Tree shaping: Difference between revisions
Duff please leave Alternative don't change back to Alternate or I will take you to dispute resolution. |
→Richard Reames: it's call '''Tree''' shaping because we shape '''trees'''. |
||
| Line 150: | Line 150: | ||
=== Richard Reames === |
=== Richard Reames === |
||
[[Image:Peace web.jpg|170px|thumb|right|An arborsculpture by [[Richard Reames]] entitled ''Peace in Cherry'', depicting the [[CND]] logo]][[Richard Reames]] is an [[United States|American]] arborsculptor<ref name=VWAMagazine>{{Citation| title = Arbor Sculpture: "If you like I'll grow you a mirror"| magazine = The Cutting Edge; the Newsletter of the Victorian Woodworkers Association, Inc.| pages = 16| page=6| date = June 2006| url = http://www.vwa.org.au/newsletter/Archive06/June_Newsletter_2006.swf| accessdate =2010-05-15 }}</ref> based in [[Williams, Oregon]], where he manages a [[plant nursery|nursery]], [[botanical garden]], and [[design studio]] collectively named Arborsmith Studios.<ref name=companydb.org>{{Citation|title=Company profile|url=http://companydatabase.org/c/garden-ornaments/ornamental-trees/art-garden/furniture-garden/arborsmith-studios.html}}</ref> He began |
[[Image:Peace web.jpg|170px|thumb|right|An arborsculpture by [[Richard Reames]] entitled ''Peace in Cherry'', depicting the [[CND]] logo]][[Richard Reames]] is an [[United States|American]] arborsculptor<ref name=VWAMagazine>{{Citation| title = Arbor Sculpture: "If you like I'll grow you a mirror"| magazine = The Cutting Edge; the Newsletter of the Victorian Woodworkers Association, Inc.| pages = 16| page=6| date = June 2006| url = http://www.vwa.org.au/newsletter/Archive06/June_Newsletter_2006.swf| accessdate =2010-05-15 }}</ref> based in [[Williams, Oregon]], where he manages a [[plant nursery|nursery]], [[botanical garden]], and [[design studio]] collectively named Arborsmith Studios.<ref name=companydb.org>{{Citation|title=Company profile|url=http://companydatabase.org/c/garden-ornaments/ornamental-trees/art-garden/furniture-garden/arborsmith-studios.html}}</ref> He began shaping trees in 1992,<ref>Hicks, Rosenfeld. ''Tricks with Trees'', (2007) p.123, Pavilion Books, ISBN 1-86205-734-6</ref> inspired by the works of Axel Erlandson,<ref name=Reames2/>{{rp|150}}<ref name=Reames1/>{{rp|16}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Okenga|first=S.|title=Eden on Their Minds: American Gardeners with Bold Visions|publisher=Clarkson Potter|date=2001|page=110|isbn=0-609-605879}}</ref> and began his first experimental<ref name=Reames1/>{{rp|57}} grown chairs in the spring of 1993.<ref name=Reames1/>{{rp|85}} In 1995, he wrote and published his first book, ''How to Grow a Chair: The Art of Tree Trunk Topiary,'' and in it he coined the word '''arborsculpture'''.<ref name=Reames1/> This word has been used around the world to refer to the craft and art works of artisans, including those of Axel Erlandson.<ref name=cabinetmagazine>{{cite web|last = Foer| first =Joshua | last2 = Reames| first2 = Richard | author2-link = Richard Reames|title=How to Grow a Chair: An Interview with Richard Reames|magazine=Cabinet Magazine|date= Winter 2005-2006|url=http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/20/foer.php|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref><ref name=VWAMagazine/><ref>{{cite book|last=Cassidy|first=Patti|title=Art to Grow|publisher=Acreage Life (Canada)|date=April/May 2006|page=17}}</ref><ref>Cassidy, Patti (August, 2008) [http://www.rhodeislandhld.com/magazine/aug2008.pdf "A Truly Living Art"]. Rhode Island Home, Living and Design, p. 28</ref><ref>Cassidy, Patti (January/February 2009) "Planting Your Future", Hobby Farm Home, p. 74</ref><ref>May, John (Spring/Summer 2005) "The Art of Arborsculpture" Tree News (UK), p. 37</ref><ref>Nestor, James (February 2007). [http://www.dwell.com/peopleplaces/profiles/4993001.html Branching Out], Dwell p. 96]</ref><ref>"Tree Stories", Fantasy Trees show #103</ref><ref>"Offbeat America" #OB310 (First aired Dec. 4, 2006)</ref> Some artists, including Reames, use the word arborsculpture to describe the craft in general. |
||
Reames believes that people could, within one generation, be "living in houses where the walls and ceilings are composed of living tree material and there are leaves coming out of the roof," envisioning that trees would grow around windows and doorways and treat plumbing and electrical conduits as inclusions, engulfing them.<ref name=cabinetmagazine/> In 2005, he published his second book, ''Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet.''<ref name=Reames2/> His current experimental projects include six plantings intended in 2006 to grow into habitable homes within perhaps ten years; a design process he calls '''arbortecture'''.<ref name=cabinetmagazine/> |
