Meneely bell foundries

Since 1826, there have been two Meneely Founderies, based on either side of the Hudson River in New York state.

The first Meneely bell foundry was established in 1826 in West Troy (now Watervliet), New York,^[1] by Andrew Meneely, a former apprentice in the foundry of Benjamin Hanks.^[2] Two of Andrew's sons continued to operate the foundry after his death, and it remained a family operation until its closure.

The second Meneely bell foundry was established in 1870 by a third son, Clinton H. Meneely, across the river in Troy, New York. Initially he was in partnership with George H. Kimberly, under the name Meneely & Kimberly; this second foundry was reorganized in 1879 as the Clinton H. Meneely Bell Company, then later as the Meneely Bell Company. Like its related competitor, it remained a family operation until its closure.

The two foundries competed vigorously (and sometimes bitterly) with each other. Together, they produced about 65,000 bells before they both closed in 1952.^[3]^[4]

Locations of bells from the "First Meneely Bell Foundry"

List of known locations of Meneely foundries bells from the First Meneely Foundry (West Troy. est. 1826):

United States

New York

The Church Troy [Troy, NY], formerly St. Paul the Apostle Roman Catholic Church, had a Troy Meneely bell installed that was ordered on June 30, 1898. The bell weighs 4062 pounds, is 59 inches in diameter across the bottom opening, and its primary tone would be a C-sharp.
Saint Michael's Church (Rochester, New York) has two bells, cast in 1847, the larger bell weighing 1,015 pounds, the small bell weighing 525 pounds.
First Presbyterian Church of Avon, New York. Church built in 1812, 33", 700 pound Meneely Bell dated 1848.
Bard College Bell Tower, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. Bell Made by Meneely Bell Company, Troy, New York, 1860 Bronze Bell
Saint Andrew's Catholic Church in Norwood, New York, has a 3,100 lb bell of ingot copper and East India tin in a 70-foot (21 m) tower.^[5]
Saint Anthony's Church in Albany, New York
Ovid Federated Church, Ovid, New York (Meneely & Co, 1880)
Albany City Hall in 1882 (relocated to Lincoln Park in 1927), Albany, New York
Central United Methodist Church in Endicott, New York
First United Methodist Church in Endicott, New York
Former Centenary Methodist Church in New City, New York, currently a private residence
Trinity Church, Manhattan, N.Y. Two bells by Meleely are present in the original ring of eight; the tenor bell (weighing 27 hundredweight, 2 quarters and 1 pound) dating from 1846 in the key of D, and the small chiming bell (weighing 3 hundredweight, 1 quarter and 19 pounds) in the key of E. The ring of eight was replaced by a new and slightly lighter ring of twelve (the first and only peal of twelve in the United States^[6]) in 2006 by Taylors, Eare and Smith of Loughborough, United Kingdom. The original ring of eight are still present in the tower, but are hung dead as chiming bells.^[7]
Jamesville Community Museum, former Episcopal church built in 1878 in Jamesville, New York^[8]
Saugerties Lighthouse, Saugerties, New York^[9]
Church of the Ascension, Rockville Centre, N.Y. Originally cast for Christ Church, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. in 1873. Sold to Meneely and re-bought in 1888.
Reformed Dutch Church of Claverack, N.Y.
Former Vernon Center Presbyteran Church, Vernon Center, N.Y. (1844), A. Meneely West Troy New York
Carlisle Presbyterian Church, Carlisle, N.Y.
Sherburne-Earlville Central School, Sherburne, N.Y. (1834), A. Meneely West Troy, N.Y. #13460
Niskayuna Reformed Church, Niskayuna, N.Y. #12309
Christ Church of Clarkson, New York (1846). The church was established in 1816 and the building completed in 1825.
St. James' Episcopal Church, Lake George, New York. The bell is inscribed "Meneelys' West Troy, N.Y. 1860."^{[citation needed]}
Church of St. Sacrament, Bolton Landing on Lake George, New York. The bronze bell is inscribed "Meneely's West, Troy, NY, Presented to the Church of St. Sacrament, Bolton Landing, Lake George by Stephen G. Lee, of Brooklyn, NY, A. D. 1867". The iron bell yoke is inscribed "Meneely's Rotating Yoke".^{[citation needed]}
Eagle-Matt Lee Fire House, 35 Washington Street, Ballston Spa, NY. The bell is inscribed "Meneely Bell Foundry West Troy, N.Y. 1873." and the yoke is inscribed "Meneely's Rotary Yoke. Patented Oct. 9th 1860."
First Presbyterian Church of Seneca Falls NY. Church was built in 1873. Bell has inscribed Meneely & Kimberly. Wood Rotary Yoke with hammer as well. ^[10]

