List of Formula One constructors: Difference between revisions
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;Timeline of 2021 Formula One Constructors |
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<timeline> |
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DateFormat = yyyy |
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id:pink value:pink |
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Period = from:1950 till:2022 |
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at:1950 color:lineColor #Formation of Formula 1 |
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BarData = |
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bar:FER # Ferrari |
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bar:MCL # McLaren |
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bar:MER # Mercedes |
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bar:WIL # Williams |
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bar:ALP # Alpine |
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bar:ALPH # Alpha Tauri |
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bar:AST # Aston Martin |
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bar:ALF #Alfa Romeo |
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bar:RBR # Red Bull Racing |
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bar:HA # Haas |
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Define $DownLeft = anchor:from align:left shift:(2,-10) |
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# Note on dates: A team's bar begins with the MERson that team played its first game, and ends with the MERson after that team played its last game. For example, the Cincinnati Red Stockings played their first game in 1876, the first MERson of the National League, and played their last game in 1880. Therefore, their bar goes from 1876 to 1881. |
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# --- 1969 Expansion |
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bar:FER from:1950 till:end link:/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari |
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bar:FER from:1950 till:end color:red text:"Ferrari" textcolor:white |
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bar:MCL from:1966 till:end link:/wiki/McLaren |
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bar:MCL from:1966 till:end color:orange text:"McLaren" textcolor:black |
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bar:WIL from:1978 till:end link:/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering |
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bar:WIL from:1978 till:end color:blue text:"Williams" textcolor:white |
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bar:RBR from:1997 till:end link:/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing |
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bar:RBR from:1997 till:2000 color:gray2 text:"Stewart" textcolor:white |
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bar:RBR from:2000 till:2005 color:darkgreen text:"Jaguar" textcolor:white |
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bar:RBR from:2005 till:end color:darkblue text:"Red Bull Racing" textcolor:white |
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bar:ALPH from:1985 till:end link:/wiki/Scuderia_AlphaTauri |
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bar:ALPH from:1985 till:2006 color:Black text:"Minardi" textcolor:white |
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bar:ALPH from:2006 till:2020 color:darkblue text:"Torro Rosso" textcolor:white |
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bar:ALPH from:2020 till:end color:black text:"AlphaTauri" $Right |
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bar:MER from:1971 till:end link:/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One |
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bar:MER from:1971 till:1999 color:blue text:"Tyrell" textcolor:white |
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bar:MER from:1999 till:2006 color:white text:"BAR" |
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bar:MER from:2006 till:2009 color:red text:"Honda" textcolor:white $UP |
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bar:MER from:2009 till:2010 color:white text:"Brawn" $DOWN |
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bar:MER from:2010 till:end color:gray2 text:"Mercedes" textcolor:white |
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bar:ALP from:1993 till:end link:/wiki/Alpine_F1_Team |
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bar:ALP from:1981 till:1985 color:gray2 text:"Toleman" textcolor:white |
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bar:ALP from:1985 till:2002 color:darkgreen text:"Benetton" textcolor:white |
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bar:ALP from:2002 till:2012 color:yellow text:"Renault" |
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bar:ALP from:2012 till:2015 color:black text:"Lotus" textcolor:white |
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bar:ALP from:2015 till:2021 color:yellow text:"Renault" |
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bar:ALP from:2021 till:end color:skyblue text:"Alpine" $Right |
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bar:ALF from:1993 till:end link:/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One |
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bar:ALF from:1993 till:2006 color:gray2 text:"Sauber" textcolor:white |
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bar:ALF from:2006 till:2010 color:blue text:"BMW~Sauber" textcolor:white $UP |
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bar:ALF from:2010 till:2019 color:gray2 text:"Sauber" textcolor:white |
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bar:ALF from:2019 till:end color:red text:"Alfa~Romeo" $UP |
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bar:AST from:1991 till:end link:/wiki/Aston_Martin_in_Formula_One |
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bar:AST from:1991 till:2006 color:yellow text:"Jordan" |
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bar:AST from:2006 till:2007 color:red text:"Midland" $UP |
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bar:AST from:2007 till:2008 color:orange text:"Spyker" $DOWN |
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bar:AST from:2008 till:2018 color:pink text:"Force India" |
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bar:AST from:2018 till:2021 color:pink text:"Racing~Point" $UP |
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bar:AST from:2021 till:end color:darkgreen text:"Aston Martin" $RIGHT |
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bar:HA from:2016 till:end link:/wiki/Haas_F1_Team |
