Manfred Meurer

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Manfred Meurer
Born(1919-09-08)8 September 1919
Free City of Hamburg, Weimar Republic
Died22 January 1944(1944-01-22) (aged 24)
near Magdeburg, Free State of Prussia, Nazi Germany
Cause of deathKilled in action
Buried
Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Years of service1938–1944
RankHauptmann (Captain)
UnitNJG 1
Commands held3./NJG 1, I./NJG 1
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Manfred Meurer (8 September 1919 – 22 January 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 65 aerial victories claimed in 130 combat missions making him the fifth most successful night fighter pilot in the history of aerial warfare.[1] All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defense of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command.

Born in Hamburg, Meurer grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Following graduation from school and the compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service), he joined the military service in 1938, at first with an anti aircraft artillery regiment before being trained as a pilot. Meurer then served with Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76—76th Destroyer Wing), flying a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter. In October 1941, he transferred to Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) where he became a night fighter pilot and claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 26/27 March 1942. Meurer was appointed squadron leader of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of NJG 1 in January 1943. Following his 50th aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 2 August 1943. The Knight's Cross (German: Ritterkreuz), and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. On 5 August 1943, he was appointed group commander of II. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5—5th Night Fighter Wing). Meurer and his crew were killed in action in a mid-air collision with a RAF bomber on the night of 21/22 January 1944.

Early life and career[edit]

Meurer, the son of sports editor-in-chief Georg Meurer,[2] was born on 8 September 1919 in Hamburg, at the time a sovereign state of the German Empire. After attending school and passing his Abitur (School Leaving Certificate) and compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service), he joined the military service of Nazi Germany in 1938. He initially served with Flak-Regiment 6 (6th anti aircraft artillery regiment) of the Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (officer cadet).[3]

World War II[edit]

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Following the outbreak of war, Meurer was accepted for flight training and was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 April 1940.[Note 1] From the Heeresaufklärern (army aerial reconnaissance), he was posted to II. Gruppe (2nd group) of Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76—76th Destroyer Wing).[Note 2] In Oktober 1941, he transferred to III. Gruppe (3rd group) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) where he became a night fighter pilot.[3] There, he was assigned to the 9. Staffel (9th squadron) of NJG 1.[5]

Night fighter career[edit]

A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.[6] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.[7]

Meurer was credited with his first aerial victory on 26/27 March 1942, a Vickers Wellington bomber, claimed shot down at 00:10 approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) east of Wichmond.[8] For this, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) on 17 April 1942.[3] On 30/31 May 1942, he claimed his second victory, a Handley Page Hampden at 02:05 roughly 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) north of Deventer.[9] The Hampden was identified as P2116 from the RAF No. 14 Operational Training Unit.[10] He shot down a Handley Page Halifax at 01:54 on 2/3 June 1942 claimed near Emmerich.[11] At 04:17 on 15/16 August 1942, Meurer claimed a Wellington shot down at Rozendaal.[12] Meurer became an ace on the night of 10/11 September 1942 after having claimed a Wellington shot down at 00:06 in the vicinity 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) west of Bienen. Three nights later, he claimed his sixth victory over an Avro Lancaster bomber at 03:26 about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) north of Apeldoorn.[13] On 1/2 October 1942, he claimed another Wellington shot down at 21:47 roughly 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) north-northeast of Haldern.[14] Meurer claimed his last aerial victory in 1942 on the night of 15/16 October. The victory was claimed over a Halifax bomber at 22:52 about 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) north of Hellendoorn.[15] Credited with eight victories, he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) on 19 December 1942.[3]

Staffelkapitän[edit]

On 1 January 1943, Meurer was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of NJG 1.[5] His first victory of 1943 was claimed on the night of 3/4 January. He shot down a Lancaster at 20:23 about 20 kilometres (12 miles) north-northeast of Roermond.[16] The aircraft was Lancaster "U-Uncle" from No. 207 Squadron piloted by Flight Sergeant 'Barry' Chaster. In the attack, four crew members were killed.[17] His 10th aerial victory was over a Halifax claimed at 20:53 on 27/28 January 1943 at Handel, followed by a Stirling claimed at 20:41 on 3/4 February 1943 near 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) south of Amersfoort.[18]

On 14/15 February 1943, he claimed three heavy bombers, two Halifax and one Wellington. At 20:05 about 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of Eindhoven, he claimed the first Halifax of the night. The second was believed to have been shot down at 20:20 north-northeast of Maastricht. The Wellington was then claimed at 21:06 roughly 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) west of Roermond.[19] Meurer claimed two bombers shot down on 26/27 February 1943. He destroyed a Lancaster at 21:18 about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) northeast of Roermond, and a Wellington at 21:35 roughly 20 kilometres (12 miles) northeast of Eindhoven. On 1/2 March 1942, he was victorious over another Lancaster, claimed at 23:56 approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) southeast of Rotterdam.[20]

