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[[Image:Y-Haplogroup R1 distribution.png|thumb|300px|Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red), after McDonald (2005). See also [http://www.relativegenetics.com/genomics/images/haploMaps/originals/R1a_large_RG.jpg this map] for distribution in Europe.]]

In [[human genetics]], '''Haplogroup R1a1 (M17)''' is a [[Y-chromosome]] [[haplogroup]] that is spread across [[Eurasia]].
In [[human genetics]], '''Haplogroup R1a1 (M17)''' is a [[Y-chromosome]] [[haplogroup]] that is spread across [[Eurasia]].


It is common in [[Europe]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]]. Lower frequencies of R1a1 are found among populations of [[West Asia]]. In Europe, the highest frequencies are found in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. Today it is found with its highest levels in [[Hungary]] (60%), [[Poland]] (56%), [[Ukraine]] (54%) <ref>Semino et al. [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic ''Homo sapiens sapiens'' in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective], ''Science'', '''290''', 1155-1159, 2000</ref> or 44%, and [[Russia]], where one out of two men has this haplogroup. Relatively high frequencies are also found in [[Northern Europe]], the largest being 23% in Iceland, and it is believed to have been spread across Europe by the [[Indo-Europeans]] or perhaps later migrations of [[Vikings]], which accounts for the existence of it in, among other places, the [[British Isles]].[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/%7Edgarvey/DNA/hg/YCC_R1a1.html]
In Europe, the highest frequencies are found in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. Today it is found at its highest levels in Poland, Hungary, (56%-60%), Ukraine (54%<ref name="Semino2000">{{cite journal | last = Semino |first = A | coauthors = Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA | url = http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf | title = The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic ''Homo sapiens sapiens'' in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective | journal = Science | volume = 290 | pages = 1155-1159 | date = 2000 | id = PMID 11073453}}</ref> or 44%), and [[Russia]], where one out of two men has this haplogroup. In [[Hungary]] contradicting frequencies are reported 60% or 20%. Relatively high frequencies are also found among the ethnic [[Sorbs]] (63%) in eastern Germany and in [[Northern Europe]] (the largest being 23% in Iceland). High haplotype diversity was detected in nothern Poland where for 508 males Pawlowski et al<ref name="Pawlowski2002">{{cite journal | last = Pawlowski | first = R | coauthors = Dettlaff-Kakol A, Maciejewska A, Paszkowska R, Reichert M, Jezierski G | title = Population genetics of 9 Y-chromosome STR loci in Northern Poland | journal = Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. | year = 2002 | volume = 52 | issue =4 | pages = 261-77 | id = PMID 14669672 | lang = Polish}} (in Polish; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14669672&dopt=Abstract English abstract])</ref> found 328 diferent and 264 unique haplotypes, he wrote ''"Model for a Polish population haplotype ..is almost 15 times more frequent in our population than in a cumulative European one"'' (for better picture compare this diversity to [http://www.relativegenetics.com/genomics/images/haploMaps/originals/R1a_large_RG.jpg this map] of R1a1 frequency)
or more accurate map C on [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/vol22/issue10/images/large/molbiolevolmsi185f05_ht.jpeg this map]<ref>High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations; Marijana Perii &all url: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964</ref>.

Even in South Eastern Europe (not major concentration of R1a1) microsatellite networks of major Y chromosomal lineages show highest diveristy of R1a1 [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/vol22/issue10/images/large/molbiolevolmsi185f08_ht.jpeg graf C]<ref>High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations; Marijana Perii &all url: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964; MBE Advance Access originally published online on June 8, 2005
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2005 22(10):1964-1975; doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185 </ref>. The wariance cluster in SEE is located in [[Macedonia]] <!-- this is quite interesting the Macedonian caring oldest more clustered markers in SEE-->(map D) <!--qoute of previus (C) work-->Marijana Perii &all in 2005 hipothetise taht: ''deep Paleolithic signal as high R1a variance in SEE might be explained by either ancient demography or more recent bottlenecks and founder effects in different Slavic tribes. At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries. ''

In Asia, high R1a1 frequencies are detected in populations of [[Ishkashimi]] (68%), [[Tajiks]] (64%), and [[Kyrgyz]] (63%).<ref name ="Wells2001">{{cite journal| last = Wells | first = RS | authorlink = Spencer Wells | coauthors = Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Underhill PA, Evseeva I, Blue-Smith J, Jin L, Su B, Pitchappan R, Shanmugalakshmi S, Balakrishnan K, Read M, Pearson NM, Zerjal T, Webster MT, Zholoshvili I, Jamarjashvili E, Gambarov S, Nikbin B, Dostiev A, Aknazarov O, Zalloua P, Tsoy I, Kitaev M, Mirrakhimov M, Chariev A, Bodmer WF | date = 2001 | title = The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. | volume = 98 | issue = 18 | pages = 10244-9 | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/18/10244 | id = PMID 11526236}}</ref><ref name="Zerjal2002">{{cite journal| last = Zerjal | first = T | coauthors = Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Tyler-Smith C. | title = A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia| journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 466–482 | date = 2002 | url = http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v71n3/023927/023927.html | id = 12145751}}</ref> ''"The exceptionally high
frequencies of this marker in the Kyrgyz, TajikyKhojant, and Ishkashim populations are likely to be due to drift, as these
populations are less diverse, and are characterized by relatively small numbers of individuals living in isolated mountain valleys"''. If the size of a population decreases, for example, in a particular fraternal family all male members will have 100% of R1a1 or 0 % of this marker.

