Qi (state)

Qi
Qi
Traditional Chinese	齊國
Simplified Chinese	齐国
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Qí guó
Wu
Romanization	Zi/zhi koh/kueh
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	chê-kok / chôe-kok
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC	Cà̤-guók

State of Qi
齊國
State of Qi 齊國
1046 BC–221 BC
	Map of State of Qi in 260 BC
Status	Kingdom
Capital	Linzi
Religion	Chinese folk religion, ancestor worship
Government	Monarchy
King of Qi
Chancellor
• 685–645 BCE	Guan Zhong
History
• Enfeoffment of Jiang Ziya	1046 BC
• Conquered by Qin	221 BC
Currency	Chinese coin
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Zhou Dynasty
	Warring States Period
Qin Dynasty
Qin (state)

Qi (Chinese: 齊; pinyin: Qí; Wade–Giles: Ch'i) was a powerful state during the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China. Its capital was Linzi, in present-day Zibo, Shandong Province.

Qi was founded around in 1046 BC as one of the many vassal states of the Zhou Dynasty. The first ruler of Qi was Jiang Ziya, the most powerful official during that time. The Jiang family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386 BC. In 221 BC, Qi was the last state of pre-Imperial China to be conquered by the State of Qin, which became the Qin Dynasty, the first centralized empire of China.

History

Western Zhou (1046–771 BC): With the founding of the Zhou dynasty in 1046 BC, King Wu of Zhou assigned the conquered lands as hereditary fiefs to his relatives and ministers. Territory in the area of modern day Shandong was given to Jiang Ziya, his most important general from which the state of Qi arose.^[1] Little information survives from this period. King Yi of Zhou (Ji Xie) (865-858) attacked Qi and boiled the Duke of Qi in a ding or cauldron. At the time of King Xuan of Zhou (827-782) there was a succession struggle. During this time many of the native Dongyi peoples were absorbed into the Qi state.

Spring and Autumn Period (771–480 BC): In 706 BC Qi was attacked by the Shan Rong. Qi rose to prominence under Duke Huan of Qi (685–643). He and his minister Guan Zhong strengthened the state by centralizing it. He annexed 35 neighboring states ^[2] and brought others into submission. In 667 Duke Huan met with the rulers of Lu, Song, Chen and Zheng and was elected leader. Subsequently King Hui of Zhou made him the first Hegemon. He attacked Wei for supporting a rival of the Zhou king and intervened in the affairs of Lu. In 664 he protected Yan from the Rong. In 659 he protected Xing and in 660, Wei, from the Chi Di. In 656 he blocked the northward expansion of Chu. After his death, his sons quarrelled and the hegemony passed to Jin.

In 632 Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. In 589 Qi was defeated by Jin. In 579 the four great powers of Qin (west), Jin (center), Chu (south) and Qi (east) met to declare a truce and limit their military strength. In 546 a similar four-power conference recognized several smaller states as satellites of Qi, Jin and Qin.

Warring States Period (480–221 BC): The many wars of this age are described in the appropriate article. This section covers domestic affairs. Early in the period Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532 the Tian (田) clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485 the Tian killed the ducal heir and fought several rival clans. In 481 the Tian chief killed a puppet duke, most of the ruler's family and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the Duke with only the capital of Linzi and the area around Mount Tai. In 386 the Tian family replaced the Jiang family as dukes. In 221 Qi was the last of the warring states to be conquered by Qin, thereby putting an end to the wars and uniting China under the Qin Dynasty.

Rulers of Qi

House of Jiang (姜)