Reames believes that people could, within one generation, be "living in houses where the walls and ceilings are composed of living tree material and there are leaves coming out of the roof," envisioning that trees would grow around windows and doorways and treat plumbing and electrical conduits as inclusions, engulfing them.<ref name=cabinetmagazine/> In 2005, he published his second book, ''Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet.''<ref name=Reames2/> His current experimental projects include six plantings intended in 2006 to grow into habitable homes within perhaps ten years; a design process he calls '''arbortecture'''.<ref name=cabinetmagazine/> |
||
Revision as of 12:21, 2 June 2010
Tree shaping is the craft of cultivating and training perennial woody plants to grow into ornamental shapes and useful implements. It is a form of living sculpture and it is known by several other names. Designers choose from among various compliant species and an evolving array of techniques and tools to shape living wood tissue as it grows, both above and below ground, perhaps bending, pleaching, weaving, twisting, braiding, grafting, framing, molding, or pruning to achieve an intended design.[1][2]
The craft has been practiced for at least several hundred years, as demonstrated by the living root bridges built by the War-Khasi people of India. Early 20th century plant shapers include John Krubsack, who made the first known "living chair" in 1914, Axel Erlandson, who opened a horticultural attraction called the Tree Circus in 1947,[3] and Arthur Wiechula, who in 1926 published detailed illustrated descriptions of houses grown from trees.[4][5] Contemporary designers include Richard Reames, who coined the term arborsculpture,[6]: 14 Dr. Christopher Cattle, who calls his works grownup furniture,[7] and Peter Cook and Becky Northey, who call their works Pooktre.[8]
Design Styles
Designs may include abstract, symbolic, or functional elements. Some are purely artistic, while others might yield a wide variety of useful implements and structures, such as furniture, fences, tool handles, and clothes hangers. Plants are installed according to design specifications and then cultured into intended design.
Eventually they all die, since each plant has a lifespan. Trees may not grow or survive precisely as planned, so some pieces and even the designs themselves may require adjustment.
Design Styles of tree shaping include:
- Architectural: Large architectural designs require installing and shaping trees into structures such as archways, rooms, houses, tunnels, and gazebos. Some designs use only Tree to form the structures, others use both trees and inclusions to form them. such as archways, gazebos, tunnels, rooms, and even entire homes are possible with careful planning, planting, and culturing over time.[9]
- Living Art: Plants are shaped with the intention that the design will continue to grow during the lifespan of the plants. When an tree shaping is designed to stay alive, the piece is not finished until it dies.[10]
- Intentional Harvest: Designs intended for harvest and drying which are finished growing when they have grown into the intended design. The grown wood composing the project piece(s) is cut, dried, and finished.[10]
Time component
The time needed to grow and construct a tree-shaping project varies according to the size of targeted trees, the growth rate of species chosen for the design, the intended design height and specific options chosen, the individual cultivation conditions and the techniques employed.
It is possible to perform initial bending and grafting on a project in an hour, as with Peace in Cherry by Richard Reames,[6]: 56–57 [3]: 193 removing supports in as little as a year and following up with minimal pruning thereafter.[11]
As little as one season of guiding a plant's growth might be enough to form a design, and then longer for the wood to grow and thicken to the desired size. Larger designs may take a few to several years to achieve design height and perhaps several more years for the wood caliper to increase to the desired size. A chair design, for example, might take 8 to 10 years to reach maturity.[10] and might then either remain growing, as with the living Pooktre garden chair, or perhaps be harvested as a finished work, as with Krubsak's The Chair that Lived. Taller architectural projects, such as Two Leg Tree by Axel Erlandson, may require 10 years or more to grow the plants enough to accomplish the grafting.[citation needed]
Techniques
Practitioners of tree shaping may employ a variety of horticultural, arboricultural, and artistic techniques to craft an intended design. Benches, chairs, and many other useful implements may be crafted from living, growing wood.