<!-- "It is worth noting that the Indo-Europeanspeaking
Sourashtrans, a population from Tamil Nadu in southern
India, have a much higher frequency of M17 than their
Dravidian-speaking neighbors, the Yadhavas and Kallars (39%
vs. 13% and 4%, respectively), adding to the evidence that M17
is a diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker." The exact qoute from source here below somehow 'over-contexted' -->
The gene has proven to be a diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker<ref name="Wells2001" /> and is believed to have been inherited from people who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the [[Kurgan culture]], generally identified as early [[Indo-Europeans]], and later by the [[Viking Age|Vikings]],<ref name = "Passarino2002">{{cite journal | last = Passarino | first = G | coauthors = Cavalleri GL, Lin AA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Borresen-Dale AL, Underhill PA | title = Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms | url = http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v10/n9/full/5200834a.html | journal = Eur. J. Hum. Genet. | year = 2002 | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = 521-9 | id = PMID 12173029}}</ref> which accounts for the existence of it in, among other places, the [[British Isles]].<ref name="Capelli2003">{{cite journal | title = A Y chromosome census of the British Isles | journal = Current Biology | year = 2003 | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 979-84 | last = Capelli | first = C | coauthors = Redhead N, Abernethy JK, Gratrix F, Wilson JF, Moen T, Hervig T, Richards M, Stumpf MP, Underhill PA, Bradshaw P, Shaha A, Thomas MG, Bradman N, Goldstein DB | url =
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-48PV5SH-12&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F27%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0eb0c8ff85bde2ebc2ef136619f57e7a | id = PMID 12781138}}<!-- also at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/capelli-CB-03.pdf --></ref><ref name="Garvey_R1a1">{{cite web | last = Garvey | first = D | title = Y Haplogroup R1a1 | url = http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/%7Edgarvey/DNA/hg/YCC_R1a1.html | accessdate = 2007-04-23}}</ref> Lower frequencies of R1a1 are found among populations of [[West Asia]]. [[Iran]] appears to have had little genetic influence from the R1a1-carrying Indo-Iranians,<ref name ="Wells2001" /> attributed to language replacement through the "elite-dominance" model.

The R1a1 is a specific sequence of nucleotides in Y Male chromosome. A single mutation, in one male, who carried [[R1]], occurred in one time. All men who have now R1a1 are direct straight line descendants of that ancestor, R1a1 originator.


==Origins==
==Origins==
The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to be have been nomadic peoples of the [[Eurasian steppes]] about 10,000 years ago. Current theories point to them being the first speakers of the proto-Indo-European languages (the [[Kurgan hypothesis|Kurgan]] culture). Highest haplotype diversity suggests that haplogroup R1a1-M17 originated in the people presently inhabiting Eastern and Central Europe.


[[Image:Europe20000ya.png|thumb|200px|European LGM refuges, 20 kya.]]
The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to have been peoples living about 15,000 years ago<ref name="Wells2001" /> confined by an area within the [[Ukrainian LGM refuge]]. The gene spread by a nomadic lifestyle and proliferated on [[Eurasian steppes]]. Current theories point to the gene being tied to speakers of the [[Proto-Indo-European language]] in the [[Kurgan hypothesis|Kurgan]] scenario, spreading the gene further to Asia and most of Europe. The low occurrence of R1a1 in Western European Indo-European speaking populations, most notably the region west of the Vistula<ref>Barrier analysis ([http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00005868/01/Varzari_Alexander.pdf Alexander Varzari, 5.2.4]) show a clear gene barrier along the Vistula: "This finding suggests that across the history the geographic boundary, dividing Southeast Europe from Eastern Europe was more transparent for the reciprocal flows than the boundary between Eastern and Western Europe."</ref> - including the enigmatic [[Nordwestblock]] - shows that this correlation with PIE cannot be extended to the "kurganized" western [[Corded ware]] and subsequent [[Beaker culture]].<ref>correlated with the "secondary Urheimat" or early [[Centum]] dialects; Mallory says (1987, p257): ''"Perhaps our only recourse is to return to our strict definition of the Proto-Indo-European homeland as where the Indo-European languages were spoken in the period 4500-2500 BC."''</ref><ref>European R1a1 measurements(referred to as M17 or Eu19) in Semino et al 2000 read 6.2% to Germans (a 4X drop to Czechs and Slovakians reading 26,7%) and 3.7% to Dutch</ref>