Title	Name	Period of reign	Relationship	Notes
Duke Tai 齊太公	Lü Shang 吕尚	11th century BC		Enfeoffed by King Wu of Zhou, with capital at Yingqiu.
Duke Ding 齊丁公	Lü Ji 吕伋	10th century BC	5th-generation descendant of Duke Tai	Traditionally believed to be son of Duke Tai.
Duke Yǐ 齊乙公	De 得	10th century BC	Son of Duke Ding
Duke Gui 齊癸公	Cimu 慈母	c. 10th century BC	Son of Duke Yǐ
Duke Ai 齊哀公	Buchen 不辰	9th century BC	Son of Duke Gui	Boiled to death by King Yi of Zhou.
Duke Hu 齊胡公	Jing 靜	9th century BC	Son of Duke Gui	Moved capital to Bogu, killed by Duke Xian.
Duke Xian 齊獻公	Shan 山	859?–851 BC	Son of Duke Gui	Moved capital back to Linzi
Duke Wu 齊武公	Shou 壽	850–825 BC	Son of Duke Xian
Duke Li 齊厲公	Wuji 無忌	824–816 BC	Son of Duke Wu	Killed by supporters of Duke Hu's son.
Duke Wen 齊文公	Chi 赤	815–804 BC	Son of Duke Li
Duke Cheng 齊成公	Yue 說	803–795 BC	Son of Duke Wen
Duke Zhuang I 齊前莊公	Gou 購	794–731 BC	Son of Duke Cheng	Reigned for 64 years.
Duke Xi 齊僖公	Lufu 祿甫	730–698 BC	Son of Duke Zhuang I
Duke Xiang 齊襄公	Zhu'er 諸兒	697–686 BC	Son of Duke Xi	Committed incest with sister Wen Jiang, murdered her husband Duke Huan of Lu, conquered the state of Ji, murdered by cousin Wuzhi.
none	Wuzhi 無知	686 BC	Cousin of Duke Xiang, grandson of Duke Zhuang I	Killed by Yong Lin.
Duke Huan 齊桓公	Xiaobai 小白	685–643 BC	Younger brother of Duke Xiang	First of the Five Hegemons, when Qi reached zenith of its power. Starved to death by ministers.
none	Wukui or Wugui 無虧 or 無詭	643 BC	Son of Duke Huan	Killed by supporters of Duke Xiao.
Duke Xiao 齊孝公	Zhao 昭	642–633 BC	Son of Duke Huan	Crown prince of Qi.
Duke Zhao 齊昭公	Pan 潘	632–613 BC	Son of Duke Huan	His supporters murdered the son of Duke Xiao.
none	She 舍	613 BC	Son of Duke Zhao	Murdered by uncle, Shangren.
Duke Yì 齊懿公	Shangren 商人	612–609 BC	Uncle of She, son of Duke Huan	Killed by two ministers.
Duke Hui 齊惠公	Yuan 元	608–599 BC	Son of Duke Huan	Defeated Long Di invaders.
Duke Qing 齊頃公	Wuye 無野	598–582 BC	Son of Duke Hui	Defeated by Jin at the Battle of An.
Duke Ling 齊靈公	Huan 環	581–554 BC	Son of Duke Qing	Annexed the State of Lai, defeated by Jin at the Battle of Pingyin, capital Linzi burned.
Duke Zhuang II 齊後莊公	Guang 光	553–548 BC	Son of Duke Ling	Ascended throne by killing Prince Ya with the help of Cui Zhu, committed adultery with Cui's wife, killed by Cui Zhu.
Duke Jing 齊景公	Chujiu 杵臼	547–490 BC	Half brother of Duke Zhuang II	Killed Cui Zhu.
An Ruzi 安孺子	Tu 荼	489 BC	Youngest son of Duke Jing	Deposed by Tian Qi, killed by Duke Dao. Also called Yan Ruzi.
Duke Dao 齊悼公	Yangsheng 陽生	488–485 BC	Son of Duke Jing	Killed by minister, possibly Tian Heng.
Duke Jian 齊簡公	Ren 壬	484–481 BC	Son of Duke Dao	Killed by Tian Heng.
Duke Ping 齊平公	Ao 驁	480–456 BC	Brother of Duke Jian
Duke Xuan 齊宣公	Ji 積	455–405 BC	Son of Duke Ping
Duke Kang 齊康公	Dai 貸	404–386 BC	Son of Duke Xuan	Deposed by Duke Tai of Tian Qi, died in 379 BC.

House of Tian (田)

Subjects of House of Jiang

Tian Wan, Tian Jing Zhong 田敬仲陳完
Tian Zhi 田孟夷田穉
Tian Min 田孟莊田湣
Xuwu, Wenzi of Tian 田文子田須無 ?–545 BC
Wuyu, Huanzi of Tian 田桓子田無宇 ?–532 BC
Kai, Wuzi of Tian 田武子田開 ?–516 BC
Qi, Xizi of Tian 田僖子田乞 ?–484 BC
Chang, Chengzi of Tian 田成子田恆 ?–468 BC
Pan, Xiangzi of Tian 田襄子田盤
Bai, Zhuangzi of Tian 田莊子田白 ?–411 BC
Daozi of Tian 田悼子 410–405 BC
He, Duke Tai of Tian, 田太公田和 recognized as Duke of Qi by King of Zhou 404–384 BC

Replaced House of Jiang

He, Duke Tai of Tian 齊太公田和 404–384 BC
Shan, Duke Fei of Qi 齊廢公田剡 383–375 BC
Wu, Duke Huan of Qi 齊桓公田午 374–357 BC
Yinqi, King Wei of Qi 齊威王田因齊 356–320 BC
Pijiang, King Xuan of Qi 齊宣王田辟彊 319–300 BC
Di, King Min of Qi, "Emperor of the East" 齊愍王田地 300–283 BC
Fazhang, King Xiang of Qi 齊襄王田法章 283–265 BC
Jian, King of Qi 齊廢王田建 264–221 BC

Conquered by Qin

Qi in astronomy

Qi is represented by the star Chi Capricorni in asterism Twelve States, Girl mansion. Qi is also represented by the star 112 Herculis in asterism Left Wall, Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chinese constellation).^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Eberhard, Wolfram (1966). A History of China. ISBN 160303420X. p.63
^ These states included the State of Tan.