One technique involves bending young, small-caliper trees into a design shape. Trees thus shaped are then held in place for several years until the design is permanently cast. Each plant's growth rate determines the time necessary to overcome its resistance to the initial bending.[3]: 172 The initial work of bending and securing in this way might be accomplished in an hour or perhaps in an afternoon.[12]
A related but distinct approach begins with much younger and more pliable seedlings or saplings, which are bent more gradually while the tree is growing to form the desired shape. Design and setup are fundamental to the success of such pieces.[13][14] Both techniques employ approach grafting to purposefully direct and control the natural capacity of woody plant cambium to grow together, or pleach, on extended contact. Either may involve precise wounding of two or more sections of bark and then binding the wounded parts together securely while they grow together. As new layers of wood form at each point of contact, living wood swells the design and perpetuates the intended shapes. Supports may be employed as needed and removed once the design is self-supporting.
Another technique used is pruning to control and direct a plant's growth into a desired shape. Pruning above a leaf node can steer plant growth in the direction of the natural placement of that bud. A practice with results similar to pruning is to more or less slowly kill a branch by girdling it, whether by simply scoring a branch or by removing a narrow band of bark,[15] thereby somewhat more controllably influencing the growth of the adjacent parent wood intended to remain in the finished design.
Aeroponic plant culture is yet another approach that may be employed, allowing roots to remain flexible enough to be shaped to form ornamental or functional structures as they grow. According to US Patent No. 7,328,532,[2] tree roots grown aeroponically stay "soft" and so can be subsequently shaped into a desired form. Living root bridges have exemplified this technique for several hundred years.
New approaches in root shaping, such as eco-architecture, based on the concept of shaping living plants into useful objects,[1] are reinventing the craft. These applications may allow designers to grow and shape large structures such as streetlamps, bus stop kiosks, playground equipment, and even homes.[1]
Tools
Various tools and materials may be used for creating, shaping, or even molding a project design, including boards, pipe, rope, wire, string, tape, existing furniture, etc. For example, a metal patio bench could be used as a design pattern. Shaping the design is accomplished with some of the same tools that gardeners, arborists, and horticulturists use, including hand pruners (secateurs) and pruning saws.
Shears and hedge trimmers are used less commonly, being better suited for topiary or hedge maintenance.
Plant species
In a given region, any disease and insect resistant woody plant species that grow well there, especially thin-barked species that commonly inosculate in nature might be good candidates for shaping. Each plant has its own quirks, which can be understood with time and experience.[16] These wood-forming plants are known to inosculate naturally:
- Acer Maple[17][18]
- Acer negundo Box Elder[11][19][20]
- Acer palmatum Japanese Maple[11]
- Alnus Alder[11]
- Betula Birch[17]
- Betula pendula White Birch[11]
- Carpinus Hornbeam[21]
- Cornus Dogwood[21]
- Corylus Hazelnut[21]
- Eucalyptus Eucalyptus[11]
- Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum[21]
- Fagus Beech[21]
- Ficus Fig[22]
- Ficus microcarpa Curtain Fig[21]
- Fraxinus Ash[17][18][11]
- Laburnum Golden Chain[21]
- Lagerstroemia indica Crape myrtle
- Ligustrum Privet[21]
- Malus Apple[21][11]
- Olea europaea Olive[21]
- Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine[11]
- Platanus Sycamore[21][11]
- Populus Poplar[17][11]
- Prunus Prunus
- Prunus avium Cherry[11]
- Prunus cerasifera Myrobalan Plum[23][24][25]
- Prunus dulcis Almond[21]
- Prunus persica Peach[21]
- Prunus serotina Black Cherry[23]
- Psidium Guava[26]
- Pyrus Pear[21][11]
- Quercus Oak[11]
- Quercus alnifolia Golden Oak[21]
- Quercus ilex Holm or Holly Oak[21]
- Quercus suber Cork Oak[17][11]
- Quercus virginiana Live Oak[21]
- Robinia pseudoacacia Locust[11]
- Salix Willow[17][23]
- Salix alba 'Vitellina' Golden Willow[21]
- Salix babylonica Weeping Willow[11]
- Tectona grandis Teak[26]
- Tilia Linden[21]
- Ulmus Elm[17][21][11]
- Vitis Grape[21]
- Wisteria Wisteria[21]
History
For as long as there have been woody plants, a botanical phenomenon known as inosculation (or self-grafting) has occurred in nature; whether among parts of a single plant or between two individual plants of the same (or very similar) species. Many contemporary tree artists trace their initial inspiration to shape trees to having seen natural occurrences of this phenomenon. Husband and Wife trees, whether naturally or artificially occurring, are a good example of this. Parts of plants first grow near each other separately, until they touch. Bark on the touching surfaces eventually wears away as wind and other natural phenomena cause abrasion by moving the branches against each other. Once the cambium layers of two live branches are exposed and touching each other, the cambium and other vascular tissues may begin to unite and eventually grow together. New tissue deposition that forms as reaction wood at the point of their union, may appear swollen, not unlike wood galls that form and swell up around the intrusion of gall wasp eggs oviposited in a branch. Nutrient transport activites are merged, including the transfer of sap, water, and minerals, thereby joining the life processes of the parts or of the individual plants joined. Plants exhibiting this behavior are called inosculate plants.[21]
