Royal Academy of Arts
| Royal Academy of Arts | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Established | 1768 |
| Location | Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom |
| Visitors |
1,267,784 (2009)[1] |
| President | Christopher Le Brun |
| Public transit access | Piccadilly Circus or Green Park |
| Website | royalacademy.org.uk |
The Royal Academy of Arts (RA, traditionally written as R.A.) is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London, United Kingdom. It has a unique position in being an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects whose purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the visual arts through exhibitions, education and debate.
Contents |
History[edit]
The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through a personal act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. The motive in founding the Academy was twofold: to raise the professional status of the artist by establishing a sound system of training and expert judgment in the arts and to arrange the exhibition of contemporary works of art attaining an appropriate standard of excellence. Behind this concept was the desire to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation and interest in the public based on recognised canons of good taste.
Fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain had centered on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, provided an early venue for contemporary artists to show their work in Britain. The success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies and their initial success was marred by internal fractions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a national school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies.
Sir William Chambers used his connections with King George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy and the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds was made its first President. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held until his resignation in 1788.
The Instrument of Foundation of the Royal Academy signed by King George III on 10 December 1768 named 34 Founder Members and allowed for a total membership of 40. The Founder Members were Sir Joshua Reynolds, Benjamin West, Thomas Sandby, Francis Cotes, John Baker, Mason Chamberlin, John Gwynn, Thomas Gainsborough, Giovanni Battista Cipriani, Jeremiah Meyer, Francis Milner Newton, Paul Sandby, Francesco Bartolozzi, Charles Catton, Nathaniel Hone the Elder, William Tyler, Nathaniel Dance, Richard Wilson, George Michael Moser, Samuel Wale, Peter Toms, Angelica Kauffman, Richard Yeo, Mary Moser, William Chambers, Joseph Wilton, George Barret, Edward Penny, Augustino Carlini, Francis Hayman, Dominic Serres, John Inigo Richards, Francesco Zuccarelli, George Dance. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as Nominated Members. Among the Founder Members were two women, a father and daughter and two sets of brothers.
The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, London although in 1771 it was accorded temporary accommodation for its Library and Schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments on the Strand front of New Somerset House, which had been designed by Sir William Chambers, the Academy's first treasurer. The Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery (designed by another Academician, William Wilkins). These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions and in 1868, 100 years after the Academy's foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it is to this day.
The first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, was held on 25 April 1769 and ran through until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 The Royal Academy expanded its exhibition programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters' following the cessation of a similar annual exhibition of Old Masters' held by the British Institution. The range and frequency of these loan exhibitions has grown enormously since that time making the Royal Academy a leading art exhibition institution of international importance.
Britain's first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, as a way of better fulfilling its mission. A programme led by the Academy's first President, Sir Joshua Reynolds, but also including famed lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry. Sir John Soane and J. M. W. Turner. The latter three were all graduates of the RA Schools, for a long time the only established art school in the country.
Activities[edit]
The Royal Academy does not receive financial support from the state or crown. Its income is derived from exhibitions, trust and endowment funds, receipts from its trading activities and from the subscriptions of its Friends and Corporate Members. Much of the cost of its activities is met by sponsorship from commercial and industrial companies, in which the Academy was one of the pioneers. The Academy thus depends upon a wide range of support from the private sector for the accomplishment of its artistic aims.
One of its principal sources of revenue is hosting a programme of temporary loan exhibitions. These are of the highest quality, comparable to those at the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery and leading art galleries outside the United Kingdom. In 2004 the highlights of the Academy's permanent collection went on display in the newly restored reception rooms of the original section of Burlington House, which are now known as the "John Madejski Fine Rooms".
Under the direction of the former Exhibitions Secretary Norman Rosenthal the Academy has hosted ambitious exhibitions of contemporary art including in 1997 "Sensation" the collection of work by Young British Artists owned by Charles Saatchi. The show created controversy for including a portrait of Myra Hindley by Marcus Harvey that was vandalised while on display.
The Academy also hosts an annual Royal Academy summer exhibition of new art, which is a well known event on the London social calendar. It is not as fashionable as was the case in earlier centuries, and has been largely ignored by the trendy Brit Artists and their patrons; however Tracey Emin exhibited in the 2005 show. In March 2007 this relationship developed further when Tracey Emin accepted the Academy's invitation to become a Royal Academician, commenting in her weekly newspaper column that, "It doesn't mean that I have become more conformist; it means that the Royal Academy has become more open, which is healthy and brilliant."[2]
Anyone who wishes may submit pictures for inclusion in the summer exhibition and those selected are displayed alongside the works of the Academicians. Many of the works are available for purchase.