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bar:HA from:2016 till:end color:white text:"Haas" textcolor:red |
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</timeline> |
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== Former constructors == |
== Former constructors == |
Revision as of 18:09, 8 October 2021
Formula One |
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Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body.[1] The "formula" in the name alludes to a series of rules established by the FIA to which all participants and vehicles are required to conform.[1][2] Each year, the F1 World Championship season is held, consisting of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets.[3] Constructors are awarded points based on the finishing position of each of their two drivers at each Grand Prix, and the constructor who accumulates the most points over each championship is crowned that year's World Constructors' Champion.[4] As of the 2021 Russian Grand Prix, there have been 171 Formula One constructors from 24 different national racing licences who have raced at least one of the 1,050 FIA World Championship races since the first such event, the 1950 British Grand Prix.[5][6]
Constructors are people or corporate entities which design key parts of Formula One cars that have competed or are intended to compete in the FIA World Championship. Since 1981, it has been a requirement that each competitor must have the exclusive rights to the use of certain key parts of their car – in 2018, these parts were the survival cell, the front impact structure, the roll structures and bodywork.[7]
Terminology
In Formula One racing the terms "constructor" and "entrant" have specific and differing meanings. An entrant is the person or corporate entity that registers a car and driver for a race, and is then responsible for preparing and maintaining that car during the race weekend. As a result of this preparation role and active involvement in the running of the race, the term "team" has become commonly applied to an entrant organisation.[citation needed] Statisticians do not always agree on how to count statistics related to these entities.[8]
Constructors
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Formula_One_constructors%27_championship_trophy_2012-2013_Red_Bull_Racing.jpg/220px-Formula_One_constructors%27_championship_trophy_2012-2013_Red_Bull_Racing.jpg)
Under Article 6.3 of the FIA Sporting Regulations, "A constructor is the person (including any corporate or unincorporated body) which designs the Listed Parts set out in Appendix 6. The make of an engine or chassis is the name attributed to it by its constructor."[7] These "listed parts" include the survival cell, the front impact structure, the roll structures and bodywork. However, if the chassis and engine are made by different entities, the constructor comprises both (e.g. McLaren-Mercedes, Lotus-Climax etc.), with the name of the chassis constructor being placed before that of the engine constructor.[7][9] As both engine and chassis are included in the constructor name, chassis run with different engines (e.g. Williams-Ford, Williams-Honda in 1983) are counted as two separate constructors and score points separately.[7]
Under article 6.2 of the FIA sporting regulations, "The title of Formula One World Champion Constructor will be awarded to the competitor which has scored the highest number of points".[7] Up until the 1979 season, most seasons saw only the highest-scoring driver in each race for each constructor contributing points towards the World Constructors' Championship, but the current rules state that points from both cars entered by each constructor will count towards their championship total.
Teams
Since the 1981 season the FIA have required that Formula One entrants own the intellectual rights to the chassis that they enter, and so the distinction between the terms "entrant" and "constructor", and hence also "team", have become less pronounced, though the intellectual rights of engines may still be owned by a different entity.
Before this time, constructors were free to sell their chassis to as many other teams as they liked. Brabham and Lotus chassis were used extensively by other teams during the 1960s and 1970s and several quite competitive teams never built their own chassis. Rob Walker Racing Team was the most successful example, being responsible for the first victories in Formula One for both Cooper and Lotus. The concept of a "works" or "factory" team (i.e. the official team of the company producing the cars, as opposed to a customer team which buys them off the shelf) therefore applied to chassis in the same way as it does in rallying and sports car racing.
There have been some recent exceptions where a specialist company, not itself entered in the championship, has been commissioned to design and build a chassis for a team; Lola built cars for Larrousse and Scuderia Italia in the late 1980s and early 1990s, for example. Larousse had their points from the 1990 season erased after the FIA decided that they had falsely nominated themselves and not Lola as the chassis constructor. In 1978, the new Arrows team which had been established by former Shadow personnel was sued by Shadow on the grounds that the Arrows FA/1 car was a copy of Shadow's DN9 – a view upheld by the UK High Court, which placed a ban on Arrows racing the FA/1.
There have been more recent cases with Ligier (1995), Sauber (2004), Scuderia Toro Rosso (2006 & 2007) and Super Aguri (2007 & 2008) where teams have been accused of using a chassis produced by another constructor (respectively Benetton, Ferrari, Red Bull Racing and Honda). No action was taken against any of these teams, the sporting authorities being satisfied in each case that the team owned the intellectual property to the chassis they raced.
From the middle of the 1973 season until the end of the 2013 season, each team had permanent racing numbers from race to race throughout the season. Between 1974 and 1995 the numbers were based on the teams' finishing positions in the 1973 Constructors' Championship (with slight modifications, e.g. Ferrari´s traditional numbers were 11-12 until 1980 and 27-28 from 1981 onwards) and each team only changed numbers if they had the driver who had won the World Drivers' Championship in the previous season - the winning driver taking the number 1 and his teammate the number 2, and the team that had previously had those numbers switching to the newly-vacated ones. Between 1996 and 2013 the numbers were based on the teams' finishing positions in the Constructors' Championship from the previous season, with numbers 1-2 assigned to the defending champion and his teammate. During the period of 1974-1995 Tyrrell was the only team to keep the same numbers (3 and 4) every season. Since 2014, racing numbers have been assigned to drivers instead of teams.