The earliest known surviving examples of living plants having been purposefully inosculated by human hands are the living root bridges of Cherrapunji, Laitkynsew, and Nongriat, in the present-day Meghalaya state of northeast India. These suspension bridges are handmade from the aerial roots of living banyan fig trees, such as the rubber tree. The pliable roots are gradually trained to grow across a gap, weaving in sticks, stones, and other inclusions, until they take root on the other side. There are specimens spanning over 100 feet. The useful lifespan of the bridges, once complete, is thought to be 500–600 years. They are naturally self-renewing and self-strengthening as the component roots grow thicker.[27][28]
Chronology of artists
Some contemporary artists were aware of and inspired by earlier artists, while others have discovered and developed their craft independently.
War-Khasi people
The ancient War-Khasi people of India worked with the aerial roots of native banyan fig trees, adapting them to create footbridges over watercourses. Modern people of the Cherrapunjee region carry on this traditional building craft. Roots selected for bridge spans are supported and guided in darkness as they are being formed, by threading long, thin, supple banyan roots through tubes made from hollowed-out trunks of woody grasses. Preferred plants for the tubes are either bamboo or areca palm, which they cultivate for areca nuts. The Khasi incorporate aerial roots from overhanging trees to form support spans and safety handrails. Some bridges can carry fifty or more people at once. At least one example, over the Umshiang stream, is a double-decker bridge. They can take ten to fifteen years to become fully functional and are expected to last up to 600 years.[27][29]
John Krubsack
John Krubsack was an American banker and farmer from Embarrass, Wisconsin. He studied plant grafting and became a skilled found-wood furniture crafter.[19] He lived from 1858 to 1941. The idea first came to him to grow his own chair during a weekend wood-hunting excursion with his son. He shaped and grafted the first known grown chair. He started box elder seeds in 1903, selecting and planting either 28[19] or 32[20] of the saplings in a carefully designed pattern in the spring of 1907.[19] In the spring of 1908, the trees had grown to six feet tall and he began training them along a trellis, grafting the branches at critical points to form the parts of his chair.[19] In 1913, he cut all the trees except those forming the legs, which he left to grow and increase in diameter for another year, before harvesting and drying the chair in 1914; eleven years after he started the box elder seeds.[19] Dubbed The Chair that Lived, it is the only known tree shaping that John Krubsack did.[19][20][30]
Axel Erlandson
Axel Erlandson was a Swedish American farmer who started shaping trees as a hobby on his farm in Hilmar, California, in 1925. He was inspired by observing a natural inosculation in his hedgerow. In 1945, he moved his family and the best of his trees from Hilmar to Scotts Valley, California and opened an horticultural attraction called the Tree Circus. He lived from 1884 to 1964 and shaped over 70 trees during his lifetime. He considered his methods trade secrets. Erlandson's trees appeared in the column of Ripley's Believe It or Not! twelve times.[31] 24 trees from his original garden have survived transplanting to their permanent home at Gilroy Gardens in Gilroy, California. His Telephone Booth Tree is on permanent display at the American Visionary Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland and his Birch Loop tree is on permanent display at the Museum of Art and History in Santa Cruz, California.[30] Both of these are preserved dead specimens.
Arthur Wiechula
In 1926, Arthur Wiechula, a German landscape engineer, published Wachsende Häuser aus lebenden Bäumen entstehend(Developing Houses from Living Trees) in German.[4][11] In it, he described simple building techniques involving guided grafting together of live branches; including a system of v-shaped lateral cuts and used to bend and curve individual trunks and branches in the direction of a design, with reaction wood soon closing the wounds to hold the curve.[5] He envisioned growing wood so that it constituted walls during growth, thereby enabling the use of young wood for building.[5] Mr. Weichula lived from 1868 to 1941. He never built a living home, but he grew a 394' wall of Canadian poplars to help keep the snow off of a section of train tracks.[11] His illustrated ideas have inspired many other artists' designs.