In 1977 Sir Hugh Casson founded the Friends of the Royal Academy, a charity designed to provide financial support for the Royal Academy. Membership allows supporters unlimited access to the exhibition programme. Over the years the Friends scheme has grown in size and importance and by 2007 had almost 90,000 members.
In 2004, the Academy attracted media attention for a series of financial scandals and reports of a feud between Rosenthal and other senior staff that resulted in the cancellation of what would have been profitable exhibitions.[3] In 2006, it attracted further press by erroneously placing only the support for a sculpture on display in the belief that it was the sculpture, and then justifying it being kept on display.[4]
In September 2007, Charles Saumarez Smith became secretary and chief executive of the Royal Academy, a newly created post.[5]
The Academy has received many gifts and bequests of objects and money. Many of these gifts were used to establish Trust Funds to support the work of the Royal Academy Schools by providing "Premiums" to students displaying excellence in various artistic genre. The rapid changes that pulsed through 20th century art have left some of the older prize funds looking somewhat anachronistic. But efforts are still made to award each prize to a student producing work that bears a relation to the intentions of the original benefactor.
On Thursday 8 December 2011 Christopher Le Brun was elected President of the Royal Academy upon the retirement of Sir Nicholas Grimshaw.
Royal Academy Schools[edit]
The Royal Academy Schools form the oldest art school in Britain, and still offer the only three-year postgraduate art course to students.
The Royal Academy Schools was the first institution to provide professional training for artists in Britain. The Schools' programme of formal training was originally modelled upon that of the French Académie de peinture et de sculpture, founded by Louis XIV in 1648, and shaped by the precepts laid down by Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his fifteen Discourses delivered to pupils in the Schools between 1769 and 1790, Reynolds stressed the importance of copying the Old Masters, and of drawing from casts after the Antique and from the life model. He argued that such a training would form artists capable of creating works of high moral and artistic worth. Professorial chairs were founded in Chemistry, Anatomy, Ancient History and Ancient Literature, the latter two being held initially by Samuel Johnson and Oliver Goldsmith.
In 1769, the first year of its existence, 77 students were enrolled into the Schools. By 1830 over 1,500 students had enrolled in the Schools giving an average intake of 25 students each year. They included men such as John Flaxman, J. M. W. Turner, Sir John Soane, Thomas Rowlandson, William Blake, Sir Thomas Lawrence, John Constable, Sir George Hayter, David Wilkie, William Etty and Sir Edwin Landseer. The term of studentship was at first six years. This was increased to seven years in 1792 and to ten in 1800 and it remained at ten till 1853. These figures must be regarded, however, only as years of eligibility. Undoubtedly many of the students did not complete their full term but there are no details of attendances at this early date or any record of the termination of studentships.
Teaching in the Royal Academy Schools was undertaken by a system of lectures delivered by Professors and Royal Academician "Visitors". Royal Academicians were elected as Visitors and served in rotation for nine months of the year. Each Visitor attended for a month, setting the models and examining and instructing the performances of the students. This system lasted through into the late 1920s when Visitors were replaced by permanent teachers.
The first woman to enrol as a student of the Schools was Laura Herford in 1860. Three more women enrolled in 1861 with a further three in 1862.
The Royal Academy has always provided free tuition to its students. Tuition is given by practising artists, many of them Members of the Royal Academy, under the direction of the Keeper.
Today some 60 students study in the Schools on a three-year postgraduate course. The programme is focused on studio-based practice across all fine art media. The studios accommodate a wide variety of disciplines, including painting, sculpture, print, installation and time-based and digital media. Selection of candidates is based upon evidence of individual ability and commitment, with an emphasis on potential for further development across the three-year tenure of the course. Students are given the opportunity twice each year to show their work in the Royal Academy.
Library, archive, and collections[edit]
The Royal Academy has an important collection of books, archives and works of art accessible for research and display. A large part of these collections have been digitised and can be investigated through the Collection website.
The first president of the Royal Academy, Sir Joshua Reynolds, laid the foundation of the Royal Academy collection with the gift of his famous Self-portrait. This was followed by gifts from other founding members, such as Gainsborough and Benjamin West. Subsequently each elected Member was required to donate an artwork (known as a "Diploma Work") typical of their artistic output, and this practice continues today. Additional donations and purchases have resulted in a collection of approximately a thousand paintings and a thousand sculptures showing the linear development of a British School of art. The Academy's collection of Works on Paper includes significant holdings of drawings and sketchbooks by artists working in Britain from the mid-18th century onwards including George Romney, Lord Leighton and Dame Laura Knight, as well as a large collection of engravings after the Old Masters, reproductive prints after all the leading British artists of the 18th and 19th centuries, and a growing collection of original prints by current academicians.
