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{{Infobox Language
{{Short description|Language spoken in Colombia}}
{{distinguish|Nipode language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Muinane
|name=Muinane
|nativename=''Muìnánɨ''
|states=[[Colombia]]
|states=[[Colombia]]
|region=[[Puerto Santander, Amazonas]]; between [[Caquetá River]] and [[Yari River]] in [[Caquetá Department]]
|ethnicity={{sigfig|2,110|2}} (2018)<ref name=e25/>
|speakers=150
|speakers=150
|date=2007
|ref=e25
|familycolor=American
|familycolor=American
|fam1=[[Witotoan languages|Witotoan]]
|fam1=?[[Bora–Witoto languages|Bora–Witoto]]
|fam2=Boran
|fam2=[[Boran languages|Boran]]
|iso2=sai|iso3=bmr}}
|iso3=bmr
|glotto=muin1242
|glottorefname=Muinane
|notice=IPA
|map=Lingua muinane.png
}}


'''Muinane''' is an indigenous American language spoken in western South America.
'''Muinane''' is an indigenous American language spoken in Colombia.


==Classification==
==Classification==
Muinane belongs to the [[Witotoan languages|Witotoan]] language family. Along with [[Bora language|Bora]], it comprises the Boran sub-grouping.
Muinane belongs to the [[Boran languages|Boran]] language family, along with [[Bora language|Bora]].


==Geographic distribution==
==Geographic distribution==
Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the [[Department of Amazonas]]. There may be some speakers in Peru.
Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the [[Amazonas (Colombian department)|Department of Amazonas]]. There may be some speakers in Peru.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==

===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Muinane consonant phonemes'''
|+ Muinane consonant phonemes
!
|&nbsp;
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
Line 27: Line 40:
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! [[Plosive]]
|{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA|tʲ}} {{IPA|dʲ}}
| {{IPA link|tʲ}} {{IPA link|dʲ}}
|{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[Affricate]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|tʃ}} {{IPA|dʒ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|dʒ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[Fricative]]
|{{IPA|ɸ}} {{IPA|β}}
| {{IPA link|ɸ}} {{IPA link|β}}
|{{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA link|x}}
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA|rʲ}}
| {{IPA link|rʲ}}
|
|
|
|
|}
|}

*Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their [[gemination|geminate]] counterparts: {{IPA|tː}} {{IPA|tʃː}} {{IPA|tʲː}} {{IPA|kː}}.
* Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their [[gemination|geminate]] counterparts: {{IPA|tː}} {{IPA|tʃː}} {{IPA|tʲː}} {{IPA|kː}}.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Muinane vowel phonemes'''
|+ Muinane vowel phonemes
!
⚫
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
⚫
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
⚫
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
⚫
! [[High vowel|High]]
!| &nbsp;
⚫
| {{IPA link|i}}
⚫
! colspan="1" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
⚫
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
⚫
! colspan="1" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
⚫
| {{IPA link|u}}
⚫
! colspan="1" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
!| [[High vowel|High]]
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|{{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
|{{IPA|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
⚫
!|[[Low vowel|Low]]
⚫
|{{IPA|e}}
⚫
|{{IPA|a}}
⚫
|{{IPA|o}}
|}
|}


===Tone===
===Tone===
There are two tones in Muinane: high and low.
There are two [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] in Muinane: high and low.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Word order in Muinane is generally [[Subject Object Verb|SOV]]. Case marking is [[Nominative-accusative language|nominative-accusative]].
Word order in Muinane is generally [[subject–object–verb|SOV]]. Case marking is [[Nominative–accusative language|nominative–accusative]].


