Radaelli, Claudio M.; Dossi, Samuele (2011). "Four funerals and a party? : The political repertoire of the Italian radicals".
  3. ^ "AGENCE EUROPE - Italian party Più Europa new member of ALDE".
  4. ^ Tom Lansford, ed. (2017). Political Handbook of the World 2016-2017. SAGE Publications. p. 775. ISBN 978-1-50-632715-0.
  5. ^ Alan Siaroff (2018). Comparative European Party Systems: An Analysis of Parliamentary Elections Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317498766.
  6. ^ James L. Newell (2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9781139788892.
  7. ^ "Liberisti o socialisti liberali?". Idea Scale (in Italian). Radicali Italiani. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  8. ^ "Chi siamo" (in Italian). Radicali Italiani. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  9. ^ "Statuto" (in Italian). Radicali Italiani. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  10. ^ "Novità per i Radicali in rete: Notizie Radicali diventa giornale online e il forum riservato agli iscritti". Radio Radicale (in Italian). 23 October 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  11. ^ "Radio Radicale premiata come miglior emittente radiofonica specializzata". Radio Radicale (in Italian). 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  12. ^ "ALDE Party members". ALDE Party. 30 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  13. ^ "Radicali Italiani". Liberal International. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  14. ^ André Krouwel (2012). Party Transformations in European Democracies. SUNY Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-1-4384-4483-3.
  15. ^ http://www.ilriformista.it/news/rif_lay_notizia_01.php?id_cat=4&id_news=3003 "Soccorso azzurro per il gruppo di Dini". Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ vasco_pirri_ardizzone. "Radicali a congresso: di qua o di là, la priorità sono le riforme economiche". Blog.panorama.it. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  17. ^ Italia, AGI - Agenzia Giornalistica. "Ultime Notizie Online - Agenzia Giornalistica Italia - AGI". Agi. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  18. ^ "7° Congresso Radicale: scintille a congresso, ma Casu resta segretaria". Clandestinoweb. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  19. ^ "Radicali italiani a congresso Staderini nuovo segretario - Politica". Repubblica.it. 2009-11-15. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  20. ^ "Elezioni, Marco Pannella presenta il simbolo della lista Amnistia, Giustizia e Libertà". Archived from the original on January 7, 2013.
  21. ^ "Pagina non Trovata". ilmessaggero.it.
  22. ^ "Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali". elezioni.interno.it.
  23. ^ "Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali". elezioni.interno.it.
  24. ^ "XII Congresso di Radicali italiani – "Riconquistare giustizia, democrazia, legalità. Quali lotte, quali mezzi, quale soggetto politico?" - Radicali Italiani". 8 November 2013.
  25. ^ "Radicali, Congresso elegge Riccardo Magi nuovo segretario | Corriere Quotidiano". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  26. ^ "Radicali, Magi eletto nuovo segretario "Alle prossime amministrative ci saremo"".
  27. ^ "il manifesto". il manifesto.
  28. ^ "Se Pannella non convince i Radicali - Formiche.net". 3 November 2015.
  29. ^ "Radicali in campo a Roma e Milanocon nuovo simbolo (e senza Pannella)". April 2016.
  30. ^ "Cosa succede tra i Radicali su Roberto Giachetti e Marco Cappato - Formiche.net". 4 April 2016.
  31. ^ "Comune di Roma - Lazio - Elezioni Comunali - Risultati - Ballottaggio - 5 giugno 2016".
  32. ^ "Comune di Milano - Lombardia - Elezioni Comunali - Risultati - Ballottaggio - 5 giugno 2016".
  33. ^ "Morto Marco Pannella, il leader radicale si è spento a 86 anniRenzi: "Addio a leone della libertà"Il webreportage-A casa di Marco: foto". 19 May 2016.
  34. ^ "E' morto Marco Pannella. Aveva 86 anni. Bonino: "Non ha mai avuto i riconoscimenti adeguati"". 19 May 2016.
  35. ^ "Come discutono e si dividono i Radicali - Formiche.net". 26 April 2016.
  36. ^ "E i Radicali rischiano la scissione".