The Library of the Royal Academy is the oldest institutional fine art library in Britain. For over 200 years it has served the needs of students and teachers in the Academy Schools and provided an important source for the history of British art and architecture. The Library contains some 65,000 books, including an Historic Book Collection of approximately 12,000 volumes, acquired before 1920, reflecting the early teaching philosophy of the Academy Schools. The Archive forms one of the world’s most significant resources for the historical study of British art since 1768.
The Photographic Collection consists of photographs of Academicians, landscapes, architecture and works of art. Holdings include early portraits by William Lake Price dating from the 1850s, portraits by David Wilkie Wynfield and Eadweard Muybridge's Animal Locomotion (1872–85). In addition, there are over 55,000 photographs relating to the history of the Academy, from views of exhibition installations to images of the Academy's homes and its staff.
Wall and ceiling paintings[edit]
Among the paintings decorating the walls and ceilings of the building are those of Benjamin West and Angelica Kauffman, in the entrance hall (Hutchison 1968, p. 153), moved from the previous building at Somerset House. In the centre is West's roundel The Graces unveiling Nature c. 1779,[6] surrounded by panels depicting the elements, Fire, Water, Air and Earth.[7] At each end are mounted two of Kauffman's circular paintings, Composition and Design at the West end, and Painting or Colour and Genius or Invention at the East end.[8]
Michelangelo's Taddei Tondo[edit]
The most prized possession of the Academy’s collection is Michelangelo's Taddei Tondo, left to the Academy by Sir George Beaumont. The Tondo is on display in a purpose-built area on the Sackler Wing gallery level. Carved in Florence in 1504–06, it is the only marble by Michelangelo in the United Kingdom and represents the Virgin Mary and Child with the infant St John the Baptist.
War memorials[edit]
In the entrance portico are two war memorials. One is in memory of the students of the Royal Academy Schools who fell in World War I and the second commemorates the 2003 men of the Artists Rifles who gave their lives in the Great War with a further plaque to those who died in World War II.
The Artists Rifles, founded in 1860, had its first headquarters at Burlington House. Four members of the Artists Rifles were elected President of the Royal Academy.
Membership[edit]
Membership of the Royal Academy is made up of up to 80 practising artists, each elected by ballot of the General Assembly of the Royal Academy, and known individually as Royal Academicians (RA, or more traditionally as R.A.). The Royal Academy is governed by these Royal Academicians. The 1768, the Instrument of Foundation allowed total membership of the Royal Academy to be 40 artists. The category of Associate Member of the Royal Academy (ARA, traditionally as A.R.A.) was introduced in 1769 to provide a means of pre-selecting suitable candidates to fill future vacancies among Academicians.[citation needed] Originally engravers were completely excluded from the Academybut at the beginning of 1769 the category of Associate-engraver was created. Their number was limited to six, and unlike other associates, they could not be promoted to full academicians,[9] In 1853 membership of the Academy was increased to 42, and opened to engravers.
The number of Royal Academicians was increased once again in 1972 to 50, and in 1991 the maximum was set at 80. All Academicians must be professionally active, either wholly or partly, in the United Kingdom. Of the 80 Academicians, there must always be at least 14 sculptors, 12 architects and 8 printmakers with the balance being painters. Associate membership was abolished in 1991.
In 1918, it was decided that all Academicians and Associates on reaching the age of 75 become members of a Senior Order of Academicians so creating a vacancy in the other categories of membership. A senior member is effectively retired from the day to day government of the Academy but retains all other membership privileges. All RA's are entitled to exhibit up to six works in the annual Summer Exhibition. They also have the opportunity to exhibit their work in small exhibitions held in the Friends' Room and are occasionally invited to hold major exhibitions in the Sackler Galleries. Many Academicians are involved in teaching in the Schools and giving lectures as part of the Royal Academy Education Programme.
