Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands

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Two men marrying in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in the first month after the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples (2001).
Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. KoN: Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. NZ: Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. UK: Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. US: Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Israel: Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. EU: The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. Cambodia: Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. China: Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. HK: Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. India: Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Japan: Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Namibia: Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Romania: Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
* Not yet in effect
LGBT portal

In the Netherlands, same-sex marriage (Dutch: Huwelijk tussen personen van gelijk geslacht[1] or commonly homohuwelijk)[2] has been legal since 1 April 2001.[3][4] The Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage.

Same-sex marriage

Legislative action

As early as the mid-1980s, a group of gay rights activists, headed by Henk Krol – then editor-in-chief of the Gay Krant – asked the Government to allow same-sex couples to marry. Parliament decided in 1995 to create a special commission, which was to investigate the possibility of same-sex marriages. At that moment, the Christian Democrats (Christian Democratic Appeal) were not part of the ruling coalition for the first time since the introduction of full democracy. The special commission finished its work in 1997 and concluded that civil marriage should be extended to include same-sex couples. After the election of 1998, the Government promised to tackle the issue. In September 2000, the final legislation draft was debated in the Dutch Parliament.

The marriage bill passed the House of Representatives by 109 votes to 33 on 12 September 2000.[5][6][7]

12 September 2000 vote in the House of Representatives[8]
Party Voted for Voted against Absent (Did Not Vote)
 G  Partij van de Arbeid (Labour Party) (PvdA)
41
1
3
 G  Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (People's Party for Freedom and Democracy) (VVD)
36
 –
2
  Christen-Democratisch Appèl (Christian Democratic Appeal) (CDA)a
3
24
3
 G  Democraten 66 (Democrats 66) (D66)
14
 – –
  GroenLinks (GreenLeft) (GL)
10
 –
1
  Socialistische Partij (Socialist Party) (SP)
5
 – –
  ChristenUnie (Christian Union) (CU) –
5
 –
  Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (Reformed Political Party) (SGP) –
3
 –
Total 109 33 9a
a. Despite the fact that there are supposed to be only 150 members in the House of Representatives and that 29 members of the CDA were elected in the 1998 general election, the database shows that there were 30 elected members of the party at the time of the vote.
b. Was originally a member of the Reformatorische Politieke Federatie (Reformatory Political Federation) (RPF).
c. Was originally a member of the Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond (Reformed Political League) (GPV).

The Senate approved the bill on 19 December 2000 by 49 to 26 votes.[9][10] Only the Christian parties, which held 26 of the 75 seats at the time, voted against the bill. Although the Christian Democratic Appeal would form the next Government, they did not indicate any intention to repeal the law.

19 December 2000 vote in the Senate[11]
Party Voted for Voted against
  Christen-Democratisch Appèl (Christian Democratic Appeal) (CDA) –
20
 G  Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (People's Party for Freedom and Democracy) (VVD)
19
 –
 G  Partij van de Arbeid (Labour Party) (PvdA)
15
 –
  GroenLinks (GreenLeft) (GL)
8
 –
 G  Democraten 66 (Democrats 66) (D66)
4
 –
  ChristenUnie (Christian Union) (CU) –
4
  Socialistische Partij (Socialist Party) (SP)
2
 –
  Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (Reformed Political Party) (SGP) –
2
  Onafhankelijke Senaatsfractie (Independent Senate Group) (OSF)
1
 –
Total 49 26
a. Was originally a member of the Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond (Reformed Political League) (GPV).
b. Was originally a member of the Reformatorische Politieke Federatie (Reformatory Political Federation) (RPF).

The main article of the law changed article 1:30 in the marriage law to read as follows:

Een huwelijk kan worden aangegaan door twee personen van verschillend of van gelijk geslacht.
(A marriage can be entered into by two persons of opposing or the same sex)

The law came into effect on 1 April 2001, and on that day four same-sex couples were married by the Mayor of Amsterdam, Job Cohen,[12][13] who became a registrar specifically to officiate at the weddings. A few months earlier, Mayor Cohen had been junior Minister of Justice of the Netherlands and was responsible for putting the new marriage and adoption laws through Parliament.