Highest haplotype incidence suggests that haplogroup R1a1 originated among the ancestors of the [[Balto-Slavic]] speakers of Eastern and Central Europe.
===Europe===
===Europe===


R1a1 is spread across the whole of Europe, with the highest concentrations found in [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Northern Europe]]. The two main directional components of the spread are consistent with a East to West migration as well as a radial spread from the [[Balkans]]. The latter is claimed to be a trace of the re-population of Europe after the [[Last Glacial Maximum]]. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15944443&query_hl=9]
R1a1 is spread across the whole of Europe, with the highest concentrations found in [[Poland]]. The two main directional components of the spread are consistent with an East to West migration as well as a radial spread from the [[Balkans]]. The latter is claimed to be a trace of the re-population of Europe after the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] from the [[Ukrainian LGM refuge|Ukrainian refuge]] area.<ref name = "Pericic2005">{{cite journal | last = Pericic | first = M | coauthors = Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Rootsi S, Janicijevic B, Rudan I, Terzic R, Colak I, Kvesic A, Popovic D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanovic BD, Villems R, Rudan P | title = High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations | url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964 | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | year = 2005 | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 1964-75 | id = PMID 15944443}} Haplogroup frequency data in [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1 table 1]</ref>

"At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries." [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964 ref] The last possibility is less probable, the distribution of Paleolithic pattern depth is unexplained by massive people flow. Genetic data support [[Slavic peoples#Earliest accounts|autochtonic]] school of Slovian historiography.


===India===
===India===
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:''Further information: [[Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia#R1a1 and R2|Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia: R1a1 and R2]]
:''Further information: [[Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia#R1a1 and R2|Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia: R1a1 and R2]]


In [[India]] initial studies with limited samples observed a correlation between the [[Brahmin]] caste and the R1a haplogroup which was consistent with an [[Indo-Aryan migration]] from Central Asia (Bamshad et al. 2001), in line with earlier suggestions (Cavalli-Sforza 1994). The frequency gradients of the haplogroup, falling off eastward across Siberia to the [[Altai mountains]] and southward into India, were held to perfectly reflect the inferred migrations of the [[Indo-Iranians]] during the period 3000 to 1000 BC (Wells et al 2001). The northern migration theory is also supported by the dating of the haplogroup (Wells et al 2003).
In [[India]] initial studies with limited samples observed a correlation between the [[Brahmin]] caste and the R1a haplogroup which was consistent with an [[Indo-Aryan migration]] from Central Asia (Bamshad et al. 2001),<ref name="Bamshad2001">{{cite journal | last = Bamshad | first = M | coauthors = Kivisild T, Watkins WS, Dixon ME, Ricker CE, Rao BB, Naidu JM, Prasad BV, Reddy PG, Rasanayagam A, Papiha SS, Villems R, Redd AJ, Hammer MF, Nguyen SV, Carroll ML, Batzer MA, Jorde LB | title = Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations | url = http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/994 | journal = Genome Research | year = 2001 | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 994-1004 | id = PMID 11381027}}</ref> in line with earlier suggestions (Cavalli-Sforza 1994).<ref>{{cite book | last = Cavalli-Sforza | first = Luigi Luca | title = The History and Geography of Human Genes | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1994 | id = ISBN 0-691-08750-4}}</ref> The frequency gradients of the haplogroup, falling off eastward across Siberia to the [[Altai mountains]] and southward into India, were held to perfectly reflect the inferred migrations of the (pre-)[[Proto-Indo-Iranian]]s and [[Indo-Iranians]] during the period 3000 to 1000 BC (Wells et al 2001).<ref name ="Wells2001" /> The northern migration theory is also supported by the dating of the haplogroup (Wells et al 2003).


Studies of India scholars showed the R1a lineage forms around 35-45% among all the castes in North Indian population (Namita Mukherjee et al. 2001) and the [[Badagas]] of the [[Nilgiris]] making the association with the Brahmin caste more vague. A further study (Saha et al 2005)<ref name = "Saha2005">{{cite journal | last = Saha | first = A | coauthors = Sharma S, Bhat A, Pandit A, Bamezai R | title = Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow | journal = J. Hum. Genet. | year = 2005 | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | pages = 49-51 | id = PMID 15611834}}</ref> examined R1a1 in South Indian tribals and Dravidian population groups more closely, and questioned the concept of its Indo-Iranian origin. Most recently Sengupta et al. (2006)<ref name="Sengupta2006">{{cite journal | last = Sengupta | first = S | coauthors = Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA | title = Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists | url = http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/42812/42812.html | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | year = 2006 | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 202-21 | id = PMID 16400607}}</ref> have confirmed R1a's diverse presence including even Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called [[dalit (outcaste)|untouchables]]) and populations not part of the caste system. From the diversity and distinctiveness of [[microsatellite]] [[Y-STR]] variation they conclude that there must have been an independent R1a1 population in India dating back to a much earlier expansion than the Indo-Aryan migration.