==Writing System==
==Writing System==
Muinane is written using a modified version of the [[Latin alphabet]]. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent as is follows:
Muinane is written using a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]]. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA
!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA!!Latin!!IPA
|-
|-
|a||{{IPA|/a/}}||b||{{IPA|/b/}}||c||{{IPA|/k/}}
|a||{{IPA|/a/}}||b||{{IPA|/b/}}||c||{{IPA|/k/}}-{{IPA|/s/}}
|ch||{{IPA|/tʃ/}}||d||{{IPA|/d/}}||e||{{IPA|/e/}}
|ch||{{IPA|/tʃ/}}||d||{{IPA|/d/}}||e||{{IPA|/e/}}
|-
|-
|f||{{IPA|/ɸ/}}||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}||h||{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|f||{{IPA|/ɸ/}}||g(u)||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}-{{IPA|/x/}}||h||{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|i||{{IPA|/i/}}||ɨ||{{IPA|/ɨ/}}||j||{{IPA|/x/}}
|i||{{IPA|/i/}}||ɨ||{{IPA|/ɨ/}}||j||{{IPA|/x/}}
|-
|-
Line 105: Line 118:
|ñ||{{IPA|/ɲ/}}||o||{{IPA|/o/}}||p||{{IPA|/p/}}
|ñ||{{IPA|/ɲ/}}||o||{{IPA|/o/}}||p||{{IPA|/p/}}
|-
|-
|q||{{IPA|/k/}}||r||{{IPA|/r/}}||s||{{IPA|/s/}}
|qu||{{IPA|/k/}}||r||{{IPA|/r/}}||z||{{IPA|/s/}}
|sh||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}||t||{{IPA|/t/}}||u||{{IPA|/u/}}
|s||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}||t||{{IPA|/t/}}||u||{{IPA|/u/}}
|-
|-
||v||{{IPA|/β/}}||y||{{IPA|/j/}}|| || || || || || || ||
||v||{{IPA|/β/}}||y||{{IPA|/j/}}|| || || || || || || ||
Line 112: Line 125:
*Palatalized consonants are written using the unpalatalized forms plus y: ty {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, dy {{IPA|/dʲ/}}, ry {{IPA|/rʲ/}}. For the purposes of alphabetization, these are considered sequences of letters.
*Palatalized consonants are written using the unpalatalized forms plus y: ty {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, dy {{IPA|/dʲ/}}, ry {{IPA|/rʲ/}}. For the purposes of alphabetization, these are considered sequences of letters.
*Tone is not generally indicated in writing. When it is shown, it is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel: á, é, í, ɨ́, ó, ú.
*Tone is not generally indicated in writing. When it is shown, it is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel: á, é, í, ɨ́, ó, ú.
*The Muinane writing system is based on that of [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. For that reason, the sound {{IPA|/k/}} is written as '''c''' before a, ɨ, o, and u and as '''qu''' before e and i. Likewise, the sound {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is written as '''gu''' before e and i, and '''g''' elsewhere.
*The Muinane writing system is based on [[Spanish language|Spanish]] orthography. For that reason, the sound {{IPA|/k/}} is written as '''c''' before a, ɨ, o, and u and as '''qu''' before e and i. Likewise, the sound {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is written as '''gu''' before e and i, and '''g''' elsewhere.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
|last=Aschmann
|last=Aschmann
Line 125: Line 141:
|isbn=0-88312-189-1
|isbn=0-88312-189-1
}}
}}
*{{Citation
| first = James W.
| last = Walton
| first2 = Janice P.
| last2 = Walton
| editor-last = Waterhouse
| editor-first = Viola G.
| contribution = Phonemes of Muinane
| contribution-url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=12603
| title = Phonemic systems of Colombian languages
| year = 1967
| pages = 37–47
| place = Norman, OK
| publisher = [[SIL International]]}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
| last = Walton
| last = Walton
Line 151: Line 153:
| year = 1997
| year = 1997
| url = http://www.sil.org/americas/colombia/pubs/abstract.asp?id=38009
| url = http://www.sil.org/americas/colombia/pubs/abstract.asp?id=38009
| isbn = 968-9281-12-5}}
| oclc = 468683910}}


{{Languages of Colombia}}
==External links==
*[http://www.rosettaproject.org/archive/bmr Entry for Muinane at Rosetta Project]


[[Category:Witotoan languages]]
[[Category:Boran languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Colombia]]
[[Category:Languages of Colombia]]

[[fr:Muinane]]
[[pms:Lenga muinane]]

Latest revision as of 10:45, 18 April 2024

Not to be confused with Nipode language.
Muinane
Muìnánɨ
Native toColombia
RegionPuerto Santander, Amazonas; between Caquetá River and Yari River in Caquetá Department
Ethnicity2,100 (2018)[1]
Native speakers
150 (2007)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3bmr
Glottologmuin1242
ELPMuinane
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Muinane is an indigenous American language spoken in Colombia.

Classification

[edit]

Muinane belongs to the Boran language family, along with Bora.

Geographic distribution

[edit]

Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the Department of Amazonas. There may be some speakers in Peru.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Muinane consonant phonemes
Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive p b t d tʲ dʲ k ɡ ʔ
Affricate tʃ dʒ
Fricative ɸ β s ʃ j x
Trill r rʲ
  • Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their geminate counterparts: tː tʃː tʲː kː.

Vowels

[edit]
Muinane vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Low ɛ a o

Tone

[edit]

There are two tones in Muinane: high and low.

Grammar

[edit]

Word order in Muinane is generally SOV. Case marking is nominative–accusative.

Writing System

[edit]

Muinane is written using a Latin alphabet. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows:

Latin IPA Latin IPA Latin IPA Latin IPA Latin IPA Latin IPA
a /a/ b /b/ c /k/-/s/ ch /tʃ/ d /d/ e /e/
f /ɸ/ g(u) /ɡ/-/x/ h /ʔ/ i /i/ ɨ /ɨ/ j /x/
ll /dʒ/ m /m/ n /n/ ñ /ɲ/ o /o/ p /p/
qu /k/ r /r/ z /s/ s /ʃ/ t /t/ u /u/
v /β/ y /j/
  • Palatalized consonants are written using the unpalatalized forms plus y: ty /tʲ/, dy /dʲ/, ry /rʲ/. For the purposes of alphabetization, these are considered sequences of letters.
  • Tone is not generally indicated in writing. When it is shown, it is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel: á, é, í, ɨ́, ó, ú.
  • The Muinane writing system is based on Spanish orthography. For that reason, the sound /k/ is written as c before a, ɨ, o, and u and as qu before e and i. Likewise, the sound /ɡ/ is written as gu before e and i, and g elsewhere.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Muinane at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon

Sources

[edit]
  • Aschmann, Richard P. (1993), Proto-Witotoan, Arlington, TX: SIL International, ISBN 0-88312-189-1
  • Walton, James P.; Walton, Janice W.; Pakky de Buenaventure, Clementina (1997), Diccionario Bilingüe Muinane-Español/Español-Muinane, Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Buena Semilla, OCLC 468683910
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