Requirements and rights

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

Dutch law requires either partner must have Dutch nationality or have residency in the Netherlands. The marriageable age in the Netherlands is 18, or below 18 with parental consent. The law is only valid in the European territory of the Netherlands and on the Caribbean Islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, but does not apply to the other constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The single legal difference between same-sex marriages and heterosexual marriages was that, in the former case, parentage by both partners was not automatic. The legal mother of a child is its biological mother (article 1:198 of the civil law) and the father is (in principle) the man she is married to when the child is born. Moreover, the father must be a man (article 1:199). The other partner could thus become a legal mother only through adoption. Only in the case when a biological father did not become a parent (e.g. in case of artificial insemination by lesbian couples), would both female spouses obtain parental authority automatically (article 1:253sa). In December 2013, the Dutch Parliament changed this and allowed automatic parenthood for lesbian couples. The new law, which came into effect on 1 April 2014, allows the co-mother who is married to – or has a registered partnership with – the mother can only be automatically recognized as the legal mother if the sperm donor was initially anonymous. In the case of a known donor, the biological mother decides whether the donor or the co-mother is the child's second legal parent.[14][15]

On 6 April 2016, Minister of Foreign Affairs Bert Koenders and Minister of Security and Justice Ard van der Steur confirmed the Dutch position that—like other couples—same-sex couples who are not Dutch residents or nationals cannot marry in the country. They said it will lead to practical and legal problems and could even be dangerous to some participants. The move came after the Liberal Democratic Party had asked the ministers to look into allowing non-resident foreigners to advantage of the Netherlands' same-sex marriage law.[16]

Religious denominations

The Dutch Remonstrants were the world's first Christian denomination to perform same-sex unions and marriages in 1986.[17] Also the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, the largest Protestant denomination in the Netherlands, allows their congregations to perform same-sex marriages since 2004.[18]

Homosexuality legislation in the Lesser Antilles
  Same-sex marriage performed
  Same-sex marriage recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Unrecognized or unknown
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but no longer enforced
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal

Blue crowns: Kingdom of the Netherlands

Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten

In Aruba,[19] Curaçao[20] and Sint Maarten,[20] separate civil codes exist in which rules for marriage are laid down and it is not possible to perform a same-sex marriage in these constituent countries.

All territories of the Kingdom of the Netherlands register same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands proper as a result of a Dutch Supreme Court ruling. The Supreme Court ruled that all vital records recorded in the Kingdom of the Netherlands were valid throughout the Kingdom; this was based on its interpretation of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands. However, subsequent rulings have established that same-sex marriages are not automatically entitled to the same privileges (e.g., social security) extended to married couples of the opposite sex.[21][22][23]

Caribbean Netherlands

In Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, marriage is open to same-sex and opposite-sex couples[24] following the entry into force of a law enabling same-sex couples to marry there on 10 October 2012.[25] The change to the Civil Code of the Caribbean Netherlands (Dutch: Burgerlijk wetboek BES) was proposed by Dutch House of Representatives[26] rather than the Government itself (which preferred to negotiate the change with the islands first).[27] The issue is very controversial on the islands, both because many oppose the principle of the law and because of the perceived "neocolonialism" of the Netherlands imposing such a law on its overseas municipalities.[28]

The first same-sex marriage was performed on Saba on 4 December 2012 between a Dutch and a Venezuelan man, both residing in Aruba.[29][30][31] In May 2013, the first same-sex wedding in Bonaire was celebrated.[32]

Same-sex marriages and registered partnership performed elsewhere, have a legal status on the islands since 2011. To ensure same-sex couples enjoy similar rights, the provisions of the Dutch Civil Code (rather than the Civil Code for the Caribbean Netherlands) applies for marriages performed outside the islands since 1 January 2011.[33]