David Nash
David Nash is a British sculptor, perhaps best known for his sculptures incorporating living elements. In 1977 he installed Ash Dome, a tree sculpture consisting of 22 ash trees planted in a ring on his property, near his home at Cae’n-y-coed in north Wales. Nearly 30 years later, the work was just taking on the domed form that he had planned for and intended when he first began.[32][33] In 1985, Nash began work on Divided Oaks, an installation involving some 600 pre-existing trees which he saved from demolition, in a park at the Kröller-Müller Museum, in Otterlo, in The Netherlands. Nash treated these trees with a technique he calls "fletching," which is a term generally used to refer to the structures added to a projectile to improve its flight, such as feathers added for aerodynamic stabilization of an arrow or dart, or fins on a rocket. He simply pushed over and staked down the very small trees. He cut out a series of V-shapes for the larger ones, bent them over, and then wrapped them so the cambium layer could heal over. This stimulated compensating tissue growth in the bent and wounded trees, which are now growing and curving upwards.[33]
Dan Ladd
Dan Ladd began experimenting with glass, china, and metal inclusions in trees in 1977. He was inspired by inosculation he noticed in nature and by the growth of tree trunks around man-made objects such as fences and idle farm equipment. He started planting trees for shaping in 1978. A current project at the DeCordova Museum in Lincoln, Massachusetts incorporates eleven American Liberty Elm trees grafted next to each other to form a long hillside stair banister. Ladd binds a variety of objects to trees, for live wood to grow around and hold in place, including teacups, bicycle wheels, headstones, and steel spheres. He guides roots into shapes using above-ground wooden and concrete forms and even shapes woody, hard-shelled Lagenaria gourds by allowing them to grow into detailed molds.[30][34][35]
Nirandr Boonnetr
In 1983, Nirandr Boonnetr began his first shaping project, a guava tree.[citation needed] Originally intended for his children to climb and play on, the piece evolved into a live tree chair.[3]: 91 In fifteen years he created six pieces of "live art," including five chairs and a table.[citation needed] The Bangkok Post in 1996 referred to him as "the father of Living Furniture."[36] One of his chairs was exhibited in the Growing Village Pavilion at Expo 2005, the World's Fair, held in Nagakute, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.
Peter Cook and Becky Northey
Australian artists Peter Cook and Becky Northey are a couple who live in South East Queensland. Peter Cook became inspired to grow a chair in 1987, after visiting three figs trees twisted together.[10][8][37] He started the very next day, with 7 willow cuttings.[37] In 1988, he planted a wattle intended for harvest as a potted plant stand.[8] Becky Northey joined Cook in 1995.[8] They crafted the first known examples of trees trained to grow in the shape of human beings, which they call people trees. In 1996, after nine years of Cook's experimentation, isolated from awareness of any other tree shapers,[38] he and Northey created the name Pooktre to brand their own methods and the artistic works emerging from their creative partnership.[10][8][11]
They describe their methods as gently guiding a tree's growth along predetermined wired design pathways over long time periods.[10] The plant species they most often choose for shaping is Myrobalan Plum.[24][25] They shape growing plants both for living outdoor art and for intentional harvest. Examples of their functional artwork include a growing garden table, a harvested coffee table, hat stands, mirrors, and a gemstone neck piece.
Cook and Northey exhibited eight of their creations, including two people trees, in the Growing Village Pavilion at the World's Fair Expo 2005 in Nagakute, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Their work was published in the annual book series, Ripley's Believe It or Not.[39]
Richard Reames
Richard Reames is an American arborsculptor[40] based in Williams, Oregon, where he manages a nursery, botanical garden, and design studio collectively named Arborsmith Studios.[41] He began shaping trees in 1992,[42] inspired by the works of Axel Erlandson,[3]: 150 [6]: 16 [43] and began his first experimental[6]: 57 grown chairs in the spring of 1993.[6]: 85 In 1995, he wrote and published his first book, How to Grow a Chair: The Art of Tree Trunk Topiary, and in it he coined the word arborsculpture.[6] This word has been used around the world to refer to the craft and art works of artisans, including those of Axel Erlandson.[44][40][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] Some artists, including Reames, use the word arborsculpture to describe the craft in general.
