Tejeros Convention: Difference between revisions
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===Bonifacio=== |
===Bonifacio=== |
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After leaving the convention, Bonifacio met on March 28 with 45 of his followers. Convinced that the election at the convention had been invalid, they drew up a document titled ''Acta de Tejeros'' giving their reasons for having rejected the convention results. They then proceeded to [[Naic|Naik]] and drew up another document, sometimes referred to as the ''Naik Military Agreement'', resolving to establish a government independent of and separate from that established at Tejeros. When the Naik agreement came to the attention of Aguinaldo, he ordered the arrest of Andres Bonifacio and his brother |
After leaving the convention, Bonifacio met on March 28 with 45 of his followers. Convinced that the election at the convention had been invalid, they drew up a document titled ''Acta de Tejeros'' giving their reasons for having rejected the convention results. They then proceeded to [[Naic|Naik]] and drew up another document, sometimes referred to as the ''Naik Military Agreement'', resolving to establish a government independent of and separate from that established at Tejeros. When the Naik agreement came to the attention of Aguinaldo, he ordered the arrest of Andres Bonifacio and his brother [[Procopio Bonifacio|Procopio]], after Serverino de las Alas complain about their actions in [[Indang]]. The brothers were tried on charges of treason by Aguinaldo's government and, on May 10, were executed.{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|pp=179-181}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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The Tejeros Convention (alternate names include Tejeros Assembly and Tejeros Congress) was the meeting held between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias, but the site is now at Rosario), Cavite on March 22, 1897. These are the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history, although only the Katipuneros (members of the Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general populace.
Convention
Purpose
The convention was called to discuss the defense of Cavite against the Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution. The contemporary Governor general, Camilo de Polavieja, had regained much of Cavite itself. Instead, the convention became an election to decide the leaders of the revolutionary movement, bypassing the Supreme Council.
Election results
Tejeros Revolutionary Government Pamahalaang Panghimagsikan ng Tejeros | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1897–1897 | |||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||
 Territory claimed by the Tejeros Government in Asia | |||||||||||||
| Status | Unrecognized state | ||||||||||||
| Capital | San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Tagalog, Spanish | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||||||||||
| Government | Republic | ||||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||||
| Vice President | |||||||||||||
| Historical era | Philippine Revolution | ||||||||||||
• Established | March 22, 1897 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | November 1, 1897 | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
| 1897 | 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Peso | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Andrés Bonifacio, the contemporary Supremo (supreme leader) of the Katipunan presided over the election. He secured the unanimous approval that the decision would not be questioned.
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emilio Aguinaldo | Magdalo | 146 | 57.03 | |
| Andrés Bonifacio | Katipunan Supreme Council, Magdiwang ally | 80 | 31.25 | |
| Mariano Trias | Magdiwang | 30 | 11.72 | |
| Total | 256 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 256 | 100.00 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 0 | 0.00 | ||
| Total votes | 256 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 256 | 100.00 | ||
The results of the election:
| Position | Name | Party |
|---|---|---|
| President | Emilio Aguinaldo | Magdalo |
| Vice-President | Mariano Trías | Magdiwang |
| Captain-General | Artemio Ricarte | Magdiwang |
| Director of War | Emiliano Riego de Dios | Magdiwang |
| Director of the Interior | Andrés Bonifacio | Magdiwang |
Bonifacio, accepted the decision but not before insisting on a recount of the votes. Supporters such as Severino de las Alas made abortive efforts to help make Bonifacio vice president.[2] However, Daniel Tirona objected that the post should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. He suggested a lawyer like Jose del Rosario is qualified for the suitable position.[3] Bonifacio was insulted, demanded that Tirona retract the remark. When Tirona made to leave instead, Bonifacio drew a pistol and was about to fire at Tirona, but stopped when Ricarte tried to disarm him.[3] Bonifacio then voided the convention as Supremo of the Katipunan.[4]
The new result of the election:
| Position | Name | Party |
|---|---|---|
| President | Emilio Aguinaldo | Magdalo |
| Vice-President | Mariano Trías | Magdiwang |
| Captain-General | Artemio Ricarte | Magdiwang |
| Director of War | Emiliano Riego de Dios | Magdiwang |
| Director of State | Jacinto Lumbreras | Magdiwang |
| Director of Finance | Baldomero Aguinaldo | Magdalo |
| Director of Welfare | Mariano Alvarez | Magdiwang |
| Director of Justice | Severino de las Alas | Magdiwang |
| Director of the Interior | Pascual Alvarez | Magdiwang |
Allegations of fraud
In addition to Bonifacio's statement voiding the outcome the probity of the election held has been questioned, with allegations that many ballots distributed were already filled out and that the voters had not done this themselves.[5]
Post convention events
Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo was not present at the convention, but was at a military front at Pasong Santol, a barrio of Dasmariñas, Cavite. He was notified of his election to the Presidency the following day, and his elder brother, Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him to travel to take the oath of office. Leaving Crispulo in command, Aguinaldo traveled to Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza, Cavite), where he and the others elected, with the exception of Bonaficio, took their oath of office. Crispulo Aguinaldo was among those killed in the Battle of Pasong Santol between March 7 and 24, 1897, which ended with a Spanish victory.[4] After assuming the Presidency, Aguinaldo sent a delegation to contact Bonifacio and persuade him to cooperate with the newly constituted government. The delegation was able to contact Bonifacio, but was unable to persuade him to cooperate.[6]
Bonifacio
After leaving the convention, Bonifacio met on March 28 with 45 of his followers. Convinced that the election at the convention had been invalid, they drew up a document titled Acta de Tejeros giving their reasons for having rejected the convention results. They then proceeded to Naik and drew up another document, sometimes referred to as the Naik Military Agreement, resolving to establish a government independent of and separate from that established at Tejeros. When the Naik agreement came to the attention of Aguinaldo, he ordered the arrest of Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio, after Serverino de las Alas complain about their actions in Indang. The brothers were tried on charges of treason by Aguinaldo's government and, on May 10, were executed.[7]
References
- ^ Zaide, Gregorio F. (1968). The Philippine Revolution. Modern Book Company. p. 123.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 107.
- ^ a b Alvarez 1992, p. 108.
- ^ a b Agoncillo 1990, p. 178.
- ^ Ambeth Ocampo, Election fraud at the Tejeros Convention (November 5, 2007), Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 178–179.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 179–181.
Bibliography
- The Tejeros Assembly of 1897 MSC Computer Training Center
- Katipunan and the Acto de Tejeros, March 23, 1897, Documents of the Katipunan, Katipunan : Documents and studies
- Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1990) [1960]. History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. ISBN 971-8711-06-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Alvarez, Santiago V. (1992). Recalling the revolution: memoirs of a Filipino general. University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-1-881261-05-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)