Battle of the Ruhr[edit]

In March 1943, RAF Bomber Command, under the command of Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, initiated a 5-month long campaign of strategic bombing targeting the industrial centres in the Ruhr Area. This series of bombing attacks, dubbed the Battle of the Ruhr (5 March 1943 – 31 July 1943), caused heavy damage to German industry.[Note 3] The Battle of the Ruhr began with a 442-aircraft attack on Essen on the night of 5/6 March 1943. That night, Meurer shot down a Halifax shot down at 20:57 west of Düsseldorf and, at 21:20, a Wellington 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) northwest of Weeze.[22] On 12/13 March 1943, as RAF Bomber Command targeted the Krupp factory in Essen, Meurer claimed four aerial victories, two Halifax, one Lancaster, and one Wellington. The first Halifax was shot down at 21:16 northwest of Venlo; the Lancaster at 21:25 approximately 3–5 kilometres (1.9–3.1 miles) east of Bergen; the second Halifax at 21:48 at Grafwegen;and the Wellington at 22:25 roughly 25 kilometres (16 miles) northeast of 's-Hertogenbosch.[23] Credited with 23 aerial victories, Meurer was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 15 March 1943, the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 31 March 1943, and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 16 April 1943.[24]

In May 1943, Meuerer was credited with 14 more aerial victories, which included one on 12/13 May, another the next night, three on 23/24 May, again three on 25/26 May, two on 27/28 May, and four on 29/30 May.[25] The victory on 12/13 May was over a Wellington, claimed at 02:10 roughly 18 kilometres (11 miles) east-southeast Eindhoven.[26] On 13/14 May at 02:31, a Halifax was claimed in an unknown location.[27] The three victories claimed on 23/24 May were over a Wellington at 01:55 about 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) northwest of Eindhoven, a second Wellington at 02:12 east of Essen, and a Lancaster at 02:33 in a position 32 kilometres (20 miles) southeast of Nijmegen.[28] The three further victories claimed on 25/26 May were over a Wellington at 01:24 at Oostrum, a Lancaster at 01:36 about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) southeast of Roermond, and a second Lancaster at 02:08 in a position 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) west of Nijmegen.[29] The two victories claimed on 27/28 May were over a Lancaster at 00:38 about 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) north-northeast of Barlo, and a Wellington at 02:12 approximately 21 kilometres (13 miles) southeast of Wanroij.[30] On 21/22 June 1943, Bomber command targeted Krefeld, losing 44 aircraft in the attack. That night, Meurer shot down two bombers, one from No. 83 Squadron and another from No. 77 Squadron. Meurer's aircraft was hit by defensive fire of his second opponent, forcing him to bail out.[31] His first victory was a Lancaster shot down at 01:23 about 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) west of Oeffelt, and a Halifax at 01:48 roughly 0.5 kilometres (0.31 miles) southwest of Wamel.[32] Flying a specialized Junkers Ju 88 with GM-1 power boost, Meurer was credited with his 50th aerial victory over De Havilland Mosquito IV DZ458 from No. 139 Squadron on 27/28 July 1943.[31]

Gruppenkommandeur[edit]

Heinkel He 219

On 2 August 1943, Meurer was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland on 10/11 August. Five other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld, Hauptmann Heinrich Ehrler, Oberleutnant Joachim Kirschner, Hauptmann Werner Schröer, Oberleutnant Theodor Weissenberger were also awarded the Oak Leaves, and Major Helmut Lent received the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.[33][34]

On 5 August 1943, Meurer was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5—5th Night Fighter Wing), replacing Hauptmann Rudolf Schoenert who was transferred.[35] On 23/24 August 1943, Meurer claimed a Lancaster at 00:58 over the eastern area of Berlin and a second Lancaster at 01:38 at Fürstenberg/Havel.[36] On the last night of August 1943, he claimed a Stirling bomber destroyed at 01:00 on 1 September in a vicinity 20 kilometres (12 miles) west-northwest of Berlin.[37] He returned to NJG 1 on 28 September 1943 as Gruppenkommandeur of I. Gruppe.[24] He replaced Hauptmann Hans-Dieter Frank who was killed in action.[38] I. Gruppe flew the Heinkel He 219 and Meurer gained five victories flying this type. At 20:05 on 18/19 October 1943, he claimed a Lancaster for his 57th aerial victory at Erichshagen.[39] Near Bühne and Haarbrück on the night of 22/23 October 1943, he claimed a Lancaster shot down at 21:20.[40] At 20:15 on 3/4 November 1943, Meurer claimed a Halifax 14 kilometres (8.7 miles) northeast of Tilburg.[41]