Reames believes that people could, within one generation, be "living in houses where the walls and ceilings are composed of living tree material and there are leaves coming out of the roof," envisioning that trees would grow around windows and doorways and treat plumbing and electrical conduits as inclusions, engulfing them.[44] In 2005, he published his second book, Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet.[3] His current experimental projects include six plantings intended in 2006 to grow into habitable homes within perhaps ten years; a design process he calls arbortecture.[44]
Christopher Cattle
Dr. Christopher Cattle is a retired furniture design professor from England.[40] He started his first planting of furniture in 1996.[52] According to Cattle, he developed an idea to train and graft trees to grow into shapes, which came to him in the late 1970s, in response to questions from students asking how to build furniture using less energy.[7][53][40] Using various species of trees and wooden jigs to shape them,[18] he has grown 15 three-legged stools to completion.[citation needed]
Cattle has multiple plantings in at least four different locations in England. He participates in woodland and craft shows in England and at the Big Tent at Falkland Palace in Scotland. He exhibited his grown stools at the World's Fair Expo 2005 in the Growing Village Pavilion at Nagakute, Japan.[7]
He aims to encourage as many people as possible to grow their own furniture.[53] He refers to his works as grown stools and grown furniture, but also calls them grownup furniture, suggesting a more environmentally mature alternative to traditional furniture.[30][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]
Mr. Wu
Mr. Wu, of Shenyang City,[62] Liaoning Province, China,[63] has successfully grown a harvested chair and has six more growing in his garden.[62] He uses young elm trees,[64] which are pliant and do not break easily.[citation needed] He says that it takes him about five years to grow a tree chair.[63]
Related art forms
Other artistic horticultural practices such as bonsai, espalier, and topiary share some elements and a common heritage, though a number of distinctions may be identified.
Bonsai
Bonsai is the art of growing trees in pots and containers using pruning techniques to keep the trees at a miniature size and copper wire to shape the tiny branches. Bonsai avoids woven branch patterns or branches bent to resemble identifiable shapes.[citation needed] A bonsai project is intended to appear as if a human had not shaped it, like a representation of a miniature tree, if one could be found in the wild.[citation needed] Shaping trees is almost the opposite concept, because the project shapes visually announce that a human has shaped them.[citation needed]
It is possible to make a miniature shaped tree in a bonsai pot and keep it reduced to miniature size, but if it were to resemble a pretzel, for example, that would not be the true nature of bonsai.[citation needed] It would just be a miniature shaped tree in a pot or container.[citation needed]
Espalier
Espalier is the horticultural technique of training trees through pruning and/or grafting to make formal two-dimensional, or single-plane, patterns with branches of trees or shrubs.[citation needed] Shaped-tree projects are not limited to a flat single plane, nor to a pattern.[citation needed] Either technique may use species of trees that produce fruit, but espalier-trained trees are not known to be shaped into benches, mirror frames, table pedestals or woven pillars.[citation needed]
Pleaching
Pleaching is similar to espalier, in that it trains rows of trees to grow in the vertical.[6]: 11–12 Pleaching is trees trained into raised hedge with flat planes and hedges,[65] and, therefore, is inaccurate way to describe tree shaping.[3]: 24 "
Topiary
Topiary may include the manipulation of stems but is primarily the art and skill of producing shapes with leaves (foliage).[citation needed] By contrast, tree shaping is primarily the practice of manipulating stems and bonding trees together by grafting.[citation needed] Shaped trees may include some topiary effects, but topiary is not the primary feature and consideration of the practice as a whole.[citation needed]
Although it is possible to use grafting for topiary, its use is rare.[citation needed] Shaped trees include furniture and items that were constructed exclusively using plant growth and grafted plant tissue.[citation needed] These items can be severed from the roots or removed from the ground, no longer being living organisms, but topiary is virtually limited to live organisms (plants) with leaves.[citation needed]
Topiary almost always involves regular shearing and shaping of foliage, whereas shaped-tree projects can easily be formed without shearing.[citation needed]
Alternative names
Other names for tree shaping include:[66][67] [68][69]
- arborsculpture
- biotecture/biotechture
- botanical architecture
- circus trees
- eco-architecture
- green design architecture/eco-construction
- grownup furniture
- living art
- pooktre
- pleaching
- tree trunk shaping
- tree trunk topiary
Tree shaping reflected in art and fiction
In 1516, Jean Perréal painted an allegorical image, la complainte de nature à l'alchimiste errant, (The Lament of Nature to the Wandering Alchemist), in which a winged figure with arms crossed, representing Nature, sits on a tree stump with a fire burning in its base, conversing with an alchemist in an ankle-length coat, standing outside of his stone-laid shoreline laboratory. Live resprouting shoots emerge from either side of the tree stump seat to form a fancifully twined and pleached two-story-tall chair back.[70][71]
Before 1600, William Shakespeare mentions pleaching in Act 1, Scene 2 of Much Ado About Nothing.
