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Tropical Storm Ampil

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Severe Tropical Storm Ampil (Inday)
Severe tropical storm (JMA scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Severe Tropical Storm Ampil approaching the Ryukyu Islands on July 20
FormedJuly 17, 2018
DissipatedJuly 26, 2018
(Remnant low after July 25)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 95 km/h (60 mph)
1-minute sustained: 100 km/h (65 mph)
Lowest pressure985 hPa (mbar); 29.09 inHg
Fatalities1 total
Damage$246 million (2018 USD)
Areas affectedRyukyu Islands, East and Northeast China
Part of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season

Severe Tropical Storm Ampil, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Inday, was a tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage in the Ryukyu Islands and East and Northeast China in late July 2018. The tenth named storm of the annual typhoon season, Ampil developed into a tropical depression east of Luzon on July 17. The system gradually strengthened over the following days amid a marginally favorable environment and became a severe tropical storm late on July 19 as it moved northwest. Maintaining its strength, Ampil passed over Okinawa Island from July 20 to 21. Thereafter, Ampil weakened slightly while crossing the East China Sea, before making landfall in Shanghai, China, on July 22. The system weakened slowly over land and degraded to a tropical depression on July 23. The system turned eastwards as it continued weakening over land, diminishing to a remnant low on July 25 and dissipating fully a day later over the Russian Far East.

Ampil produced gusty winds across the Ryukyu Islands from July 20 to 21, causing disruptions to transport and businesses. Moisture extending from Ampil also caused thunderstorms in Fukuoka. From July 22 to 25, Ampil generated heavy rains across much of East and Northeast China, affecting more than 2.3 million people and causing record-breaking flooding within the watershed of the Songhua River. About 387,000 people were evacuated from coastal areas in Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. Transport was severely disrupted, with 600 flights into Shanghai canceled and ferries and rail services suspended. A person in Shandong was killed by a fallen tree. About 7,200 houses were damaged or destroyed, while 169,000 hectares (420,000 acres) of cropland were damaged. Direct economic losses reached ¥1.63 billion (US$246 million).[nb 1]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A broad area of disturbed weather developed within the monsoon trough on July 15 roughly 1,215 km (755 mi) south-southeast of Okinawa.[2] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) declared that the system consolidated into a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on July 17.[3][nb 2] The system initially moved east-northeastwards around a ridge near the Equator, while gradually organizing amid generally favorable upper-level wind patterns and high sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F).[5] As the system was located within the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) gave the depression the local name Inday at 03:00 UTC on July 18.[6] Just hours later, the JMA stated that the depression became a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC and named it Ampil;[3] the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) made a similar declaration six hours later.[7] The recently named tropical storm was large and asymmetric – a large rainband extended over the southern half of the system, while the low-level circulation center was exposed.[8] Intensification was slow as upper-level winds restricted outflow in Ampil's northern half, preventing thunderstorms from developing there. This left the low-level circulation elongated, hindering quicker consolidation of the system. On July 19, Ampil began to turn northwestwards as a strong subtropical ridge to the north began to dominate the steering pattern.[9]

Later on July 19, the unfavorable upper-level winds diminished slightly and allowed thunderstorms to develop over Ampil's center of circulation, resulting in it becoming well-defined.[10] The JMA reported that Ampil became a severe tropical storm at 18:00 UTC, as its 10-minute sustained winds increased to 95 km/h (60 mph). The system's central pressure also dropped to an estimated 985 hPa (mbar; 29.09 inHg).[3] Ampil then maintained this intensity for the next two days due to the limiting effect of surrounding dry air, while continuing to track northwestwards.[3][11] In the meantime, Ampil exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility at 18:00 UTC on July 20,[12] and passed over Okinawa Island during the night of July 20 to 21.[13] According to the JMA, weakening took place on July 22 as the storm's winds decreased slightly;[3] conversely the JTWC stated that Ampil's 1-minute sustained winds increased to 100 km/h (65 mph) at 00:00 UTC.[7] Around 04:30 UTC, Ampil made landfall over eastern Chongming Island in Shanghai, becoming only the third tropical cyclone to make landfall in Shanghai since 1949.[14] The system weakened slowly as it pushed inland, degrading to a tropical depression on July 23. The depression turned northwards then eastwards while moving over Northeast China on July 24, before degenerating to a remnant low-pressure area by 00:00 UTC on July 25. The leftover system eventually dissipated over the Russian Far East while still inland by 12:00 UTC on July 26.[3]