Opposition

After the Dutch Parliament legalized same-sex marriage, the Protestant Church in the Netherlands permitted individual congregations to decide whether or not to bless such relationships as a union of love and faith before God, and in practice many churches now conduct such ceremonies.[34]

Local governments are obliged to perform civil same-sex marriages, and they can require their personnel to conduct marriages for same-sex couples. However, if their existing contract did not state this requirement, they cannot be fired over a refusal. Some local councils choose not to require registrars who object to same-sex marriage to perform ceremonies.

In 2007, controversy arose when the new Government (Fourth Balkenende cabinet) announced in its policy statement that officials who object to same-sex marriage on principle may refuse to marry such couples.[35] Some Socialist and Liberal dominated municipal councils opposed this policy, claiming that the job of a registrar is to marry all couples, not only opposite-sex couples.[36] The opposition parties stated that if a registrar opposed same-sex marriages, they should not hold that post.[37] The municipality of Amsterdam announced that they would not comply with this policy, and that registrars there would still be obliged to marry same-sex couples.[38] In reaction to this, many other municipalities announced their rejection of this proposal as well. The Balkenende Government claimed that this issue lay solely within the remit of the central Government. In practice, municipalities decide whether or not to hire registrars who object to marrying same-sex couples.

Statistics

Template:Life in the Netherlands According to provisional figures from Statistics Netherlands, for the first six months, same-sex marriages made up 3.6% of the total number of marriages: a peak of around 6% in the first month followed by around 3% in the remaining months: about 1,339 male couples and 1,075 female couples in total.[39] By June 2004, more than 6,000 same-sex marriages had been performed in the Netherlands.[40]

In March 2006, Statistics Netherlands released estimates on the number of same-sex marriages performed in each year: 2,500 in 2001, 1,800 in 2002, 1,200 in 2004, and 1,100 in 2005.[41]

From 2001 to 2011, 14,813 same-sex marriages were performed, 7,522 between two women and 7,291 between two men. In the same period, there were 761,010 heterosexual marriages. There were also 1,078 same-sex divorces.[42]

From 2001 to 2015, approximately 21,330 same-sex couples wed in the Netherlands. Of these, 11,195 were female couples and 10,135 were male couples.[39]

Registered partnership

On 1 January 1998, registered partnerships (Dutch: geregistreerd partnerschap) were introduced in Dutch law. The partnerships were meant for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage, though they can also be entered into by opposite-sex couples, and in fact about one third of the registered partnerships between 1998 and 2001 were of opposite-sex couples. In law, registered partnerships and marriage convey the same rights and duties, especially after some laws were changed to remedy inequalities with respect to inheritance and some other issues.[43]

Unregistered partnership

Unregistered partnerships or informal cohabitation is when same-sex or opposite-sex couples live together as a couple but they choose to keep the legal status of their relationship unregistered or informal. This means all worldwide assets that belong to a single party remain the sole property of the party with no legal entitlement by the other party, whether owned before or acquired during the relationship. This legal status of unregistered partnership is respected by Dutch courts.[43]

Public opinion

According to the Ifop poll, conducted in May 2013, 85% of the Dutch population supported allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children.[44]