The number of cars entered by one team into a single race was not strictly limited in the 1950s and early 1960s. Since the 1963 season teams were generally allowed to enter only two regular cars, with the third car reserved for an occasional driver. Entering more than three cars was exceptionally tolerated, most notably regarding the BRM team in the 1971 and 1972 seasons. However, many teams during this period entered only two cars, e.g. Ferrari have entered no more than two cars (with one exception at the 1976 Italian Grand Prix in connection with Lauda's comeback) every season since 1973. Since the 1985 season the FIA have required that teams enter no more than two cars for a race.[a]
Team's nationality
Unlike drivers who are required to compete in the FIA Formula One World Championship under the nationality of their passport, the FIA's International Sporting Code states that teams competing in the FIA Formula One World Championship shall compete under the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their FIA racing licence.[10] On the basis of this regulation, despite the fact that most current teams are based in the UK, this country is officially represented in Formula One only by teams holding a racing licence issued by the British National Sporting Authority. Teams take the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their licence for the period of validity of that licence and the change of the nationality is allowed. Several teams changed their nationality during their competition in Formula One, some of them even twice (e.g. Shadow in 1976 from American to British, Benetton in 1996 from British to Italian, Red Bull in 2007 from British to Austrian, Renault in 2011 from French to British and in 2016 back to French). Benetton is the only team to have achieved victories while racing under two different nationalities. Before the arrival of sponsorship liveries in 1968 team's nationality determined the colour of a car entered by the team; thus, Italian teams' cars were rosso corsa red, French were bleu de France blue, and British (with several exceptions, such as Rob Walker, Brabham and McLaren) were British racing green. Since the licence is given to a team and not to a constructor, privateer teams entering cars built by constructors from another country before the 1968 season painted cars in the national colour of their home country, e.g. the French Guy Ligier's privateer team entered cars painted in bleu de France blue which were built by the British constructor Cooper in 1966 and 1967 seasons.
Relating to the team's nationality because of teams' bases in Britain several mistakes occurred on official entry lists issued by or podium ceremonies organized by the FIA or race organisers, e.g. Wolf[11][12] holding the Canadian nationality and Shadow (in 1973)[13] and Penske[14][15] holding the American nationality all identified as the British by official entry lists, or the British national anthem played on the podium in honour of the winning Jordan and Red Bull (in 2009) holding the Irish and Austrian nationality respectively.[16][17]
2021 constructors
- Correct as of the 2024 Belgian Grand Prix
Note: Until 1965 every constructor was licensed in the country where it was really based. In 1965 Japanese constructor Honda moved their team from Tokyo to Amsterdam, followed in 1966 by American constructor Eagle which was based in Rye, East Sussex, United Kingdom.[18] Since the early 2000s most constructors have been based in the United Kingdom, but licensed in another country, with the rest based in Italy and Switzerland.
Key: Races Entered = Number of individual races entered; Races Started = Number of individual races started; Drivers = Number of drivers; Total Entries = Total number of race entries; Wins = Number of races won; Points = Number of World Constructors' Championship points scored; Poles = Number of pole positions; FL = Number of fastest laps; Podiums = Number of podium finishes; WCC = World Constructors' Championships won; WDC = World Drivers' Championships won.