  37. ^ "Mozione generale del 40esimo congresso straordinario del Partito Radicale Nonviolento, Transnazionale e Transpartito".
  38. ^ "I furbetti del partitino (consulenza per i compagni espulsi o in via di espulsione)".
  39. ^ "Radicali, al congresso vincono gli 'ortodossi'. Turco: "Tremila tesserati nel 2017 o il partito va in liquidazione"". 3 September 2016.
  40. ^ "Congresso Partito radicale, vincono gli ultrà pannelliani". 3 September 2016.
  41. ^ "Concluso il XV Congresso di Radicali Italiani. Magi confermato segretario, Capano tesoriere, Soldo presidente". Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
  42. ^ "Cosa si è detto davvero al congresso dei Radicali Italiani - Formiche.net". 2 November 2016.
  43. ^ "I mezzi prefigurano i fini. Alle iscritte ed iscritti, a chi è già stato iscritto e a chi si iscriverà al Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale Transpartito del 2017".
  44. ^ Trocino, Alessandro (2 October 2017). "Radicali, la rottura definitiva Bonino e Magi cacciati dalla sede".
  45. ^ "Lite con sfratto tra Radicali, Bonino: "Resta casa mia". Contesa economica dietro le divergenze". 12 February 2017.
  46. ^ "I radicali sfrattano Bonino, l'ultima faida del dopo Pannella". 11 February 2017.
  47. ^ "Il Partito radicale sfratta l'associazione di Emma Bonino: via dalla sede del partito". 11 February 2017.
  48. ^ "I radicali alle elezioni da soli: la nuova lista si chiamerà "+ Europa"". 23 November 2017.
  49. ^ "Bonino vara +Europa e lascia la porta aperta al Pd. Ma sulle firme è "missione impossibile" (di C. Paudice)". 23 November 2017.
  50. ^ "Centro-sinistra, il duello sulle priorità".
  51. ^ "+Europa è ripartita!". July 14, 2018.
  52. ^ "Radicali Italiani, Manzi eletta segretaria Nella dirigenza anche Bonvicini e Soldo". Il Fatto Quotidiano. November 3, 2018.
  53. ^ "Manzi nuova segretaria di Radicali Italiani. "Pronti ad aprirci per grandi battaglie per l'Europa"". la Repubblica. November 4, 2018.
  54. ^ "XVIII Congresso: Iervolino nuovo segretario, tesoriera Giulia Crivellini e Igor Boni presidente". Radicali Italiani. November 3, 2019.
  55. ^ Horowitz, Jason (20 August 2019). "Italy's Government Collapses, Turning Chaos Into Crisis". The New York Times.
  56. ^ "Conte wins crucial support for new Italian govt coalition". Washington Post.
  57. ^ "Direzione Più Europa: "Opposizione costruttiva europeista al Conte bis"". +Europa. 2 September 2019.
  58. ^ "+Europa si spacca sul Conte bis". Adnkronos. 14 December 2020.
  59. ^ "Gli interventi dei deputati di Più Europa in occasione della fiducia al Conte Bis". +Europa. 11 September 2019.
  60. ^ "+Europa, via un altro deputato. Fusacchia lascia e attacca: "Abbiamo perso l'80% degli iscritti. E il no al Conte bis è stato un errore"". Repubblica.it (in Italian). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  61. ^ "Nasce gruppo parlamentare comune Più Europa-Azione - Ultima Ora". Agenzia ANSA. November 17, 2020.
  62. ^ "Azione e Più Europa, centro di questi giorni". www.ilfoglio.it.
  63. ^ "Le abbiamo provate tutte, non è bastato.Radicali Italiani sosterrà la coalizione di centrosinistra, ma senza indicazioni di lista.Ora priorità alle lotte e alle persone. - Radicali Italiani". 20 August 2022.
  64. ^ "Statuto". radicali.it. 1 November 2017.
  65. ^ Newell, James L. (2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9780521840705. Retrieved 4 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  66. ^ Lanfranco Palazzolo (21 March 2017). "Pannella e Cattaneo: servizio sulla presentazione di "Interdizioni israelitiche" di Carlo Cattaneo, interviste a Gianmarco Pondrano Altavilla e a Samuele Crosetti". Radio Radicale.