According to Sengupta et al. (table 5),<ref name="Sengupta2006" /> [[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|R1*]] is virtually absent in Southeast and East Asia.
However, another study showed the R1a lineage forms around 35-45% among all the castes in North Indian population (Namita Mukherjee et al. 2001) and the [[Badagas]] of the [[Nilgiris]] making the association with the Brahmin caste more vague. A further study (Saha et al 2005) examined R1a1 in South Indian tribals and Dravidian population groups more closely, and questioned the concept of its Aryan origin. Most recently Sengupta et al. (2006) have confirmed R1a's diverse presence including even Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called [[dalit (outcaste)|untouchables]]) and populations not part of the caste system. From the diversity and distinctiveness of [[microsatellite]] [[Y-STR]] variation they conclude that there must have been an independent R1a1 population in India dating back to a much earlier expansion than the Indo-Aryan migration.

The 'Indian origin conception' has one disqualifying and clear problem. No detectable*8 R1 (m173) marker in big 700 sample population. The R1a1 was created when mutation occurred in a men caring R1 gene.


== Relationship to other haplogroups ==
== Relationship to other haplogroups ==
Line 38: Line 64:


It is related to [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1b]] (M343), which is dominant in [[Western Europe]], and more distantly related to [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R2]] (M124).
It is related to [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1b]] (M343), which is dominant in [[Western Europe]], and more distantly related to [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R2]] (M124).



{{Clade
{{Clade
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}}
}}


==Frequency distribution==
==Y dna frequency==
Y DNA frequency is expressed as percentage (%) of population samples. Number of samples when the gene was found / number of total samples * 100. Each sample is equal to randomly chosen man.
R1a frequency is expressed as percentage of population samples.


===Europe===
===Europe===


===Europe===
N R1 R1a source
[[Sorb]] 112 - '''63.39''' 2
N *R1 R1a1 source
Hungarian 45 13.3 '''60.0''' 1
[[Sorbs]] 112 - '''63.39''' 2
Polish 55 16.4 '''56.4''' 1
Hungarian 45 13.3 60.0 1 ?-14
Ukrainian 50 2.0 '''54.0''' 1
Poles 55 16.4 '''56.4''' 1,14
Belarusian 306 '''50.98''' 2
Ukrainian 50 2.0 54.0 1,14
Belarusian 306 50.98 2 ?-14
Russian 122 7.0 47.0 14
Belarusian - 46 4
Belarusian - 46 4
Ukrainian - 44 3
Belarusian 41 10.0 39.0 14
Russia North 49 0 43 5
Ukrainian - 44 3 ?
Ukrainians, Rashkovo 53 41.5 10 ?
Russian, North 49 0 43 5
Latvian 34 15.0 41.0 14
Udmurt 43 11.6 37.2 1
Udmurt 43 11.6 37.2 1
Pomor 28 0 36 5
Pomor 28 0 36 5
Macedonian 20 10.0 35.0 1
Macedonian 20 10.0 35.0 1
Moldavians, Karahasan 72 34.7 10
Croatian 34 15e
Lithuanian 38 6 34 14
Croatian 58 10.3 29.3 1
Croatian 58 10.3 29.3 1
Orkney 26 65 27 5
UK Orkney 26 65 27 5
Czech+Slovakian 45 35.6 26.7 1
Gagauzes, Etulia 41 26.8 10
Czech + Slovakian 45 35.6 26.7 1,14
Norvegian 83 26.5 13
Bosnians 25 15e
Icelander 181 41.4 23.8 14
Norvegian 87 21.69 2
Norvegian 87 21.69 2
Moldavians, Sofia 54 20.4 10
Romanians 54 20.4 10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt)
Hungarian 45 13.3 20.4 14
Orcandin 71 66.0 19.7 14
Swedish (Northern) 48 23.0 19.0 14
Swedish 110 20.0 17.3 14
Danish 12 41.7 16.7 14
Herzegovinians 15 15e
Mari 46 0 13.0 1
Mari 46 0 13.0 1
German 88 12.50 2
German 88 12.50 2
German 48 47.9 8.1 14
Greek 76 27.6 11.8 1
Greek 76 27.6 11.8 1
Syrian 20 15.0 10.0 1
Albanian 51 17.6 9.8 1
Albanian 51 17.6 9.8 1
Lebanese 31 6.4 9.7 1
Albanian 10 15e
Saami 24 8.3 8.3 1
Saami 24 8.3 8.3 1
UK Isle of Man 62 15 8 11
Greek 8 15e
UK Orkney 121 23 7 11 ?? 7% <> 23% *5
UK 309 ~7 13 see references
Georgian 63 ` 14.3 7.9 1
Georgian 63 ` 14.3 7.9 1
Turks 7 15e
Turkish 30 6.6 6.6 1
Turkish 30 6.6 6.6 1
UK Shetland 63 17 6 11
UK Chippenham 51 16 6 11
UK Cornwall 52 25 6 11
Dutch 27 70.4 3.7 1
Dutch 27 70.4 3.7 1
German 16 50.0 6.2 1
German 16 50.0 6.2 1
CN Italian 50 62.0 4.0 1
Italian central/north 50 62.0 4.0 1
Italians 3 15e
Brithish ~1000 ~4 11
Irish 222 81.5 0.5 14
Calabrian 37 32.4 0 1
Calabrian 37 32.4 0 1
Sardinian 77 22.1 1
Sardinian 77 22.1 1
Brithish 25 72 0 5
Brithish 25 72 0 5
Poles 913 9
Poles 913 9
Germans 1215 9
Germans 1215 9
Dniester-Carpathian - 50.06 10
Dniester-Carpathian - 50.06 10
Moldavians, Karahasan 72 34.7 10
Moldavians, Sofia 54 20.4 10
Romanians 54 20.4 10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt)
Ukrainians, Rashkovo 53 41.5 10
Gagauzes, Kongaz 48 12.5 10
Gagauzes, Kongaz 48 12.5 10
Gagauzes, Etulia 41 26.8 10