The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 91% of the Dutch population thought that same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe; 7% were against.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Huwelijk tussen personen van gelijk geslacht" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  2. ^ "Frans homohuwelijk blijft verboden" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Omroep Stichting. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  3. ^ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch". CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  4. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Legalized in Amsterdam". CNN. 1 April 2001. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  5. ^ "Dutch Legislators Approve Full Marriage Rights for Gays". The New York Times. 13 September 2000. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  6. ^ "Netherlands legalizes gay marriage". BBC News. 12 September 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  7. ^ "Dutch legalise gay marriage". BBC News. 12 September 2000. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  8. ^ "Aan de orde zijn de stemmingen in verband met het wetsvoorstel Wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met de openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht (Wet openstelling huwelijk) (26672)" (in Dutch). Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  9. ^ "Same-Sex Dutch Couples Gain Marriage and Adoption Rights". The New York Times. 20 December 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  10. ^ "Dutch gays allowed to marry". BBC News. 19 December 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  11. ^ "Aan de orde is de stemming over het wetsvoorstel Wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met de openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht (Wet openstelling huwelijk) (26672)" (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  12. ^ "World's first legal gay weddings". Television New Zealand. 1 April 2001. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  13. ^ "Dutch gay couples exchange vows". BBC News. 1 April 2001. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  14. ^ "New law on lesbian parenthood and transgender individuals". Ru.nl. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  15. ^ "Wet lesbisch ouderschap treedt in werking" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  16. ^ "Dutch gay marriage rights restricted to locals, wedding tourism ruled out". Dutch News. 6 April 2016.
  17. ^ "Remonstrants and Boomsma receive homo emancipation prize". Trouw (in Dutch). 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  18. ^ Andries, Jan (4 January 2007). "HET HOMOHUWELIJK EN DE KERK" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  19. ^ "Burgerlijk wetboek (Aruba), boek 1" (in Dutch). Government of Aruba. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  20. ^ a b "Burgerlijk wetboek van de Nederlandse Antillen, boek 1" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "hoger beroep zaak BM9524" (in Dutch). Jure.nl. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  22. ^ "hoger beroep zaak BL1992" (in Dutch). Jure.nl. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  23. ^ "hoger beroep zaak BI9335" (in Dutch). Jure.nl. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  24. ^ "Burgerlijk wetboek BES, boek 1" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  25. ^ "Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  26. ^ "Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba, Nr. 23 GEWIJZIGD AMENDEMENT VAN DE LEDEN VAN GENT EN REMKES TER VERVANGING VAN DAT GEDRUKT ONDER NR. 14" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  27. ^ "Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba, NOTA NAAR AANLEIDING VAN HET VERSLAG" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 5 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  28. ^ "Resistance against same-sex marriages on St Eustatius". Rnw.org. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  29. ^ "Saba records first gay marriage on Tuesday". St. Maarten Time. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  30. ^ "First Gay Marriage In Dutch Caribbean". Curacao Chronicle. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  31. ^ "First same-gender wedding in Caribbean Netherlands". Dutch Caribbean Legal Portal. 5 December 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  32. ^ Template:Nl icon Eerste homohuwelijk op Bonaire
  33. ^ "Tweede aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba – A" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  34. ^ "The Uniting Protestant Churches in the Netherlands and homosexuality". National Service Centre PCN. November 2004. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  35. ^ "Ambtenaren kunnen homo-huwelijk weigeren". FOK! (in Dutch). 2 March 2007. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  36. ^ "PvdA en GroenLinks: ambtenaren mogen homohuwelijk niet weigeren". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 17 March 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  37. ^ "Alle ambtenaren moeten homo's trouwen". Elsevier (in Dutch). 15 February 2007. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016.
  38. ^ "Amsterdam wil sluiten homohuwelijk verplichten". Elsevier (in Dutch). 13 February 2007. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016.
  39. ^ a b "Lesbian couples likelier to break up than male couples". Cbs.nl. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  40. ^ "Homosexual unions slowly gain momentum in Europe". GlobalGayz. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011.
  41. ^ Thornberry, Malcolm (20 March 2006). "Netherlands' Gay Marriages Level Off". 365gay News. Archived from the original on 21 March 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  42. ^ "Ten years of same-sex marriage: a mixed blessing". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  43. ^ a b Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  44. ^ "Enquête sur la droitisation des opinions publiques européennes" (PDF). Ifop (in French). 16–29 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  45. ^ "Special Eurobarometer 437" (PDF). Eurobarometer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.

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