Chronological list of Royal Academicians[edit]
Some notable Royal Academicians are listed below. For a complete list go to the Royal Academy Collections Website[10]
Presidents (PRA)[edit]
| President | Served |
|---|---|
| Sir Joshua Reynolds | 1768–1792 |
| Benjamin West | 1792–1805 |
| James Wyatt | 1805–1806 |
| Benjamin West | 1806–1820 |
| Sir Thomas Lawrence | 1820–1830 |
| Sir Martin Archer Shee | 1830–1850 |
| Sir Charles Lock Eastlake | 1850–1865 |
| Sir Francis Grant | 1866–1878 |
| Lord Leighton | 1878–1896 |
| Sir John Everett Millais | February–August 1896 |
| Sir Edward Poynter | 1896–1918 |
| Sir Aston Webb | 1919–1924 |
| Sir Frank Dicksee | 1924–1928 |
| Sir William Llewellyn | 1928–1938 |
| Sir Edwin Lutyens | 1938–1944 |
| Sir Alfred Munnings | 1944–1949 |
| Sir Gerald Kelly | 1949–1954 |
| Sir Albert Richardson | 1954–1956 |
| Sir Charles Wheeler | 1956–1966 |
| Sir Thomas Monnington | 1966–1976 |
| Sir Hugh Casson | 1976–1984 |
| Sir Roger de Grey | 1984–1993 |
| Sir Philip Dowson | 1993–1999 |
| Phillip King | 1999–2004 |
| Sir Nicholas Grimshaw | 2004–2011 |
| Christopher Le Brun | 2011–present |
Keepers[edit]
| Keeper | Served |
|---|---|
| George Michael Moser, RA | 10 Dec 1768–24 Jan 1783 |
| Agostino Carlini, RA | 3 Mar 1783–24 Sep 1790 |
| Joseph Wilton, RA | 24 Sep 1790–25 Nov 1803 |
| Henry Fuseli, RA | 24 Dec 1804–16 Apr 1825 |
| Henry Thomson, RA | 9 Jun 1825–10 Dec 1827 |
| William Hilton, RA | 10 Dec 1827–30 Dec 1839 |
| George Jones, RA | 3 Mar 1840–31 Dec 1850 |
| Frederick Richard Pickersgill, RA | 10 Jul 1873–3 Aug 1887 |
| Philip Hermogenes Calderon, RA | 3 Aug 1887–30 Apr 1898 |
| Ernest Crofts, RA | 29 Sep 1898–19 Mar 1911 |
| Andrew C. Gow, RA | 8 Dec 1911–1 Feb 1920 |
| Charles Sims, RA | 18 Mar 1920–8 Nov 1926 |
| Sir Walter Westley Russell, RA | 1 Oct 1927–31 Dec 1942 |
| Sir Gerald Kelly, PRA | 19 Jan 1943–11 Dec 1945 |
| Philip Connard, RA | 11 Dec 1945–31 Dec 1949 |
| Sir Henry Rushbury, RA | 22 Apr 1949–30 Jun 1964 |
| Peter Greenham, RA | 30 Jun 1964–30 Sep 1985 |
| Edward Middleditch, RA | 1 Oct 1985–30 Sep 1986 |
| Norman Adams, RA | 1 Oct 1986–30 Sep 1995 |
| Leonard McComb, RA | 1 Oct 1995–21 May 1998 |
| Brendan Neiland, RA | 21 May 1998–28 Jul 2004 |
| Prof. Dr. Maurice Cockrill, RA | 28 Oct 2004–2011 |
| Eileen Cooper, RA | 2011—present |
Other posts[edit]
| Treasurer | Served |
|---|---|
| Sir William Chambers, RA | 10 Dec 1768–8 Mar 1796 |
| John Yenn, RA | 2 Apr 1796–8 Jun 1820 |
| Sir Robert Smirke, RA | 8 Jun 1820–18 Jul 1850 |
| Philip Hardwick, RA | 18 Jul 1850–25 Mar 1861 |
| Sydney Smirke, RA | 25 Mar 1861–26 Feb 1874 |
| E.M. Barry, RA | 26 Feb 1874–27 Jan 1880 |
| George Edmund Street, RA | 19 Nov 1880–18 Dec 1881 |
| Richard Norman Shaw, RA | 8 Mar 1882–28 Mar 1882 |
| John Callcott Horsley, RA | 14 Jun 1882–17 Nov 1897 |
| Alfred Waterhouse, RA | 17 Nov 1897–5 Dec 1901 |
| Sir T.G. Jackson, Bt., RA | 5 Dec 1901–8 May 1912 |
| Sir Aston Webb, PRA | 8 May 1912–25 Apr 1919 |
| Sir Frank Short, RA | 25 Apr 1919–5 Dec 1932 |
| Sydney Lee, RA | 5 Dec 1932–5 Dec 1940 |
| Sir Edwin Cooper, RA | 5 Dec 1940–24 Jun 1942 |
| E. Vincent Harris, RA | 3 Dec 1942–7 Dec 1954 |
| Sir Edward Maufe, RA | 7 Dec 1954–10 Dec 1958 |
| Louis de Soissons, RA | 10 Dec 1958–23 Sep 1962 |
| Sir Basil Spence, RA | 11 Dec 1962–31 Oct 1964 |
| Sir James Gunn, RA | 8 Dec 1964–30 Dec 1964 |
| Donald McMorran, RA | 20 Jan 1965–6 Aug 1965 |
| Marshall Sisson, RA | 7 Dec 1965–8 Dec 1970 |
| William Holford, RA | 8 Dec 1970–20 Oct 1975 |
| Sir Hugh Casson, PRA | 9 Dec 1975–29 Apr 1976 |
| Sir Roger de Grey, PRA | 29 Apr 1976–31 Dec 1984 |
| Sir Philip Powell, RA | 1 Jan 1985–30 Sep 1995 |