First United Methodist Church of North Creek, North Creek, Town of Johnsburg NY. The bell is located in the church's belltower and is inscribed Meneely Bell Foundry, Troy NY 1887.

New Jersey

St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Bordentown, New Jersey. The bell is 41 inches in diameter and was cast in the 1880s.
Crane-Phillips House in Cranford, New Jersey The bell was formerly located at the Central Railroad of New Jersey's Liberty Street Ferry Terminal in Manhattan
First Presbyterian Church of Cranford, New Jersey.
New Providence Academy of New Providence, New Jersey.
First United Methodist Church of Westfield, New Jersey
Columbia High School, New Jersey
Newton Presbyterian Church in Newton, New Jersey^[11]

New Jersey

Blvd East, Weehawken, New Jersey
Residence Inn by Marriott, West Orange, New Jersey. The bell is located outside of the hotel.
St. Peter the Apostle Roman Catholic Church in New Brunswick, New Jersey^[12]
The Blawenburg Reformed Church, 424 Route 518 Skillman, NJ 08558 in the historic village of Blawenburg. The bell is dated 1860.

Pennsylvania

St Peter's Episcopal Church, Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania.^[13]
Saint Peter Cathedral in Erie, Pennsylvania
Washington Memorial Chapel, Valley Forge, Pa. The National Patriots Bell Tower carillon at Valley Forge National Historical Park
Washington Memorial Chapel. The permanent location of the "Justice Bell" (aka "Women's Liberty Bell"), cast in 1915 and dedicated to the women's suffrage movement.
Scranton Lace Factory, Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Trinity Reformed Church (now Trinity United Church of Christ), Holland, Pennsylvania. (1930) A carillon of 25 bells. The first complete tuned carillon by Meneeley, Watervliet.
First Presbyterian Church of York, York, Pennsylvania (1861) Bell with Rotating Yoke
Tower of Old Main, Westminster College in New Wilmington, Pennsylvania
The United Methodist Church of Pittston, Pittston, Pennsylvania, dated 1854
Lutheran Church of Enders. The church is now privately owned. Bell dated 1874.
St. James’ Episcopal Church (Perkiomen) located in Collegeville, PA. Bell is inscribed to “St. James Protestant Episcopal Church Perkiomen 1868” on one side and “In thanksgiving for the ending of the rebellion” on the other.
Brickerville United Lutheran Church formally (Warwick Lutheran Church) located in Brickerville, Pa. The bell is dated 1884.
Seelyville Union Chapel (861 Maple Ave., Honesdale, Pennsylvania) - bell dated 1904, "Dedicated Oct. 17th, 1902 - Erected Dec.? 1904"

Connecticut

Bulkley Memorial Carillon in Danbury, Connecticut
Russell Chapel at Indian Hill Cemetery in Middletown, Connecticut^[14]
Meriden City Hall, Meriden, Connecticut. Bell reads: Clinton H. Meneely Bell Company, Troy, N.Y. A.D. 1891. Bell hung inside City Hall Clock Tower, attached to an E. Howard & Co. clock .
Torrington Fire Department Headquarters, Torrington, Connecticut. Meneely & Co. 1900. Bell originally hung in the tower at the headquarters station built in 1900. The station still stands and is now private property. The bell was removed and placed in the lobby of the present headquarters station next door at 111 Water Street and is accessible for public viewing.
St. Mary Catholic Church, Bethel, Connecticut.(this bell was in the original church, located on Greenwood Ave. in Bethel but was taken out of the steeple and placed on display behind the "new" church on Dodgingtown Road)
Bloomfield, Connecticut
Christ_Episcopal_Church_(Bethlehem,_CT)

Rhode Island

Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island
Emanuel Lutheran Church, West Warwick, Rhode Island.