- Leonato's brother tells Leonato, "The Prince and Count Claudio, walking in a thick pleached alley in mine orchard, were thus much overheard by a man of mine..."[72]
In 1758, Swedish scientist, philosopher, Christian mystic, and theologian Emanuel Swedenborg published Earths in the Universe, in which he wrote of visiting another planet where the residents dwelled in living groves of trees, whose growth they had planned and directed from a very young stage into living quarters[73] and sanctuaries.[73][44]
In the late 19th century, Styrian Christian mystic and visionary Jakob Lorber published The Household of God. In it, he wrote about the wisdom of planting trees in a circle, because once grown together, the ring of trees would be a much better house than could be built.[74][44]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Eco-Architecture Could Produce "Grow Your Own" Homes". American Friends of Tel Aviv University.
- ^ a b Method and a kit for shaping a portion of a woody plant into a desired form
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|country-code=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|description=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|inventor1-first=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|inventor1-last=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|issue-date=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|patent-number=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e f g Reames, Richard (2005). Arborsculpture: Solutions for a Small Planet. Oregon: Arborsmith Studios. ISBN 0964728087.
- ^ a b Wiechula, Arthur (1926) [1926], Wachsende Häuser aus lebenden Bäumen entstehend (Developing Houses from Living Trees), Verl. Naturbau-Ges, p. 320
- ^ a b c "history of arborculture".
- ^ a b c d e f g Reames, Richard (1995). How to Grow a Chair: The Art of Tree Trunk Topiary. ISBN 0-9647280-0-1.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Grown Furniture home page". Cattle, Chris. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ a b c d e "Pooktre by PeterCook/Becky Northey". Northey, Becky. Retrieved 2010-05-05. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5pVaujskD)
- ^ "Architects building with trees". Bio-pro.de. 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ a b c d e f "Money Making Ideas to Boost Farm Income: Artists Shape Trees into Furniture and Art", Farm Show Magazine, p. 9, vol.32 no.4, june/august 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on unknown date, retrieved 2010-05-08
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=and|archivedate=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Link, T. Arborsculpture. p. 15
- ^ "Garden Symposium 2008". Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "How to grow your stool". Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "Living Trees, Living Art". Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=536258
- ^ "Live Art" Society Interiors Magazine September 2009
- ^ a b c d e f g Erlandson, Wilma (2001), My father "talked to trees", Westview: Boulder, p. 3, ISBN 0-9708932-0-5
{{citation}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ a b c "Examples of Grown Up Furniture". Grown-furniture.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mack, Daniel, Making Rustic Furniture: The Tradition, Spirit, and Technique with Dozens of Project Ideas (illustrated ed.), Lark Books, p. 78, ISBN 1887374124
{{citation}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ a b c "Only Natural Grown Chair". Shawano Leader Newspaper. Wisconsin Historical Society. 1922-10-19. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Primack, Mark. "Pleaching". The NSW Good Wood Guide. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
- ^ "Tree roots". Treeshapers.net. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
- ^ a b c Volz, Martin (Oct/Nov), "A Tree shaper's life." (PDF), Queensland Smart Farmer
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help) - ^ a b "Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries:Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds". Agroatlas.com. Retrieved 2010-05-04. Cite error: The named reference "AgroAtlas" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b "UConn Plant Database of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines". Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ a b "Life Furniture". Treeshapers.net. 1996-01-16. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
- ^ a b "Cherrapunjee.com: A Dream Place". Cherrapunjee Holiday Resort. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ "Living Root Bridge". Online Highways LLC. 2005-10-21. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ Reddy, Jini. "Trail Of The Unexpected: The root masters of India". Cherrapunjee Holiday Resort. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
{{cite web}}: Text "date 2010-01-23" ignored (help) - ^ a b c d "The art of Tree shaping" Culture Newspaper 11th May 2009 by Hao Jinyao Chinese Newspaper
- ^ Turlock Journal p. 15, (Obituary) April 30, 1964
- ^ "David Nash's Ash Dome". Coetirmynydd.co.uk. 2004-09-25. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
- ^ a b Grande, John (2001). "Real Living Art: A Conversation with David Nash". Sculpture: Vol. 20, No. 10. International Sculpture Center. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
- ^ "Dan Ladd's home page". Dan Ladd. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ Extreme Nature: The Sculptures of Dan Ladd at Putney Library October 10, 2006.