empty or - = no data in sample.
empty or - = no data in sample.
? = datasets differences, [?-x]:= ^x=# source

*1 http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf
*2 http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Levite%20paper.pdf
*3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r60m403330h204l0/
*4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/n2883j06628r5515/
*9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/
*10 http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00005868/01/Varzari_Alexander.pdf
*11 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/capelli-CB-03.pdf, table 1, more data % < 6
*13 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf
*14 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1 + (15'th primary sources?)
*15e http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964#FIG5

<!-- the data may be incorporated in the table below but ins not convinient to edit-->

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%"
! &nbsp; || N || *R1 || R1a1 || source
|-
! [[Sorbs]]
|| 112 || - || '''63.39''' || Behar et al (2003)<ref name=Behar2003>{{cite journal | last = Behar | first = DM | coauthors = Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Hammer MF, Bulygina E, Rosengarten D, Jones AL, Held K, Moses V, Goldstein D, Bradman N, Weale ME | year=2003 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v73n4/40097/40097.html | title = Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 73 | pages = 768–779 | id = PMID 13680527}} <!-- also at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Behar-AJHG-03.pdf--></ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Hungarian
|| 45 || 13.3 || 60.0 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
|| 113 || || 20.4 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Poles
|| 55 || 16.4 || '''56.4''' || Semino et al (2000),<ref name="Semino2000" /> Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Ukrainian
|| 50 || 2.0 || 54.0 || Semino et al (2000),<ref name="Semino2000" /> Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Belarusian
|| 306 || || 50.98 || Behar et al (2003)<ref name=Behar2003 /> ?- Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Russian
|| 122 || 7.0 || 47.0 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Belarusian
|| - || || 46 || 4
|-
! Belarusian
|| 41 || 10.0 || 39.0 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Ukrainian
|| - || || 44 || 3 ?
|-
! Ukrainians, Rashkovo
|| 53 || || 41.5 ||10 ?
|-
! Russian, North
|| 49 || 0 || 43 || 5
|-
! Latvian
|| 34 || 15.0 || 41.0 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Udmurt
|| 43 || 11.6 || 37.2 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! Pomor
|| 28 || 0 || 36 || 5
|-
! Macedonian
|| 20 || 10.0 || 35.0 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! Moldavians, Karahasan
|| 72 || || 34.7 ||10
|-
! Lithuanian
|| 38 || 6 || 34 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Croatian
|| 58 || 10.3 || 29.3 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! UK Orkney
|| 26 || 65 || 27 || 5
|-
! Gagauzes, Etulia
|| 41 || || 26.8 ||10
|-
! Czech + Slovakian
|| 45 || 35.6 || 26.7 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" /> ,14
|-
! Norvegian
|| 83 || || 26.5 ||13
|-
! Icelander
|| 181 || 41.4 || 23.8 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Norvegian
|| 87 || || 21.69 || Behar et al (2003)<ref name=Behar2003 />
|-
! Moldavians, Sofia
|| 54 || || 20.4 ||10
|-
! Romanians
|| 54 || || 20.4 ||10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt)
|-
! Hungarian
|| 45 || 13.3 || 20.4 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Orcandin
|| 71 || 66.0 || 19.7 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Swedish (Northern)
|| 48 || 23.0 || 19.0 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Swedish
|| 110 || 20.0 || 17.3 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Danish
|| 12 || 41.7 || 16.7 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Mari
|| 46 || 0 || 13.0 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! German
|| 88 || || 12.50 || Behar et al (2003)<ref name=Behar2003 />
|-
! German
|| 48 || 47.9 || 8.1 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Greek
|| 76 || 27.6 || 11.8 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! Albanian
|| 51 || 17.6 || 9.8 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! Saami
|| 24 || 8.3 || 8.3 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! UK Isle of Man
|| 62 || 15 || 8 ||Capelli et al (2003)<ref name="Capelli2003" />
|-
! UK Orkney
|| 121 || 23 || 7 ||Capelli et al (2003)<ref name="Capelli2003" /> ?? 7% <> 23% *5
|-
! UK
|| 309 || || ~7 || 13 see references
|-
! Georgian
|| 63 || 14.3 || 7.9 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! Turkish
|| 30 || 6.6 || 6.6 ||1
|-
! UK Shetland
|| 63 || 17 || 6 ||Capelli et al (2003)<ref name="Capelli2003" />
|-
! UK Chippenham
|| 51 || 16 || 6 ||Capelli et al (2003)<ref name="Capelli2003" />
|-
! UK Cornwall
|| 52 || 25 || 6 ||Capelli et al (2003)<ref name="Capelli2003" />
|-
! Dutch
|| 27 || 70.4 || 3.7 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! German
|| 16 || 50.0 || 6.2 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! Italian central/north
|| 50 || 62.0 || 4.0 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! Brithish
|| ~1000 || || ~4 ||Capelli et al (2003)<ref name="Capelli2003" />
|-
! Irish
|| 222 || 81.5 || 0.5 || Pericic et al (2005)<ref name="Pericic2005" />
|-
! Calabrian
|| 37 || 32.4 || 0 || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! Sardinian
|| 77 || 22.1 || || Semino et al (2000)<ref name="Semino2000" />
|-
! Brithish
|| 25 || 72 || 0 || 5
|-
! Poles
|| 913 || || || 9
|-
! Germans
|| 1215 || || || 9
|-
! Dniester-Carpathian
|| - || || 50.06 ||10
|-
! Gagauzes, Kongaz
|| 48 || || 12.5 ||10
|}
empty or - = no data in sample.
? = datasets differences, [?-x]:= ^x=# source