Constructor | Engine | Licensed in | Based in | Seasons | Races Entered | Races Started | Drivers | Total Entries | Wins | Points | Poles | FL | Podiums | WCC | WDC | Antecedent teams |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alfa Romeo | Ferrari | ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
1950–1951, 1979–1985, 2019–present |
214 | 214 | 23 | 443 | 10 | 199 | 12 | 16 | 26 | 0 | 2 | ![]() (1993–2005, 2011–2018), ![]() ![]() (2006–2010) |
AlphaTauri | Honda | ![]() |
![]() |
2020–present | 83 | 83 | 6 | 166 | 1 | 309 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ![]() ![]() |
Alpine | Renault | ![]() |
![]() |
2021 | 80 | 80 | 3 | 160 | 1 | 459 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Aston Martin | Mercedes | ![]() |
![]() |
1959–1960, 2021 |
86 | 85 | 7 | 171 | 0 | 485 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 0 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Ferrari | Ferrari | ![]() |
![]() |
1950–present | 1090 | 1088 | 82 | 2306 | 245 | 10017 | 251 | 262 | 818 | 16 | 15 | — |
Haas | Ferrari | ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
2016–present | 180 | 180 | 7 | 360 | 0 | 276 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — |
McLaren | Mercedes | ![]() |
![]() |
1966–present | 964 | 960 | 52 | 1997 | 185 | 6657.5 | 158 | 166 | 515 | 8 | 12 | — |
Mercedes | Mercedes | ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
1954–1955, 2010–present |
307 | 307 | 12 | 626 | 128 | 7488.5 | 139 | 109 | 295 | 7 | 9 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Red Bull | Honda | ![]() |
![]() |
2005–present | 384 | 383 | 11 | 764 | 120 | 7656 | 103 | 98 | 277 | 4 | 4 | ![]() ![]() |
Williams | Mercedes | ![]() |
![]() |
1978–present | 817 | 816 | 47 | 1551 | 114 | 3624 | 128 | 133 | 313 | 9 | 7 | — |
- Timeline of 2021 Formula One Constructors
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/5rqmpmab33tm39z17tjyec4n22f6tsx.png)
Former constructors
Key: Races Entered = Number of individual races entered; Races Started = Number of individual races started; Drivers = Number of drivers; Total Entries = Total number of race entries; Wins = Number of races won; Points = Number of Constructors' Championship points scored; Poles = Number of pole positions; FL = Number of fastest laps; Podiums. = Number of podium finishes; WCC = Constructors' Championships won; WDC = Drivers' Championships won.
Constructor | Licensed in | Seasons | Races Entered | Races Started | Drivers | Total Entries | Wins | Points | Poles | FL | Podiums | WCC | WDC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alex von Falkenhausen Motorenbau | ![]() |
1952–1953[f] | 4 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives | ![]() |
1986–1991 | 80 | 32 | 10 | 124 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Alta | ![]() |
1950–1952[g] | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Amon | ![]() |
1974 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Andrea Moda | ![]() |
1992 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Apollon | ![]() |
1977 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Arrows[h] | ![]() |
1978–2002 | 394 | 383 | 36 | 783 | 0 | 167 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
Arzani-Volpini | ![]() |
1955 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Aston Butterworth | ![]() |
1952 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Automobili Turismo e Sport | ![]() |
1963[i] | 5 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ATS (Auto Technisches Spezialzubehör) | ![]() |
1977–1984 | 107 | 89 | 15 | 146 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
British American Racing[j] | ![]() |
1999–2005 | 118 | 116 | 7 | 236 | 0 | 227 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
Behra-Porsche | ![]() |
1959–1960 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bellasi | ![]() |
1970–1971 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Benetton[k] | ![]() ![]() |
1986–2001 | 260 | 260 | 17 | 520 | 27 | 851.5 | 15 | 36 | 102 | 1 | 2 |
Boro | ![]() |
1976–1977 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Brabham | ![]() |
1962–1987, 1989–1992 | 403 | 394 | 39 | 995 | 35 | 843 | 39 | 42 | 124 | 2 | 4 |
Brawn GP | ![]() |
2009 | 17 | 17 | 2 | 34 | 8 | 172 | 5 | 4 | 15 | 1 | 1 |
British Racing Motors | ![]() |
1951, 1956–1977 | 208 | 197 | 71 | 559 | 17 | 385 | 11 | 15 | 61 | 1 | 1 |
British Racing Partnership | ![]() |
1963–1964 | 13 | 13 | 2 | 19 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bugatti | ![]() |
1956 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Caterham | ![]() |
2012–2014 | 56 | 56 | 8 | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cisitalia | ![]() |
1952 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Coloni[m] | ![]() |
1987–1991 | 65 | 13 | 8 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Connaught | ![]() |
1952–1959 | 18 | 17 | 29 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Connew | ![]() |
1972 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cooper Car Company | ![]() |
1950, 1952–1969 | 129 | 129 | 111 | 528 | 16 | 301 | 11 | 14 | 58 | 2 | 2 |
Dallara | ![]() |
1988–1992 | 80 | 78 | 6 | 144 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Derrington-Francis | ![]() |
1964 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Peter de Klerk[n] | ![]() |