- ^ Bangkok Post. January 16, 1996
- ^ a b "Pooktre", Bricks & Mortar Magazine, 2008
{{citation}}: Text "Edition 24" ignored (help) - ^ "Pooktre Tree Shaping: Unlike Anything You've Ever Seen". homebuilding.thefuntimesguide.com/. 02-2008. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Tibballs, Geoff; Proud, James (2009). Ripley's Believe It or Not: Seeing is Believing. :Orlando, FL: Ripley Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-893951-45-7.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ a b c d "Arbor Sculpture: "If you like I'll grow you a mirror"", The Cutting Edge; the Newsletter of the Victorian Woodworkers Association, Inc., p. 6, June 2006, retrieved 2010-05-15
{{citation}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Company profile
- ^ Hicks, Rosenfeld. Tricks with Trees, (2007) p.123, Pavilion Books, ISBN 1-86205-734-6
- ^ Okenga, S. (2001). Eden on Their Minds: American Gardeners with Bold Visions. Clarkson Potter. p. 110. ISBN 0-609-605879.
- ^ a b c d e Foer, Joshua; Reames, Richard (Winter 2005–2006). "How to Grow a Chair: An Interview with Richard Reames". Cabinet Magazine. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Cassidy, Patti (April/May 2006). Art to Grow. Acreage Life (Canada). p. 17.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Cassidy, Patti (August, 2008) "A Truly Living Art". Rhode Island Home, Living and Design, p. 28
- ^ Cassidy, Patti (January/February 2009) "Planting Your Future", Hobby Farm Home, p. 74
- ^ May, John (Spring/Summer 2005) "The Art of Arborsculpture" Tree News (UK), p. 37
- ^ Nestor, James (February 2007). Branching Out, Dwell p. 96]
- ^ "Tree Stories", Fantasy Trees show #103
- ^ "Offbeat America" #OB310 (First aired Dec. 4, 2006)
- ^ http://www.treeshapers.net/chris-cattle.html
- ^ a b http://www.reading.ac.uk/about/newsandevents/releases/PR13170.aspx
- ^ "Grown Furniture site". Grown-furniture.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
- ^ 'Grown up furniture ?' Woodland Heritage Journal Spring 2001 picture and article by Christopher Cattle (further follow up at approx 1 year intervals)
- ^ "Art News Blog".
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|pubdate=ignored (help) - ^ "How does your garden grow" August 3, 1997 Sunday Telegraph picture & interview with Catherine Elsworth
- ^ "Grow-it-yourself furniture" The Futurist February 1999 Visions picture and short article by Dan Johnson
- ^ Davies, David. "Plant your own furniture. Watch it grow". The Independent.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|pubdate=ignored (help) - ^ Fairs, Marcus. Grownup Furniture. Carlton Books. p. 102.
- ^ Radio interviews about Grownup Furniture
- BBC radio 5 live CC with David Davies. Transmitted in "the Magazine" March 1996
- BBC radio Wales CC with Rebecca John. Transmitted in 'Good morning Wales' September 12, 1997
- CBC radio 1 CC with Arthur Black. Transmitted in "Basic Black" November 6 & 13, 1999
- Radio Deutsche Welle (Colne) CC with Paul Chapman. Transmitted in English language service "Science & technology" November 16, 1998
- (Sky News in their general interest news syndicated to USA on November 17, 1999, with Lucy Chator and November 3, 2002, with Jonathan Samuels.)
- ^ a b "treetise".
- ^ a b "Article: Five year deliveries.(China Morning Business View)(Brief Article)". AccessMyLibrary. 2005-02-11. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ [1].Weird But True. New York Post Feb 3 2005 page 23
- ^ Pleaching and images
- ^ "treehugger.com".
- ^ "Google map of shaped trees".
- ^ http://www.expo2005.or.jp/en/venue/experience04.html
- ^ archived page of Growing Village.com
- ^ Perréal, Jean (1516). "l'Alchimie". Musée Marmottan Monet. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ Kamil, Neil (2005). Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots' New World 1517-1751. JHU Press. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0801873908.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|archive-url=requires|archive-date=(help) - ^ Shakespeare, William; Werstine, Paul; Mowat, Barbara A. (2005) [1600], Much Ado About Nothing, Folger Shakespeare Library, New Folger Library Shakespeare, London, England: Simon and Schuster, p. 27, ISBN 0743484940
{{citation}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ a b Swedenborg, Emanuel (2008) [1758], Earths in the Universe, BiblioBazaar, LLC, p. 104, ISBN 1437531067
- ^ Lorber, Jakob (1995), Die Haushaltung Gottes (The Household of God (Translation by Violet Ozols ed.), Lorber Verlag, pp. 564isbn = 978-3874953146