*1 http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf
*1 http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf
Line 107: Line 352:
*9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/
*9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/
*10 http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00005868/01/Varzari_Alexander.pdf
*10 http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00005868/01/Varzari_Alexander.pdf
*11 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/capelli-CB-03.pdf, table 1, more data % < 6
*13 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf
*14 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1 + (15'th primary sources?)


===Asia===
===Asia===
n R1 R1a
N *R1 R1a1(%) Sr. Published
[[Ishkashimi]] 25 4 '''68''' 5
[[Ishkashimi]] 25 4 '''68''' 5 Spencer Wells,2001
[[Tajiks]] - '''64''' 6
[[Tajiks]] - '''64''' 6
[[Kyrgyz]] 52 2 '''63''' 5,6(n-)
[[Tajiks]]/Khojant 22 '''64''' 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Tashkent IE 69 7 47 5
[[Tajiks]]/Dushanbe 16 19 5 Spencer Wells,2001
India Upper Caste 86 - 45.35 8
[[Tajiks]]/Samarkand 40 25 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Sourasthran 46 0 39 5
[[Kyrgyz]] 52 2 '''63''' 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Abkhazians 12 8 33 7
Kazan Tatar 38 3 24 5
Saami 23 9 22 5
Iran (Tehran) 80 8 20 7
Iran (Isfahan) 50 0 18 7
Tashkent IE 69 7 47 ?
Tuvian 42 2 14 5
India Upper Caste 86 - 45.35 8
Abazinians 14 0 14 7
Sourasthran 46 0 39 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Turks 39 31 13 7
Abkhazians 12 8 33 7 Nasidze,2004
Georgians 77 10 10 7
Chenchus (India-Darv.) - - 26 12
Kurd 17 29 12 5
Kazan Tatar 38 3 24 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Nenets 54 4 11 5
Saami 23 9 22 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Iran (Tehran) 24 4 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Iran (Tehran) 80 8 20 7 Nasidze,2004
Armenian 47 36 09 5
Iran (Isfahan) 50 0 18 7 Nasidze,2004
Turkmen 37 36 9 5
Pakistan ?? 85 1.10 16.47 8 ?
Lezgi(S.Caucasus) 12 17 8 7
Pakistan 175 0.57 24.43 8 ?
Svans 25 0 8 7
Pakistan south 91 0 31.87 8 ?
Azerbaijanians 72 11 7 7
India 728 0 15.8 8 ?
Armenians 100 19 6 7
India 325 0.3 27 12 ?
S.Ossetians 17 12 6 7
Tuvian 42 2 14 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Kazaks - 3 6
Abazinians 14 0 14 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Chechenians 19 0 5 7
Turks 39 31 13 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kallar Darvidian 84 0 4 5
Georgians 77 10 10 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Mongolian 24 0 4 5
Kurd 17 29 12 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Ossetians (Ardon) 28 0 4 7
Nenets 54 4 11 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Kazbeg 25 8 4 7
Syrian 20 15 10 1
Kabardinians 59 2 2 7
Lezgi(Dagestan) 25 4 0 7
Lebanese 31 6.4 9.7 1
Oseetians (Digora) 31 0 0 7
Turkmen 37 36 9 ?
Rutulians 24 0 0 7
Turkmen 30 37 7 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Darginians 26 4 0 7
Lezgi(S.Caucasus) 12 17 8 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Ingushians 22 0 0 7
Svans 25 0 8 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Azerbaijanians 72 11 7 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Pakistan ?? 85 1.10 16.47 8
Armenians 100 19 6 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Pakistan suoth 91 0 31.87 8
Armenians 47 36 9 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Cambodia 6 0 0 8
S.Ossetians 17 12 6 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
China 127 0 0 8
Kazaks 54 6 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Japan 23 0 0 8
Chechenians 19 0 5 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Siberia 18 0 0 8
Kallar Darvidian 84 0 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
India 728 0 15.8 8
Mongolian 24 0 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Pakistan 175 0.57 24.43 8
Ossetians (Ardon) 28 0 4 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
India Upper Caste 86 - 45.35 8
Kazbegi 25 8 4 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
India Darvidian T. 180 - 2.78 8
India Darvidian (Tribal) 180 - 2.78 8
Kabardinians 59 2 2 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Lezgi(Dagestan) 25 4 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Oseetians (Digora) 31 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Rutulians 24 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Darginians 26 4 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Ingushians 22 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Cambodia 6 0 0 8 ?
China 127 0 0 8
Japan 23 0 0 8
Siberia 18 0 0 8 ?