Preparations and impact

Japan

On July 20, the JMA issued a storm warning (Japanese: 暴風警報) for Okinawa Island.[15] The warning was canceled the next day, after Ampil passed the island.[16] Kitadaitōjima recorded wind gusts of 113 km/h (70 mph).[17] A total of 29 people were evacuated in Okinawa Prefecture.[18] Adverse weather conditions caused 106 flights and 112 sailings to be canceled from July 20 to 21, affecting almost 15,000 people.[19] The Okinawa Urban Monorail suspended operations for the morning of July 21.[20] The Okinawa Prefectural Museum and the Urasoe Art Museum closed for the morning on July 21. Shuri Castle was also closed during a similar time period.[21][22] Major department stores across Okinawa were closed till about noon on July 21.[23][24][25]

Further northeast, moist air from Ampil generated thunderstorms in and around Fukuoka. A lightning strike damaged the runway at Fukuoka Airport, forcing it to close for an hour and resulting in 70 flights being canceled. Lightning also disrupted signaling along the Kagoshima Main Line and Kashii Line, while heavy rains caused the Hitahikosan Line to temporarily suspend services.[26]

China

Conditions in Suzhou ahead of Ampil on July 22

Ahead of Ampil on July 20, the Chinese National Meteorological Center issued a yellow alert, the third-highest rating on their warning system.[27] The Shanghai Meteorological Bureau upgraded this further to an orange alert on July 21.[28] A total of 387,100 people across Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang were evacuated,[29] including 192,700 in Shanghai,[30] and 40,000 ships across the region returned to port for shelter.[29] More than 600 flights at Shanghai's Pudong and Hongqiao airports were canceled and high-speed rail services were disrupted.[31] Ferry lines across the Yangtze River suspended operations. Temporary speed limits were imposed on expressways and bridges crossing the Huangpu River, while the Donghai Bridge was closed to traffic. The observation decks of Shanghai Tower and Shanghai World Financial Center were shut.[32] Elsewhere, warnings were issued in Shandong in anticipation of geologic hazards resulting from heavy rainfall.[29]

When Ampil made landfall in eastern Chongming District on July 22, it became the only third tropical cyclone to make landfall over Shanghai since 1949 (the other instances were in 1977 and 1989).[14] Strong winds occurred in the Zhoushan area, with a gust to 33.1 m/s (119 km/h; 74 mph) recorded in Jigu Jiao (Chinese: 鸡骨礁) and a gust to 28.0 m/s (101 km/h; 63 mph) recorded in Xiaoyangshan (Chinese: 小洋山). An automated weather station on Hengsha Island recorded a rainfall total of 112.8 mm (4.44 in).[33] As Ampil tracked further inland from July 22 to 25, it produced a large swath of heavy rain across East and Northeast China. Rainfall totals exceeded 200 mm (7.9 in) in Rizhao, Tianjin, Chengde, and Qinhuangdao, with a peak accumulation of 324 mm (12.8 in) recorded in Qinglong County. The heavy rains caused water levels along 17 tributaries of the Songhua River to rise up to 2.01 m (6.59 ft) above the ordinary high water mark. Flooding along the Hulan River reached an all-time high; the Chaohe River recorded its largest floods since 1998. Throughout the country, Ampil affected 2.334 million people, killing one person in Shandong with a fallen tree and causing direct economic losses of ¥1.63 billion (US$246 million).[34][35] According to statistics from the National Disaster Reduction Center, about 169,200 hectares (418,000 acres) of cropland were damaged, of which 6,300 hectares (16,000 acres) were completely lost. Approximately 500 houses collapsed and another 6,700 were damaged, while roughly 1,000 people required emergency assistance.[36]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ All currencies are in their 2018 values and are converted to United States dollars using data from the International Monetary Fund published by the World Bank.[1]
  2. ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[4]