Battle of Berlin and death[edit]

In November 1943, Bomber Command initiated the aerial bombing campaign on Berlin. During the Battle of Berlin (18 November 1943 – 31 March 1944), the RAF also targeted other German cities to prevent the concentration of defences. At the start of this campaign, Meurer with his I. Gruppe were based at Venlo Airfield.[42] Meurer was credited with his 60th aerial victory on 12/13 December 1943 for a claim made at 19:25 over a Mosquito west of Zaltbommel.[43] The Mosquito was DZ354 from No. 105 Squadron piloted by Flying Officer Benjamin Frank Reynolds and Flying Officer John Douglass Phillips, both killed in action.[44][45] On 16/17 December 1943, he claimed his 61st and 62nd victory.[24] The 61st claim was made at 19:25 over an aircraft of unknown type and position.[43] His 62nd claim was over a Lancaster at an unknown time and location.[46]

On the night of 21/22 January 1944, he collided with the Lancaster W4852 LS-B, piloted by Flight Sergeant Robert Butler, roughly 20 kilometres (12 miles) east of Magdeburg.[47] His He 219 A-0 (Werknummer 190070—factory number) "G9+BB" crashed and Meurer, his radar operator Oberfeldwebel Gerhard Scheibe, the first radio operator of the night fighter force to have received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, and all seven members of the Lancaster crew, were killed in action.[48] Meurer had been credited with 65 nocturnal victories, including 40 four-engined bombers and two Mosquitos, claimed in 130 combat missions.[49] On 31 January 1944, Meurer was given a military funeral on the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg.[24]

Summary of career[edit]