1963, 1965 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
De Tomaso | ![]() |
1961–1963, 1970 | 15 | 10 | 8 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Eagle (Anglo American Racers) | ![]() |
1966–1969 | 26 | 26 | 7 | 35 | 1 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Eifelland | ![]() |
1972 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Emeryson | ![]() |
1956, 1961–1962 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Eisenacher Motorenwerk | ![]() |
1953 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Ecurie Nationale Belge | ![]() |
1962 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ensign | ![]() |
1973–1982 | 134 | 98 | 25 | 154 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
English Racing Automobiles | ![]() |
1950–1952 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
EuroBrun | ![]() ![]() |
1988–1990 | 46 | 15 | 5 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ferguson Research Ltd. | ![]() |
1961 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
FIRST | ![]() |
1989 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fittipaldi Automotive (Copersucar) | ![]() |
1975–1982 | 120 | 103 | 8 | 156 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Fondmetal | ![]() |
1991–1992 | 29 | 19 | 4 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Force India[o] (Sahara) | ![]() |
2008–2018 | 203 | 203 | 7 | 406 | 0 | 987 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Forti | ![]() |
1995–1996 | 28 | 23 | 4 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Frank Williams Racing Cars[p] | ![]() |
1972–1976 | 61 | 56 | 25 | 112 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Frazer-Nash | ![]() |
1952 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Fry | ![]() |
1959 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gilby Engineering | ![]() |
1961–1963 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gordini | ![]() |
1952–1956 | 33 | 33 | 23 | 101 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 1 | 2 | n/a | 0 |
Greifzu | ![]() |
1953 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Hesketh | ![]() |
1974–1978 | 60 | 52 | 15 | 97 | 1 | 48 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Hill | ![]() |
1975 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 21 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
HRT (Hispania Racing Team) | ![]() |
2010–2012 | 58 | 56 | 8 | 116 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Honda | ![]() |
1964–1968 2006–2008 |
88 | 88 | 8 | 154 | 3 | 154 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
HWM (Hersham and Walton Motors) | ![]() |
1951–1955 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 48 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Jaguar[q] | ![]() |
2000–2004 | 85 | 85 | 8 | 170 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
JBW | ![]() |
1959–1961 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Jordan[r] | ![]() |
1991–2005 | 250 | 250 | 30 | 500 | 4 | 291 | 2 | 2 | 19 | 0 | 0 |
Kauhsen | ![]() |
1979 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Klenk | ![]() |
1954 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Kojima | ![]() |
1976–1977 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kurtis | ![]() |
1959 | 12 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lambo (Modena Team) | ![]() |
1991 | 16 | 6 | 2 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lancia | ![]() |
1954–1955 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 0 | n/a | 2 | 1 | 1 | n/a | 0 |
Larrousse | ![]() |
1993–1994 | 32 | 32 | 7 | 64 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
LDS | ![]() |
1962–1963, 1965, 1967–1968 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
LEC | ![]() |
1977 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Leyton House[s] | ![]() |
1990–1991 | 32 | 30 | 3 | 64 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Life | ![]() |
1990 | 14 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ligier/Talbot Ligier[t] | ![]() |
1976–1996 | 332 | 326 | 28 | 612 | 9 | 388 | 9 | 10 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Lola[u] | ![]() |
1962–1963, 1967–1968, 1974–1975, 1985–1991, 1993, 1997 | 152 | 146 | 27 | 280 | 0 | 45 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Lotus (1958–1994) | ![]() |
1958–1994 | 491 | 489 | 122 | 1332 | 79 | 1332 | 107 | 70 | 172 | 7 | 6 |
Lotus (2010–2011) | ![]() |
2010–2011 | 38 | 38 | 3 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lotus (2012–2015) | ![]() |
2012–2015 | 77 | 77 | 5 | 154 | 2 | 706 | 0 | 5 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
Lyncar | ![]() |
1974–1975 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Maki | ![]() |
1974–1976 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Manor | ![]() |
2016 | 21 | 21 | 3 | 42 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
March[v] | ![]() |
1970–1977, 1981–1982, 1987–1989, 1992 | 208 | 197 | 54 | 579 | 3 | 172.5 | 5 | 7 | 21 | 0 | 0 |
Martini | ![]() |
1978 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Marussia[w] | ![]() ![]() |
2012–2015 | 74 | 73 | 7 | 144 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Maserati | ![]() |
1950–1960 | 77 | 70 | 106 | 423 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 15 | 37 | 0 | 2 |