| Michael Kenny, RA | 1 Oct 1995–28 Dec 1999 |
| Prof. Paul Huxley, RA | 2000–present |
| Secretary | Served |
|---|---|
| Francis Milner Newton, RA | 10 Dec 1768–10 Dec 1788 |
| John Inigo Richards, RA | 10 Dec 1788–2 Mar 1810 |
| Henry Howard, RA | 11 Feb 1811–20 Jan 1847 |
| John Prescott Knight, RA | 23 Nov 1847–10 Jul 1873 |
| Sir Frederick A. Eaton | 10 Jul 1873–10 Sep 1913 |
| Sir Walter Lamb | 2 Dec 1913–31 Dec 1951 |
| Humphrey Brooke | 1 Jan 1952–12 Jul 1968 |
| Sidney C. Hutchison | 1 Oct 1968–31 Mar 1982 |
| Piers Rodgers | 1 Apr 1982–30 Sep 1996 |
| David Gordon | 1 Oct 1996–31 Jul 2002 |
| Lawton Fitt | 21 Oct 2002–24 Mar 2005 |
| MaryAnne Stevens | 1 Apr 2005–1 Sep 2007 |
| Dr Charles Saumarez Smith, Secretary & Chief Executive | 1 Sep 2007–present |
| Poet-in-Residence | Served |
|---|---|
| Pele Cox | 2 Sep 2011–present |
See also[edit]
- Artists Rifles
- 6 Burlington Gardens
- Cork Street, behind the Royal Academy, with many art galleries
- Members of the Royal Academy
- Royal West of England Academy
- The Arts Club
References[edit]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Royal Academy of Arts |
- ^ "Visits made in 2009 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA". Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ^ The Independent[dead link]
- ^ Higgins, Charlotte (10 June 2004). "Feud at top 'tearing Royal Academy apart'". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
- ^ BBC (14 June 2006). "Empty plinth sidelines sculpture". BBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
- ^ Kennedy, Maev (28 March 2007). "Gallery director quits after policy tussle". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2007.
- ^ "RA Collections: Benjamin West – The Graces unveiling Nature". Racollection.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "RA Collections: Benjamin West". racollection.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "RA Collections: Angelica Kauffman". racollection.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ Hodgson, J.E.; Eaton, Frederick A. (1905). London: John Murray. p. 112. Text "The Royal Academy and its Members 1768–1830" ignored (help); Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ^ "Royal Academy of Arts Collections – Academicians". Racollection.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
- ^ p. 58, Masterworks: Architecture at the Royal Academy of Arts, Neil Bingham, 2011, Royal Academy of Arts, ISBN 978-1-905711-83-3
- ^ p. 67, Masterworks: Architecture at the Royal Academy of Arts, Neil Bingham, 2011, Royal Academy of Arts, ISBN 978-1-905711-83-3
Further reading[edit]
- J. E. Hodgson and Fred. A. Eaton: The Royal academy and its members 1768-1830. Publisher: Charles Scribner’s Sons, London 1905
- George Dunlop Leslie: The inner life of the Royal Academy, with an account of its schools and exhibitions principally in the reign of Queen Victoria (John Murray, 1914)
- The history of the Royal Academy 1768–1968, Sidney C. Hutchison, Taplinger NY 1968
External links[edit]
- Royal Academy — official website
- Royal Academy Collection — official website
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Academy, Royal". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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- Royal Academy
- 1768 establishments in Great Britain
- Art museums and galleries in London
- Art schools in London
- Buildings and structures in Westminster
- Education in Westminster
- Learned societies of the United Kingdom
- Museums in Westminster
- Organizations established in 1768
- Art museums established in 1768
- Academies of Arts