Massachusetts

Abbot Hall (Marblehead, Massachusetts)
Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, Massachusetts. "Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA".</ref> The bell was cast in 1893 and is 5' in diameter. The bell is manually struck on graduation day, September 11th, and special occasions only.
Millbury Baptist Church, Millbury, Massachusetts. Bell made by Clinton H. Meneely Bell Company, Troy, N.Y. A.D. 1884 – Bronze Bell
First Baptist Church of Arlington Massachusetts^[15] The bell was cast in 1903 and is 5' in diameter. The bell is manually struck on special occasions only.
Memorial in Watertown, Massachusetts (The former First Baptist Church of Watertown at 134 Mount Auburn Street)
Second Congregational Church, Westfield, Massachusetts (cast in 1867; in 1962, moved to the church's new building but mounted on the grounds outside.
Westport Point United Methodist Church, Westport Point, MA - Bell inscribed with "Meneelys', West Troy, N.Y."; The bell is bronze, 78% copper, 22% tin, and is mounted in the church steeple. It is 23 inches in diameter and 18 inches tall and is estimated to weigh 250 lbs.

The East Congregational Church in Ware, Massachusetts (now the United Church of Ware, after merging with the Ware Methodist Church in 1968) has a Meneely Bell, which was dedicated June 2,1926. The East Congregational Church burned in 1925 and the original bell crashed to the ground and was broken.

The bell from Cosmian Hall in Florence, Massachusetts now on the grounds of the Florence Civic Association is a Meneely Bell from 1863.
The Lee Chapel at the former Medfield State Hospital, Bell inscribed with Meneely Bell Company, Troy, NY USA A.D. 1896

Maine

Mattawamkeag Church of God in Mattawamkeag, Maine (Dated 1900)^[16]

Vermont

Berlin Congregational Church, Berlin Center, Vermont
Wilder Center, Wilder, Vermont^[17]
Saint Peter's Catholic Church, Rutland, Vermont
Brattleboro Union High School, Brattleboro, Vermont
Williston Town Hall, Williston, Vermont

New Hampshire

Thompson Hall, University of New Hampshire – Durham, New Hampshire

Maryland

Asbury United Methodist Church in Crisfield, Maryland
Joseph Dill Baker Memorial Carillon in Baker Park, in Frederick, Maryland
Saint Paul's Episcopal Church (now a retreat house), Hillsboro, Maryland^[18]

Virginia

Alexandria City Hall, Alexandria, Va. The inscription cast on the bell reads "Steeple, clock and bell presented to the City of his nativity by an esteemed citizen. Alexandria, VA, A.D. 1872"
Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia, Spotsylvania, Virginia^[19]
Eastern State Hospital Medical Library, Building No. 3, Williamsburg, Virginia (1886) Bell was originally utilized to signify curfews and special events at the nation's oldest psychiatric hospital, established in 1773.
Christ and St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Norfolk, Va. (1860) The bell was formerly at the original site of Christ Church, Norfolk and moved to its present location when the parish moved in 1909. The bell is inscribed "Christ Church, Norfolk. A.D. 1860" and is thought to be the oldest bell in Norfolk.

Georgia

Atlanta First United Methodist Church (Originally Wesley Chapel), Atlanta, Ga. Cast in 1850, it survived the civil war while most of Atlanta's other bells were melted down to make cannons. Rings every Sunday morning at start of worship

Downtown Athens, Georgia (Liberty Bell replica)

Lupton Hall Carillon at Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, Georgia

Lovely Lane Chapel at Epworth By The Sea on St. Simons Island, Georgia. Chapel built in 1880 and the bell was cast in 1881.