Matra | ![]() |
1967–1972 | 61 | 61 | 5 | 117 | 9 | 163 | 4 | 12 | 21 | 1 | 1 |
MBM | ![]() |
1961 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
McGuire | ![]() |
1977 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Merzario | ![]() |
1978–1979 | 31 | 10 | 3 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Midland[x] | ![]() |
2006 | 18 | 18 | 2 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Milano | ![]() |
1950 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Minardi[y] | ![]() |
1985–2005 | 346 | 340 | 42 | 676 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Onyx | ![]() |
1989–1990 | 26 | 17 | 6 | 52 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
O.S.C.A. | ![]() |
1951–1953, 1958 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Osella[z] | ![]() |
1980–1990 | 172 | 132 | 17 | 253 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pacific | ![]() |
1994–1995 | 33 | 22 | 5 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Parnelli | ![]() |
1974–1976 | 16 | 16 | 1 | 16 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Penske | ![]() |
1974–1977 | 41 | 40 | 7 | 46 | 1 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Porsche | ![]() |
1957–1964 | 36 | 33 | 13 | 75 | 1 | 46 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Prost[aa] | ![]() |
1997–2001 | 83 | 83 | 9 | 166 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
RAM | ![]() |
1983–1985 | 44 | 31 | 8 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Racing Point Force India[ab] | ![]() |
2018 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Racing Point | ![]() |
2019–2020 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
RE | ![]() |
1965 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Renault | ![]() ![]() |
1977–1985, 2002–2011, 2016–2020 |
2 | 2 | |||||||||
Rebaque | ![]() |
1979 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rial | ![]() |
1988–1989 | 32 | 21 | 6 | 48 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sauber/BMW Sauber[ad] | ![]() ![]() |
1993–2018 | 465 | 462 | 30 | 902 | 1 | 865 | 1 | 5 | 26 | 0 | 0 |
Scarab | ![]() |
1960 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scirocco | ![]() |
1963–1964 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Shadow | ![]() ![]() |
1973–1980 | 112 | 103 | 21 | 240 | 1 | 67.5 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Shannon | ![]() |
1966 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Simca-Gordini | ![]() |
1950–1953 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 29 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Simtek | ![]() |
1994–1995 | 21 | 21 | 7 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Spirit | ![]() |
1983–1985 | 25 | 23 | 3 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Spyker[ag] | ![]() |
2007 | 17 | 17 | 4 | 34 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Stebro | ![]() |
1963 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Stewart[ah] | ![]() |
1997–1999 | 49 | 49 | 4 | 98 | 1 | 47 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Super Aguri | ![]() |
2006–2008 | 39 | 39 | 5 | 39 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Surtees | ![]() |
1970–1978 | 119 | 118 | 38 | 260 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
SVA | ![]() |
1950 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Talbot-Lago | ![]() |
1950–1951 | 13 | 13 | 18 | 81 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 2 | n/a | 0 |
Tec-Mec | ![]() |
1959 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tecno | ![]() |
1972–1973 | 12 | 10 | 3 | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Theodore | ![]() |
1978, 1981–1983 | 51 | 34 | 10 | 64 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Token | ![]() |
1974 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Toleman[ai] | ![]() |
1981–1985 | 70 | 53 | 9 | 131 | 0 | 26 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Toro Rosso[aj] | ![]() |
2006–2019 | 268 | 268 | 14 | 536 | 1 | 500 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Toyota | ![]() |
2002–2009 | 140 | 139 | 9 | 276 | 0 | 278.5 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Trojan | ![]() |
1974 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tyrrell[ak] | ![]() |
1970–1998 | 433 | 430 | 47 | 884 | 23 | 617 | 14 | 20 | 77 | 1 | 2 |
Vanwall | ![]() |
1954–1960 | 29 | 28 | 12 | 66 | 9 | 48 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 1 | 0 |
Venturi | ![]() |
1992 | 16 | 16 | 2 | 32 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Veritas | ![]() |
1951–1953 | 6 | 6 | 15 | 18 | 0 | n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 0 |
Virgin[al] | ![]() ![]() |
2010–2011 | 38 | 38 | 3 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Wolf (Walter Wolf Racing)[am] | ![]() |
1977–1979 | 48 | 47 | 4 | 54 | 3 | 79 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Zakspeed | ![]() |
1985–1989 | 74 | 54 | 7 | 136 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Constructor | Licensed in | Seasons | Races Entered | Races Started | Drivers | Total Entries | Wins | Points | Poles | FL | Podiums | WCC | WDC |
Indianapolis 500 only
The following constructors whose only World Championship participation was in the Indianapolis 500 from 1950 to 1960. All were American-based and licensed.