  67. ^ Pier Paolo Segneri (2012). "Ripartire da Mazzini per gli Stati Uniti d'Europa". radicali.it.
  68. ^ Pier Paolo Segneri (2012). "Del perché i Radicali devono tanto a Salvemini". radicali.it.
  69. ^ Cristiana Pugliese (22 September 2014). "Il prossimo convegno dei Radicali su Benedetto Croce ed Ignazio Silone: collegamento con Rita Bernardini". Radio Radicale.
  70. ^ Roberto Davide Papini (9 February 2017). "Radicali, omaggio a Ernesto Rossi. Bernardini: "Il suo pensiero è sempre attuale"". La Nazione.
  71. ^ "Gandhi, M.L. King, Popper, Kant". radicalparty.org.
  72. ^ "L'unico programma politico sottoposto al voto dei cittadini". radicali.it. 2005.
  73. ^ "Marco Pannella, sciopero fame come arma politica: il più lungo nel 2011". adnkronos. 19 May 2016.
  74. ^ Manuela Perrone (19 May 2016). "Pannella, cinquant'anni di battaglie per i diritti". Il Sole 24 Ore.
  75. ^ "Incontro con il "Gandhi" italiano". La Stampa. 22 June 1968.
  76. ^ Claudio Landi (20 November 2017). "La figura di John Maynard Keynes. Interviste a Giorgio La Malfa e Natale D'Amico". Radio Radicale.
  77. ^ Guido Salerno Aletta (21 May 2016). "Marco Pannella era un liberale e non un turbo liberista". formiche.net.
  78. ^ Federico Parodi (28 September 2017). "Testamento biologico, i Radicali rilanciano: notaio gratuito per chi vuole autenticare il documento". la Repubblica.
  79. ^ Leonardo Monaco (31 May 2017). "Prostituzione: una legge per dei lavoratori come altri". radicali.it.
  80. ^ Patrizia De Rubertis (30 August 2016). "Radicali, la legalizzazione delle droghe leggere spiegata in cartone animato". il Fatto Quotidiano.
  81. ^ "Droghe leggere, i radicali: al via le firme per la legalizzazione". il Messaggero. 21 April 2016.
  82. ^ "Ero straniero - L'umanità che fa bene". radicali.it. 28 October 2017.
  83. ^ Susanna Turco (20 January 2017). "Immigrazione, la nuova sfida di Emma Bonino è mandare al macero la Bossi-Fini". l'Espresso.
  84. ^ "configgere la grande bugia e cambiare il racconto sull'immigrazione". radicali.it.
  85. ^ Raphaël Kies (2010). Promises and Limits of Web-deliberation. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-230-10637-6.
  86. ^ Mario Standerini (17 May 2006). "I mercanti nel Tempio". Notizie Radicali.
  87. ^ John Pinder (1989). "Il federalismo in Gran Bretagna e in Italia: i radicali e la tradizione liberale inglese". The Federalist.eu.
  88. ^ Valerio Federico (29 October 2017). "Federalismo, Federico: Stati nazione hanno fallito, serve nuovo modello di federalismo europeo e municipale". radicali.it.
  89. ^ Nicola Barone (1 November 2017). "Dai Radicali sì a lista aperta per il rilancio del federalismo europeo". Il Sole 24 Ore.
  90. ^ Luca Viscardi. "Pannella, Terzani, Eisenhower e la nonviolenza". radicali.it.
  91. ^ "Sintesi dell'intervento di Marco Pannella alla Conferenza stampa "Israele nell'Unione europea"". radicalparty.org. 17 June 2002.
  92. ^ Rosario Scognamiglio (19 July 2014). "Israele e Palestina: Una Guerra Metafisica". radicali.it.
  93. ^ Giulio Meotti (20 May 2016). "Pannella nella frontiera più estrema d'europa: Israele". Il Foglio.
  94. ^ Simone Sapienza (16 July 2014). "E se palestinesi e israeliani entrassero in Europa?". radicali.it.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Radicals&oldid=1119086443"