Trenton, Georgia (Privately owned by the families of Raymond, William, and David Bennett), inscription reads "Meneelys West Troy, NY – Mountain City Fire Department, Rome, Georgia, 1870" – This particular bronze bell hung in the fire station belfry in Rome Georgia, over the horse-drawn hook and ladder equipment, and would be rung whenever necessary to call volunteer fireman to duty. During World War II the old station was torn down. Because of the shortage of metal, the old bronze bell was sold to an office of the Anniston Scrap Materials Company, located in Rome, Georgia. Eventually, the Rome office was closed and all the inventory from the scrap metal company was moved to Anniston, Alabama. There, a supervisor noticed the bell with its inscription and date of 1870, and sent a message back to the Rome fire department by the driver of a bread truck, stating that the old bell from the fire department had not been destroyed as yet. Back at the fire station in Rome, Raymond Bennett, veteran firefighter, showed interest and drove all the way to Anniston, Alabama to find out about the bell. The supervisor at the Anniston Scrap Metal Materials Company said that if anybody was interested to make the drive all the way from Rome, Georgia to Anniston, Alabama, then he could have the bell free of charge. Raymond Bennett paid only the shipping charges of $4.89 to have the 750 pound bell shipped to Rome a week later. The bell hung in Bennett's yard for approximately 10 years in Rome, Georgia. That was in the mid-1940s, during World War II. In 1956, Raymond Bennett moved to New Smyrna Beach, Florida and took the bell with him, where it sat mounted in his front yard for another 30 years. Upon his death, the bell was then moved to Sanford, Florida for approximately 20 years in the backyard of his son's home, that of William (Bill) Bennett. In 2006, William's son, William David Bennett moved from Brazil, South America where he was a missionary with his family, to Trenton, Georgia. His parents, Bill and Ruth Bennett, were moved to Trenton to live with their son and his family. The bell went along and has been mounted in the front yard of David and Vicki Bennett's home in Trenton, Georgia since April 2007.^[20]

North Carolina

Christ Church, New Bern, North Carolina, 1875, replacing bell destroyed in fire.

First Baptist Church, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1886, replacing the original bell of about 1859

Christ Church, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1860. The vestry records say of the 1860 bell: "The second bell weighing over 1200 lbs. was bought of Meneeley & Co, West Troy N. Y. (J. M. McKimmon Treas. of the Vestry) August 14th 1860. It served the parish faithfully till the summer of 1889, when it was found to be cracked and no longer fit for use."
Christ Church, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1890. The vestry minutes say of the 1890 bell: "[R]esolved that the Rector be requested to order a new bell of Meneely & Co. on the terms stated in their letter of Sept. 12, 1889, with the understanding that R. B. Raney Esq. [husband of Olivia Raney] make good any deficit not to exceed $75.00 that may be due at the time the bell is delivered which he has so generously offered to do & further that the Rector be requested to convey to Mr. Raney the thanks of the Vestry for his most commendable zeal and liberality." Further "The third (and present) bell of remarkably fine tone and quality weighing 2000 lbs. . . . called the congregation together for public worship for the first time on Easter Day April 6th 1890. The bell cost delivered here, besides the old broken bell given in part payment, $358.00 including mounting & c. complete. Putting it in place in the tower cost $41.05 additional . . .. Making the whole cost $400.00 and the old bell."

South Carolina

St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church, Charleston, South Carolina. Set of 10 bells cast in West Troy in 1901. Three bells added in 1966.
Wofford College in Spartanburg, South Carolina^[21]

Tennessee

First Presbyterian Church (Greeneville, Tennessee), inscription reads "Injured by fire and recast by Meneely & Co., Watervliet, NY 1928", rings every Sunday at the start of worship

Other Southern states

Prattville Male & Female Academy (Prattville, Alabama)
Saint Paul's Episcopal Church, Federal Point, Florida Historical records indicate that the bell was purchased for $32 and was installed in the bell tower on April 22, 1883.

Ein Feste Burg on Meneely Bells

A Mighty Fortress Is Our God on the Meneely Bell Foundry (1901) bell set at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina

Problems playing this file? See media help.