Privateer teams
The following are privateer teams which never built their own chassis, and thus were not "constructors":
AE Moss (1954)
Bernard White Racing (1966–1968)
BMS Scuderia Italia (1988–1993)
British Formula One Racing Team (1977)
BS Fabrications (1976–1978)
Camoradi International (1959–1961)
DW Racing Enterprises (1963–1967)
Ecurie Belge (1950–1953)
Ecurie Bleue (1950, 1959–1960)
Ecurie Bonnier (1957–1958, 1966–1971)
Ecurie Ecosse (1952–1954)
Ecurie Espadon (1950–1952)
Ecurie Lutetia (1950)
Ecurie Maarsbergen (1957–1964)
Ecurie Rosier (1950–1956)
Enrico Platé[an] (1950–1953)
Equipe Moss (1954)
Escuderia Bandeirantes (1951–1953)
FISA (1961)
FR Gerard Cars (1950–1951, 1953–1954, 1956–1957)
Goldie Hexagon Racing (1974)
John Willment Automobiles (1964–1965)
Juan Manuel Fangio (1958)
Matra International (1968–1969)
Mecom Racing Team (1962)
North American Racing Team (1964–1965, 1969)
Otelle Nucci (1962–1963, 1965)
Reg Parnell Racing (1959, 1961–1969)
Rob Walker Racing Team (1953–1955, 1957–1970)
Scuderia Achille Varzi (1950)
Scuderia Ambrosiana (1950–1951, 1954)
Scuderia Centro Sud (1957–1961, 1963–1965)
Scuderia Filipinetti (1962–1963)
Scuderia Sant'Ambroeus (1961)
Scuderia Sud Americana (1958)
Silvio Moser Racing Team (1966, 1969–1970)
T.A.S.O. Mathieson (1953)
Team Gunston (1962–1963, 1965, 1967–1972, 1974–1975)
Privateer teams by number of wins
Privateer team | Number of wins | First win | Last win | Constructor(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
10 | 1968 Dutch Grand Prix | 1970 Spanish Grand Prix | ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
9 | 1958 Argentine Grand Prix | 1968 British Grand Prix | ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
1 | 1961 French Grand Prix*** | 1961 French Grand Prix | ![]() |
* All constructor's wins
** First win for the constructor
*** Team's only championship race
See also
- List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
- List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)
- List of automobile manufacturers
Notes
- ^ Renault became the last team to have entered three cars for a race at the 1985 German Grand Prix, but only two of their cars were eligible for championship points.
- ^ Alfa Romeo had an Italian licence in 1950–1951 and 1979–1985.
- ^ Between 1950–1951 and 1979–1985.
- ^ Between 1954–1955.
- ^ Red Bull had a British licence in 2005 and 2006.[19]
- ^ In 1949 and 1950, AFM participated in the German Formula 2 championship.[20]
- ^ From 1950 to 1959, Alta was also an engine manufacturer for teams HWM, Cooper and Connaught.[21]
- ^ Arrows were known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996.[22]
- ^ In 1964 and 1967, ATS was an engine manufacturer for teams Derrington-Francis and Cooper, racing at the 1964 Italian and 1967 British Grands Prix with Mário de Araújo Cabral and Silvio Moser.[23]
- ^ BAR formerly Tyrrell; subsequently became Honda, then Brawn, then Mercedes.[24]
- ^ Benetton formerly Toleman; subsequently became Renault, then Lotus F1 and again, Renault.[24]
- ^ From 1986 to 1995 Benetton had a British licence; from 1996 to 2001, an Italian one.[25]
- ^ Coloni subsequently became Andrea Moda.[26]
- ^ Peter de Klerk contested the 1963 and 1965 South African Grands Prix in a home-built "Alfa Romeo Special"
- ^ Force India formerly Jordan, Midland and Spyker; subsequently became Racing Point Force India.[24]
- ^ Frank Williams Racing Cars includes Politoys (1972), Iso–Marlboro (1973–1974) and Wolf–Williams (1976) cars. Prior to 1972 FWRC ran customer chassis. Subsequently became Wolf. Williams Grand Prix Engineering was a new constructor established by Frank Williams and Patrick Head after Williams left Wolf–Williams.[29]
- ^ Jaguar formerly Stewart Grand Prix. Subsequently became Red Bull Racing.[24]
- ^ Jordan subsequently became Midland F1 Racing, then Spyker, then Force India.[24]
- ^ Leyton House formerly March Engineering.[31]
- ^ From 1981 to 1982 as Talbot Ligier; subsequently became Prost Grand Prix.[32]
- ^ Lola includes Larrousse (1990) and MasterCard Lola (1997) entries.[33]
- ^ March subsequently became Leyton House Racing, later reappearing as March for one final season.[31]
- ^ Marussia formerly Virgin Racing, subsequently became Manor Racing.[34][35]
- ^ Midland formerly Jordan Grand Prix; subsequently became Spyker F1, then Force India.[24]
- ^ Minardi subsequently became Scuderia Toro Rosso, then AlphaTauri.[24]
- ^ Osella subsequently became Fondmetal.[36]
- ^ Prost formerly Ligier.[32]
- ^ Racing Point Force India formerly Jordan, Midland, Spyker and Force India; subsequently became Racing Point.[24]
- ^ Renault had a British licence in 2011.[38]
- ^ From 1993 to 2005 and from 2011 to 2018 as Sauber; from 2006 to 2010 as BMW Sauber; subsequently became Alfa Romeo.[24]
- ^ From 1993 to 2005 and from 2010 to 2018 Sauber had a Swiss licence (in 2010 as BMW Sauber); from 2006 to 2009, a German one (as BMW Sauber).