Publications:
* 5 http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/18/10244.pdf
*(*5) http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/18/10244.pdf<ref name = "Wells2001" />
* 6 [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v71n3/023927/023927.web.pdf?erFrom=-1171384335968887498Guest uchicago.edu 498G]
* (*6) http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v71n3/023927/023927.web.pdf<ref name = "Zerjal2002" />
* 7 http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf
* (*7) http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf<ref>2004 I. Nasidze & all "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus" doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x </ref>
* 8 http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/42812/42812.html table 5, 6 & 7
* (*8) http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/42812/42812.html table 5, 6 & 7<ref name="Sengupta2006" />
* (*12) T. Kivisild & all , http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Kivisild2003b.pdf Fig3 more detailed data for regions, but no caste<ref> 2003 T. Kivisild "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations" Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003 </ref>

==popular culture==
[[Bryan Sykes]] in his book ''[[Blood of the Isles]]'' gives (from his fantasy) the populations associated with R1a in Europe the name of [[Sigurd]] for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work ''[[The Seven Daughters of Eve]]''.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups]]
* [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups]]
* [[Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia]]
* [[Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia]]
* [[Pole, Hungarian, two good friends]]


==References==
==References==
<div class="references-small">
* {{cite book | author=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza | title=The History and Geography of Human Genes | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1994}} ISBN 0-691-08750-4
* Semino et al (2000), [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans], Science, Vol '''290'''
* Wells et al (2001), [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/18/10244.pdf The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity], PNAS, Vol '''98'''
* Saha Anjana, Sharma Swarkar, Bhat Audesh,Pandit Awadesh, Bamezai Ramesh (2005). Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow. J Hum Genet;50:49–51 PMID 15611834
* Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?AJHG42812ABS Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists], American Journal of Human Genetics, '''78''':202-221

<references/>
<references/>
</div>


== External links ==
==External links==
*[http://www.relativegenetics.com/genomics/images/haploMaps/originals/R1a_large_RG.jpg Map of R1a]
*[http://www.relativegenetics.com/genomics/images/haploMaps/originals/R1a_large_RG.jpg Map of R1a]
*[https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my048 Spread of R1a1], from the [[Genographic Project]], ''[[National Geographic]]''
*[https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my048 Spread of R1a1], from the [[Genographic Project]], ''[[National Geographic]]''
Line 187: Line 444:
[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|R1a1]]
[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|R1a1]]


[[nl:Haplogroep R1a1 (Y-DNA)]]
[[pl:R1a1]]
[[pl:R1a1]]
[[ru:R1a]]

Revision as of 06:04, 29 May 2007

Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red), after McDonald (2005). See also this map for distribution in Europe.

In human genetics, Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup that is spread across Eurasia.