First Presbyterian Church, Gainesville, Florida. Bell cast in 1859 Cost unknown

Ohio

An 1849 Meneely bell located at First Congregational United Church of Christ of Elyria, Ohio, 44035.
An 1883 bell from Ruskin School is in the lobby of the new Ruskin School building, Dayton OH.
A 1919 Meneely bell located at Woodbury Elementary School, Shaker Heights, Ohio, 44120. The bell was cast in 1919 and weighs 2,000 lbs.^[22]
King Avenue United Methodist Church in Columbus, Ohio^[23]

Illinois

The Father’s House Church, 302 W Stephenson St., Freeport, IL 61032. The bell was delivered in 1892 to celebrate the 50 year church jubilee. 2100 lbs.
St. John Cantius Church, Chicago, IL 60642. Four Meneely bells dedicated in 1897: 5196 lbs., 2891 lbs., 1800 lbs., and 750 lbs.
Perry, Illinois Church of Christ: bell was cast in 1855 (date on bell), but was bought by the Perry Church of Christ congregation at a later date. Bell hung in church building dating to 1880 (placed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of 'Carpenter Gothic' architecture) until the building was destroyed by fire in 2014. The bell survived and is mounted in memorial park at the same site. The bell is about 29.5 inches in diameter.
St. Paul Lutheran Church, Pontiac, Illinois ... purchased in the late 1860s.
Second Congregational Church, Rockford, Illinois (cast in 1865; in 1891, moved to the church's current location)
St. Paul Lutheran Church, Rockford, Illinois has three bells in the church building that was dedicated in 1906.
Lombard, Illinois, in the Maple Street Chapel (1870)
Naperville, Illinois, on display at Naper Settlement
Rock Island Arsenal Clock Tower in Rock Island, Illinois, has a 3,538 lb bell stamped "1867 Meneelys' West Troy, N.Y."^[24]
Lacon Congregational Church, Lacon, Ill. (bell cast in 1890)
St. Patrick's Catholic Church, Camp Grove, Ill. Dated 1904. Church closed in 2013, bell now property of Peoria Catholic Diocese.
DeKalb High School, Dekalb, Ill, dated 1912, originally installed along with clock in tower of 1903 (2nd) DeKalb High School. Now on ground display at 4th DeKalb High School as of June 2011.^[25]
Roscoe United Methodist Church, 10816 Main St., Roscoe, Illinois, 61073 has a Meneely bell dated 1855. The bell was hung in the bell tower in 1856 of the original Methodist Episcopal Church built on this site in 1851. That building was razed in April, 1907 and the bell was then hung in the new building on the same site, where it is still being rung as of November, 2020.

Iowa

A Meneeley & Co. bell dated 1891 sits in the Bell Chapel of the Christian Conference Center in Newton, Iowa. Originally installed in 1891 in the German Congregational Church of Muscatine, Iowa, the building became home to the First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) of Muscatine in 1931. FCC Muscatine donated the bell in 1965 to the Christian Conference Center for the Center's Opening Dedication.
University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls, Iowa, dedicated in 1926^[26]
Lark School, Onawa, IA – Presented to Onawa Corporation in 1860 by Onawa Educational Sewing Society.

Other Midwestern states

City of Grand Rapids 1878 Fire Bell, Grand Rapids Public Museum, Grand Rapids, Michigan. First hung in a temporary wooden fire tower at Ottawa and Pearl Sts, 1878–1888 until it is installed in the tower of City Hall (1888–1969). It now stands at the entrance of the Grand Rapids Public Museum since 1995.
Laingsburg United Methodist Church, Laingsburg Mich. (1881 bell)
Saint Stephen's Episcopal Church, Sherman, Texas
Salado Antique Mall, Salado, Texas. Currently on display. Manufacturers date of 1866. Meneely, West Troy, New York. No other inscription. Bell is intact and it has been placed on a stand for display purposes. No information is available as to where the bell was first installed.
First United Methodist Church, Crockett. Texas/ Currently in use. Manufacturer's date of 1859, Meneely, Troy, New York. The church was organized on December 23, 1839.
Minneapolis City Hall, Minneapolis, contains 10 bells from 1896 and 4 more added in 1923. Bells chime every quarter-hour. Live performances are regularly held by the Tower Bell Foundation.^[27]
Immanuel Lutheran Church in Madison, Nebraska
St. John (Old Stone) Lutheran Church Rural Benton Township Nemaha County, Nebraska. Cast in 1874 from a French cannon captured by the Prussian Army in the Franco-Prussian War and donated to the German Immigrant Congregation by Prussian King Wilhelm I.
First Congregation United Church of Christ, Benton Harbor, MI
Good Shepherd Lutheran Church in West Bend, Wisconsin. Cast in 1892, approximately 1,100 lbs. The bell was acquired by the church in the 1960s from a church that was merging in Rosendale, Wisconsin. It still rings weekly, though not by its original yoke, which broke in 1998.^[28]
Waterloo Public School in Waterloo, Wisconsin. Text on bell reads "Meneelys' West Troy, N. Y. 1865, Waterloo Academy, Founded 1862."
St John EV Lutheran church in Whitewater, Wisconsin, 36" 900lbs, Made in Watervliet 1924
Christ Church Cathedral, Indianapolis, Ind. Eight bells from Meneelys West Troy, N.Y. were installed in 1860, and a ninth bell was added in 1890. The bells still are used regularly.