Aerial victory claims[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Meurer was credited with 65 aerial victories.[50][Note 4] Foreman, Mathews and Parry, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 65 nocturnal victory claims, numerically ranging from 1 to 61, 61, 65, 63 and 64.[51] According to Bowman, Meurer shot down Mosquito IV DZ458 from No. 139 Squadron on 27/28 July 1943. This claim is not documented by Foreman, Mathews and Parry.[31] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Meurer with 62 claims.[52]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates aerial victories listed in Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945 but not in Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims.
Claim Date Time Type Location Serial No./Squadron No.
– 9. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –[53]
1 27 March 1942 00:10 Wellington[8] 2 km (1.2 mi) east Wichmond
– Stab III. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –[54]
2 31 May 1942 02:05 Hampden[9] 3 km (1.9 mi) north Deventer Hampden P2116/No. 14 Operational Training Unit RAF[55]
3 3 June 1942 01:54 Halifax[11] near Emmerich Lancaster R5562/No. 61 Squadron RAF[56]
4 16 August 1942 04:17 Wellington[12] Rozendaal Wellington DF666/No. 156 Squadron RAF[57]
5 11 September 1942 00:06 Wellington[13] 1 km (0.62 mi) west Bienen Wellington DV890/No. 11 Operational Training Unit RAF[58]
6 14 September 1942 03:26 Lancaster[13] 10 km (6.2 mi) north Appeldoorn
7 1 October 1942 21:47 Wellington[14] 2 km (1.2 mi) north-northeast Haldern
8 15 October 1942 21:47 Halifax[15] 1 km (0.62 mi) north Hellendoorn Halifax W1108/No. 158 Squadron RAF[59]
– 3. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –[60]
9 3 January 1943 20:23 Lancaster[16] 20 km (12 mi) north-northeast Roermond Lancaster W4134/No. 207 Squadron RAF[61]
10 27 January 1943 20:53 Halifax[18] Handel Halifax DT721/No. 51 Squadron RAF[62]
11 3 February 1943 20:41 Stirling[18] 5 km (3.1 mi) south Amersfoort Stirling BF406/No. 218 (Gold Coast) Squadron RAF[63]
12 14 February 1943 20:05 Halifax[18] 50 km (31 mi) east Eindhoven
13 14 February 1943 20:20 Halifax[18] north-northeast Maastricht Halifax DT788/No. 10 Squadron RAF[64]
14 14 February 1943 21:06 Wellington[65] 5 km (3.1 mi) west Roermond
15 26 February 1943 21:18 Lancaster[20] 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast Roermond Lancaster W4846/No. 83 Squadron RAF[66]
16 26 February 1943 21:35 Wellington[20] 20 km (12 mi) northeast Eindhoven Wellington Z1599/No. 426 Squadron RCAF[67]
17 1 March 1943 23:56 Lancaster[20] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast Rotterdam Lancaster ED423/No. 50 Squadron RAF[68]
18 5 March 1943 20:57 Halifax[22] west Düsseldorf
19 5 March 1943 21:20 Wellington[22] 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest Weeze Wellington BK150/No. 300 Polish Bomber Squadron[69]
20 12 March 1943 21:16 Halifax[23] northwest Venlo Halifax HR692/No. 10 Squadron RAF[70]
21 12 March 1943 21:25 Lancaster[23] 3–5 km (1.9–3.1 mi) east Bergen Lancaster ED449/No. 50 Squadron RAF[71]
22 12 March 1943 21:48 Halifax[23] Grafwegen
23 12 March 1943 22:25 Wellington[23] 25 km (16 mi) northeast of 's-Hertogenbosch
24 13 May 1943 02:10 Wellington[26] 18 km (11 mi) east-southeast Eindhoven
25 14 May 1943 02:31 Halifax[27]
26 24 May 1943 01:55 Wellington[72] 13 km (8.1 mi) northwest Eindhoven Wellington HE655/No. 166 Squadron RAF[73]
27 24 May 1943 02:12 Wellington[29] east Essen Wellington HZ582/No. 199 Squadron RAF[74]
28 24 May 1943 02:33 Lancaster[29] 32 km (20 mi) southeast Nijmegen Lancaster W4919/No. 101 Squadron RAF[75]
29 26 May 1943 01:24 Wellington[29] Oostrum
30 26 May 1943 01:36 Lancaster[29] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast Roermond
31 26 May 1943 02:08 Lancaster[29] 5 km (3.1 mi) west Nijmegen
32 28 May 1943 00:38 Lancaster[29] 2 km (1.2 mi) north-northeast Barlo
33 28 May 1943 01:30 Wellington[76] 21 km (13 mi) southeast Wanroij
34 30 May 1943 00:33 Halifax[76] 5 km (3.1 mi) north-northeast Roermond
35 30 May 1943 00:50 Wellington[76] 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast Roermond
36 30 May 1943 01:09 Stirling[76] southeast Roermond
37 30 May 1943 01:44 Lancaster[76] 20 km (12 mi) west Geldern Lancaster EE123/No. 44 Squadron RAF[77]
Peter Grattan Holt RCAF and crew KIA[78]
38 12 June 1943 01:14 Wellington[79] Coesfeld
39 12 June 1943 01:40 Halifax[79] Zutphen
40 12 June 1943 01:55 Halifax[79] 7 km (4.3 mi) north Xanten Halifax JD143/No. 419 Squadron RCAF[80]
41 13 June 1943 01:14 Lancaster[81] Beaumetz
42 15 June 1943 01:02 Lancaster[82] Hünshoven Lancaster W4936/No. 44 Squadron RAF[83]
43 15 June 1943 01:11 Lancaster[82] east-southeast Sittard
44 15 June 1943 01:15 Lancaster[82] 4 km (2.5 mi) west-southwest Bracht
45 17 June 1943 00:55 Lancaster[82] southwest Krüchen
46 17 June 1943 01:20 Lancaster[82] 2 km (1.2 mi) west Braunsrath
47 17 June 1943 01:41 Lancaster[82] south Boerdonk Lancaster ED497/No. 49 Squadron RAF[84]
48 17 June 1943 01:55 Lancaster[85] 4 km (2.5 mi) north Bortel
49 22 June 1943 01:23 Lancaster[85] 2 km (1.2 mi) west Oeffelt
50 22 June 1943 01:48 Halifax[85] 0.5 km (0.31 mi) southwest Wamel
– Stab II. 'Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 –[60]
51 24 August 1943 00:58 Lancaster[86] eastern part Berlin
52 24 August 1943 01:38 Lancaster[87] Oranienburg/Fürstenberg
53 1 September 1943 01:00 Lancaster[37] 20 km (12 mi) west-northwest Berlin
54 7 September 1943 00:40 Lancaster[88] south Munich Lancaster JB177/No. 156 Squadron RAF[89]
55 7 September 1943 00:50 Lancaster[88] 25 km (16 mi) south Munich Halifax JB921/No. 102 Squadron RAF[90]
56 28 September 1943 23:20 B-17[91] south Hanover
– Stab I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –[92]
57 18 October 1943 20:05 Lancaster[39] Erichshagen
58 22 October 1943 21:20 Lancaster[39] Bühne-Haarbrück
59 3 November 1943 20:15 Halifax[41] 14 km (8.7 mi) northeast Tilburg
60 12 December 1943 19:25 Mosquito[43] Herwijnen Mosquito DZ354/No. 105 Squadron RAF[93]
61! 16 December 1943 19:25 Lancaster[43]
62! 16/17 December 1943
—
 Lancaster[46]
63! 1/2 January 1944
—
 Lancaster[94]
64 22 January 1944 23:10 Halifax[95] Magdeburg
65 22 January 1944 23:50 Lancaster[95] 20 km (12 mi) southwest Magdeburg Lancaster W4852/No. 15 Squadron RAF[96]