References

  1. ^ International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics (2022). "DEC alternative conversion factor (LCU per US$)". World Bank. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  2. ^ "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans Reissued". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 15, 2018. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track Name 1810 Ampil (1810)". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 4, 2018. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  4. ^ "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  5. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 12W (Twelve) Warning Nr 03". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 18, 2018. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  6. ^ "Severe Weather Bulletin #1 for: Tropical Depression "Inday"". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. July 18, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  7. ^ a b Chu, J. H.; Levine, A.; Daida, S.; Schiber, D.; Fukada, E.; Sampson, C. R. (2019). "Western North Pacific Ocean Best Track Data 2018". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  8. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 12W (Ampil) Warning Nr 05". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 18, 2018. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  9. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 12W (Ampil) Warning Nr 07". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 19, 2018. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  10. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 12W (Ampil) Warning Nr 09". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 19, 2018. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  11. ^ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Prognostic Reasoning Reasoning No. 18 for STS 1810 Ampil (1810)". Japan Meteorological Agency. July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  12. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Warning 12 (Final) Severe Tropical Storm Ampil (1810)". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. July 20, 2018. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  13. ^ 台風10号 沖縄本島北部を通過　吹き返しの暴風に注意. WeatherNews (in Japanese). July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  14. ^ a b “安比”登陆 成为１９４９年以来直接登陆上海的第３个台风. Xinhua (in Chinese). July 22, 2018. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  15. ^ 台風10号：今夕にも暴風警報発表　沖縄本島を直撃へ. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 20, 2018. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  16. ^ 台風10号：本島北部の暴風警報を解除. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  17. ^ 台風10号、沖縄本島を通過　土砂災害や高波に警戒. Nikkei (in Japanese). July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  18. ^ 台風10号：沖縄県内で29人が避難　大半の避難所が閉鎖. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  19. ^ 台風10号：航空機92便が欠航決定　那覇空港発着、1万3千人に影響. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  20. ^ 台風10号：モノレールは午前9時4分から運行再開. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  21. ^ 葛飾北斎展：21日は午後1時まで休館　【台風10号イベント情報】. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  22. ^ 台風10号：臨時閉園の首里城公園、午前11時に開園　県立博物館・美術館は正午から. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  23. ^ 台風10号：サンエーあす21日午前は臨時休業. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 20, 2018. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  24. ^ 台風10号：リウボウ各店、あす21日は午前中閉店. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 20, 2018. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  25. ^ 台風10号：イオンは通常営業　サンエーは順次開店. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). July 21, 2018. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  26. ^ 落雷で交通機関に乱れ　福岡空港は一時閉鎖、博多駅では信号機トラブル. Nishinippon Shimbun (in Japanese). July 23, 2018. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  27. ^ "China issues yellow alert as typhoon Ampil approaches". Xinhua. July 20, 2018. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  28. ^ Li Qian (July 21, 2018). "Shanghai upgrades alert for typhoon Ampil to third-highest level". Shanghai Daily. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  29. ^ a b c 台风“安比”登陆上海崇明岛 沪苏浙紧急转移群众38.71万. Sohu (in Chinese). July 22, 2018. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  30. ^ 上海台风和暴雨双警报 超过１９万人已撤离并安置. Xinhua (in Chinese). July 22, 2018. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  31. ^ "Typhoon Ampil hits Shanghai, disrupting transport, shipping". The Straits Times. July 23, 2018. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  32. ^ Li Qian; Chen Huizhi; Yang Meiping (July 22, 2018). "Shanghai removes typhoon alert as Ampil moves on into Jiangsu". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  33. ^ 刘辉 (July 22, 2018). 截至16时,宝山79.2毫米降雨量为上海各区最大. East Day (in Chinese). Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  34. ^ China Meteorological Administration (November 5–9, 2018). Member Report of China (PDF). ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee 13th Integrated Workshop. Chiang Mai, Thailand: ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. pp. 6–7, 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  35. ^ 台风“安比”致7省份损失近10亿元 (in Chinese). China National Commission for Disaster Reduction. July 25, 2018. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  36. ^ 台风“安比”致10省份近180万人受灾 (in Chinese). National Development and Reform Commission. July 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
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