Western states

First Presbyterian Church (Portland, Oregon);^[29] installed in 1864, transferred in 1889 to new building, where it remains in use today^[30]
Mt. Zion Baptist Church, formerly Deutsche Congregationale Zion Kirche (German Congregational Zion Church) in Portland, Oregon
San Jose State University in San Jose, California "Cast to commemorate the California State Normal School in 1881, this 3,000-pound bell was rung at 8 a.m each morning until the earthquake that stilled its voice in 1903. In 1910, the bell was re-installed in the main building of the newly constructed Tower Hall, where it was rung on special occasions. In the early 1960s, seismic concerns led to its retirement and relocation at ground level." Source credit: plaque on San Jose State campus.
Saint Joseph Roman Catholic Church, Mountain View, California
Church of the Nativity, Menlo Park, California
Cathedral Church of St. Mark, Salt Lake City, Utah
Star Hotel (Renamed the Keystone Hotel in 1926), Lampasas, Texas. Hotel was built as the stage coach stop for the Austin Stage in 1856. The bell was cast in 1860 and used by Mrs. Gracy, wife of the owner, to tell the residents of Lampasas when meals were being served at the hotel. At that time the bell was located in a cupola on the roof. In the late 1890s the bell was relocated to a courtyard on the East side of the building when the roof was changed from wood shingle to metal. (Facebook: Keystone Star Hotel)
Culbertson Memorial Church, Casa Blanca, Arizona. The current church was built in 1927, replacing an earlier building from 1897. The bell, which was cast in West Troy in 1898, currently hangs in front of the church.
Filoli Historic Estate, Clock tower, c.1921 construction (bell is stamped 1856), Woodside, California

International

Canada

St Lawrence Hall, Toronto, Ontario. (This bell, cast in 1849, is unused and virtually inaccessible in the cupola of St Lawrence Hall. ^[31]
Wesley Knox United Church. Woodville, Nova Scotia. Canada.
Church of St. John the Evangelist, Montreal. Dated 1917. Still in daily use.
Roddick Gates McGill University in Montreal
Saint Thomas Anglican Church in Orrville, Ontario, inscription: "Meneely & Co West Troy NY – I was given by Friends in Depot Harbour in the Diocese of Algoma 1901 "When I do ring, God's praises sing" "When I do toll, Praise heart and soul"
Saint Andrew's Church in Boisdale, Nova Scotia, on Nov. 14, 1897. Fire destroyed the church in 1927.^[32]
Church of the Apostles St. James and St. Mathias, Glasgow St. Guelph, Ontario
Cathedral Church of St. James, Toronto, Ontario
The Old Schoolhouse, Camden East, Ontario.
St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Maidstone Ontario [weight 2,244lbs] - Inscription: MENEELY & CO. WEST TROY / NEW YORK 1907 / EGO VOX CLAMANTIS / PARATE VIAM DOMINI / PETER-MARY-PATRICK / ERECTED IN ST. MARY'S CHURCH / MAIDSTONE ONTARIO 1907 / A.M.D.G. / PNUS X. PONTIFEX / F P McEVAY EPISCONPUS / P McCABE PASTOR

Other international locations

St. Helena Baptist Church, Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown, island of St. Helena, South Atlantic Ocean. Bell from West Troy cast in 1852. Unsure of weight, but approx. height and diameter at bottom 70 cm.^[33]
Saint Anthony's Church (Svateho Antonina) in Strossmayerovo Namesti, Prague, Czech Republic (see below)