- ^ From 1973 to 1975 Shadow had an American licence; from 1976 to 1980, a British one.[39]
- ^ Spyker formerly Jordan Grand Prix and Midland F1 Racing; subsequently became Force India.[24]
- ^ Stewart subsequently became Jaguar Racing.[24]
- ^ Toleman subsequently became Benetton Formula.[24]
- ^ Scuderia Toro Rosso formerly Minardi; subsequently became AlphaTauri.[24]
- ^ Tyrrell subsequently became British American Racing.[24]
- ^ Virgin subsequently became Marussia F1, then Manor Racing.[34][35]
- ^ Wolf formerly Frank Williams Racing Cars.[29]
- ^ In 1952 and 1953 Scuderia Platé built their own engines for the Maserati-Platé 4CLT.
Bibliography
- Mansell, Nigel, ed. (2001). The Official 2001–2002 Formula One Record Book. Holborn, London: European Press Ltd. ISBN 0-9541368-0-2.
- Hughes, Mark; Tremayne, David (2002). The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula 1. Parragon. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-75258-766-8.
- Hayhoe, David; Holland, David (2006). Grand Prix Data Book (4th ed.). Haynes Publishing. ISBN 1-84425-223-X.
References
- General
- "Results". Formula One. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - "Data Search". ChicaneF1. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- "Constructors". StatsF1. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- "Teams – F1 World Championship". Motor Sport. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- Specific
- ^ a b "The FIA FAQ on Formula One World Championship". Atlas F1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2001. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ Williamson, Martin. "A brief history of Formula One". ESPN. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ Hughes & Tremayne 2002, pp. 82–83
- ^ Budzinski, Oliver; Feddersen, Arne (March 2019). "Measuring Competitive Balance in Formula One Racing" (PDF). Ilmenau Economics Discussion Papers. 25 (121): 5, 7. ISSN 0949-3859. Retrieved 28 February 2021 – via EconStor.
- ^ "F1 Stats Zone – Results by Team". Sky Sports. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ "All-Time Calendar". ChicaneF1. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Formula One – Sporting Regulations – 2018".
- ^ Dodgins, Tony (14 November 2020). "2020 Turkish Grand Prix qualifying: Stroll skates to pole in Istanbul". Motor Sport. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ Verlin, Kurt (10 October 2017). "Quick Guide to Formula One Constructors". The News Wheel. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ FIA international sporting regulations para 112
- ^ "1978 United States Grand Prix Entry list".
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(help) - ^ "1973 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list".
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(help) - ^ "1975 Belgian Grand Prix Entry list".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "1998 Belgian Grand Prix podium ceremony".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "2009 Chinese Grand Prix podium ceremony".
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(help) - ^ "Case History". Corktree.tripod.com. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ Roberts, James (30 June 2019). "Aston Martin Red Bull Racing claim their 60th Formula One win". Red Bull. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ "Phoenix from the flames, part 2: AFM". 8W. Forix. 22 March 2002. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ Mansell 2001, pp. 572–583
- ^ Alsop, Derick (5 July 2002). "Walkinshaw runs out of road". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ Mansell 2001, pp. 590, 594
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mulder, Mike (23 January 2021). "F1-stambomen: van Tyrrell en Stewart tot Mercedes en Red Bull" [F1 pedigrees: from Tyrrell and Stewart to Mercedes and Red Bull]. Motorsport.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ Hayhoe & Holland 2006, p. 592
- ^ Williamson, Martin (1 November 2010). "Rewind to ... 1992 – Running on empty". ESPN. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ "Saga of Audacity: Eagle F1 – Dan Gurney's All American Racers". All American Racers. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ "1975 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list". Racing Sports Cars. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
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(help) - ^ a b "Williams F1". GrandPrix.com. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ "itv.com/f1 – The day EJ beat them all". ITV F1. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ a b "March" (in French). StatsF1. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ a b Henry, Alan (29 January 2002). "Debts end Prost grand prix dream". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ Smith, Sam (29 May 2017). "Eric Broadley, Lola founder and F1 designer, dies aged 88". Autosport. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ a b Silvestro, Brian (27 January 2017). "Manor Formula One Team Shuts Down Due to Financial Troubles". Road & Track. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ a b Culmer, Kris (27 January 2017). "Manor F1 team collapses". Autocar. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ "Fondmetal F1 SpA". GrandPrix.com. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ "1974 United States Grand Prix Entry list". Racing Sports Cars. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
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(help) - ^ Noble, Jonathan (13 January 2011). "Renault to switch to British licence". Autosport. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ "Shadow" (in French). StatsF1. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ "F1 Marussia Virgin Racing team to compete under Russian flag". RIA Novosti. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
- ^ "The story of Formula 1's first winning Wolf". 12 December 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
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(help) - ^ "Canada's first Formula 1 team has wealthy backer, Scheckter". The Montreal Gazette. 10 November 1976. Retrieved 7 February 2015.