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Joseph Billings

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For the architect in Boston, Massachusetts, see Joseph Edward Billings.

Joseph Billings (c.1758 – 1806) was an English navigator, hydrographer and explorer who spent the most significant part of his life in Russian service.

Life

Early life

Joseph Billings was likely born in Yarmouth, the son of a fisherman of the same name. His Russian service record, signed by him, indicates he was born in 1761. He worked on coal ships from an early age and later was apprentice to a watchmaker.[1]

Royal Navy Service

Billings served as able seaman on Captain Cook's final voyage from 1776 to 1780. Initially aboard HMS Discovery, he was transferred to HMS Resolution in September 1779. After the voyage, he was promoted to warrant officer. In 1783 he applied through the Russian ambassador Ivan Matveevich Simolin to enter the Russian navy.[1]

The Billings Expedition

Map of the northeastern part of Siberia, of the Arctic Sea, of the Pacific Ocean, and of the northwestern coast of America with the route of the ships under Captain Billings' command. (1806)

In 1785, the Russian government of Catherine the Great commissioned a new expedition in search for the Northeast Passage, led by Joseph Billings, the Russian officer Gavril Sarychev as his deputy and Carl Heinrich Merck as the expedition's naturalist. Martin Sauer served as secretary and translator.[2] Captains Robert Hall [ru], Gavril Sarychev, and Christian Bering had leading roles. The expedition operated until 1794.[3]

Though considered a failure by some scholars because the expenditures outweighed the results, it nevertheless had a substantial record of achievement. Accurate maps were made of the Chukchi Peninsula in Eastern Siberia, the west coast of Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands. Members of the expedition landed on Kodiak Island and made an examination of the islands and mainlands of Prince William Sound. Additionally, the expedition compiled a census of the native population of the Aleutian Islands and reported to the crown stories of abuse by the Russian fur traders (promyshlenniki).[2]

Later years

After the expedition, Joseph Billings remained with the Imperial Russian Navy. He was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet at his request. From 1797 to 1798, he conducted a hydrographical survey of the Black Sea. He subsequently published an atlas of this work. In November 1799, he retired and settled in Moscow.[1]

Billings died in Moscow on 18 June 1806, possibly at the age of 48 years.[4]

Legacy

Cape Billings in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was named after him.

Billings Glacier on Passage Peak in Alaska was named after him in 1908.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Alekseev, A. I. (1966). "Joseph Billings". The Geographical Journal. 132 (2): 233–238. doi:10.2307/1792338.
  2. ^ a b Jones, Ryan (2006). "Sea Otters and Savages in the Russian Empire: The Billings Expedition, 1785-1793". Journal for Maritime Research. 8 (1): 106–121. doi:10.1080/21533369.2006.9668358.
  3. ^ Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1881). The voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe: with a historical review of previous journeys along the north coast of the Old world. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 211 – via Internet Archive.
  4. ^ Nuttall, Mark (2012). Encyclopedia of the Arctic vols.1, 2 and 3 (A to Z). New York and London: Routledge, p.243. ISBN 978-1136786808.
  5. ^ "Billings Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
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