Awards[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as the C-Certificate.[4]
  2. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ During the Battle of the Ruhr, Bomber Command severely disrupted German production. Tooze states steel production fell by 200,000 tons and the armaments industry was facing a steel shortfall of 400,000 tons. After doubling production in 1942, production of steel increased only by 20 percent in 1943. Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer were forced to cut planned increases in production. This disruption caused the Zulieferungskrise (sub-components crisis). The increase of aircraft production for the Luftwaffe also came to an abrupt halt. Monthly production failed to increase between July 1943 and March 1944. Tooze concludes; "Bomber Command had stopped Speer's armamanets miracle in its tracks".[21]
  4. ^ For a list of Luftwaffe night fighter aces see List of German World War II night fighter aces

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Scutts 1998, p. 88.
  2. ^ Brütting 1979, p. 484.
  3. ^ a b c d Stockert 2012, p. 267.
  4. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  5. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 57.
  6. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 9.
  7. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 27.
  8. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 36.
  9. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 42.
  10. ^ Bowman 2016b, p. 73.
  11. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 43.
  12. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 54.
  13. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 58.
  14. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 60.
  15. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 61.
  16. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 64.
  17. ^ Bowman 2012, p. 102.
  18. ^ a b c d e Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 66.
  19. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 66–67.
  20. ^ a b c d Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 68.
  21. ^ Tooze 2006, p. 598.
  22. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 70.
  23. ^ a b c d e Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 71.
  24. ^ a b c d Stockert 2012, p. 268.
  25. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 79–83.
  26. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 79.
  27. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 80.
  28. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 81–82.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 82.
  30. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 82–83.
  31. ^ a b c Bowman 2016b, p. 156.
  32. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 87–88.
  33. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 280.
  34. ^ Hinchliffe 2003, p. 204.
  35. ^ Aders 1978, p. 229.
  36. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 105–106.
  37. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 110.
  38. ^ Aders 1978, p. 226.
  39. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 123.
  40. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 124.
  41. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 126.
  42. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 127.
  43. ^ a b c d Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 132.
  44. ^ Bowman 2016b, p. 230.
  45. ^ Chorley 1996, p. 419.
  46. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 133.
  47. ^ Bowman 2016a, p. 15.
  48. ^ Remp 2000, p. 84.
  49. ^ Bowman 2015.
  50. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1617.
  51. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 36–143.
  52. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 842–844.
  53. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 842.
  54. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 842–843.
  55. ^ Hampden P2116.
  56. ^ Lancaster R5562.
  57. ^ Wellington DF666.
  58. ^ Wellington DV890.
  59. ^ Halifax W1108.
  60. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 843.
  61. ^ Lancaster W4134.
  62. ^ Halifax DT721.
  63. ^ Stirling BF406.
  64. ^ Halifax DT788.
  65. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 67.
  66. ^ Lancaster W4846.
  67. ^ Wellington Z1599.
  68. ^ Lancaster ED423.
  69. ^ Wellington BK150.
  70. ^ Halifax HR692.
  71. ^ Lancaster ED449.
  72. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 81.
  73. ^ Wellington HE655.
  74. ^ Wellington HZ582.
  75. ^ Lancaster W4919.
  76. ^ a b c d e Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 83.
  77. ^ Lancaster EE123.
  78. ^ Bowman 2016b, p. 153.
  79. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 84.
  80. ^ Halifax JD143.
  81. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 85.
  82. ^ a b c d e f Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 86.
  83. ^ Lancaster W4936.
  84. ^ Lancaster ED497.
  85. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 87.
  86. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 105.
  87. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 106.
  88. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 112.
  89. ^ Lancaster JB177.
  90. ^ Halifax JB921.
  91. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 117.
  92. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 843–844.
  93. ^ Mosquito DZ354.
  94. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 138.
  95. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 143.
  96. ^ Lancaster W4852.
  97. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 74.
  98. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 184.
  99. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 307.
  100. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 540.
  101. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 309.
  102. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 70.

Bibliography[edit]

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