In Europe, the highest frequencies are found in Central and Eastern Europe. Today it is found at its highest levels in Poland, Hungary, (56%-60%), Ukraine (54%[1] or 44%), and Russia, where one out of two men has this haplogroup. In Hungary contradicting frequencies are reported 60% or 20%. Relatively high frequencies are also found among the ethnic Sorbs (63%) in eastern Germany and in Northern Europe (the largest being 23% in Iceland). High haplotype diversity was detected in nothern Poland where for 508 males Pawlowski et al[2] found 328 diferent and 264 unique haplotypes, he wrote "Model for a Polish population haplotype ..is almost 15 times more frequent in our population than in a cumulative European one" (for better picture compare this diversity to this map of R1a1 frequency) or more accurate map C on this map[3].

Even in South Eastern Europe (not major concentration of R1a1) microsatellite networks of major Y chromosomal lineages show highest diveristy of R1a1 graf C[4]. The wariance cluster in SEE is located in Macedonia (map D) Marijana Perii &all in 2005 hipothetise taht: deep Paleolithic signal as high R1a variance in SEE might be explained by either ancient demography or more recent bottlenecks and founder effects in different Slavic tribes. At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries.

In Asia, high R1a1 frequencies are detected in populations of Ishkashimi (68%), Tajiks (64%), and Kyrgyz (63%).[5][6] "The exceptionally high frequencies of this marker in the Kyrgyz, TajikyKhojant, and Ishkashim populations are likely to be due to drift, as these populations are less diverse, and are characterized by relatively small numbers of individuals living in isolated mountain valleys". If the size of a population decreases, for example, in a particular fraternal family all male members will have 100% of R1a1 or 0 % of this marker.

The gene has proven to be a diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker[5] and is believed to have been inherited from people who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, generally identified as early Indo-Europeans, and later by the Vikings,[7] which accounts for the existence of it in, among other places, the British Isles.[8][9] Lower frequencies of R1a1 are found among populations of West Asia. Iran appears to have had little genetic influence from the R1a1-carrying Indo-Iranians,[5] attributed to language replacement through the "elite-dominance" model.

The R1a1 is a specific sequence of nucleotides in Y Male chromosome. A single mutation, in one male, who carried R1, occurred in one time. All men who have now R1a1 are direct straight line descendants of that ancestor, R1a1 originator.

Origins

European LGM refuges, 20 kya.

The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to have been peoples living about 15,000 years ago[5] confined by an area within the Ukrainian LGM refuge. The gene spread by a nomadic lifestyle and proliferated on Eurasian steppes. Current theories point to the gene being tied to speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language in the Kurgan scenario, spreading the gene further to Asia and most of Europe. The low occurrence of R1a1 in Western European Indo-European speaking populations, most notably the region west of the Vistula[10] - including the enigmatic Nordwestblock - shows that this correlation with PIE cannot be extended to the "kurganized" western Corded ware and subsequent Beaker culture.[11][12]

Highest haplotype incidence suggests that haplogroup R1a1 originated among the ancestors of the Balto-Slavic speakers of Eastern and Central Europe.

Europe

R1a1 is spread across the whole of Europe, with the highest concentrations found in Poland. The two main directional components of the spread are consistent with an East to West migration as well as a radial spread from the Balkans. The latter is claimed to be a trace of the re-population of Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum from the Ukrainian refuge area.[13]

"At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries." ref The last possibility is less probable, the distribution of Paleolithic pattern depth is unexplained by massive people flow. Genetic data support autochtonic school of Slovian historiography.

India

Further information: Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia: R1a1 and R2

In India initial studies with limited samples observed a correlation between the Brahmin caste and the R1a haplogroup which was consistent with an Indo-Aryan migration from Central Asia (Bamshad et al. 2001),[14] in line with earlier suggestions (Cavalli-Sforza 1994).[15] The frequency gradients of the haplogroup, falling off eastward across Siberia to the Altai mountains and southward into India, were held to perfectly reflect the inferred migrations of the (pre-)Proto-Indo-Iranians and Indo-Iranians during the period 3000 to 1000 BC (Wells et al 2001).[5] The northern migration theory is also supported by the dating of the haplogroup (Wells et al 2003).

Studies of India scholars showed the R1a lineage forms around 35-45% among all the castes in North Indian population (Namita Mukherjee et al. 2001) and the Badagas of the Nilgiris making the association with the Brahmin caste more vague. A further study (Saha et al 2005)[16] examined R1a1 in South Indian tribals and Dravidian population groups more closely, and questioned the concept of its Indo-Iranian origin. Most recently Sengupta et al. (2006)[17] have confirmed R1a's diverse presence including even Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called untouchables) and populations not part of the caste system. From the diversity and distinctiveness of microsatellite Y-STR variation they conclude that there must have been an independent R1a1 population in India dating back to a much earlier expansion than the Indo-Aryan migration.

According to Sengupta et al. (table 5),[17] R1* is virtually absent in Southeast and East Asia.

Relationship to other haplogroups

R1a1 is a subgroup of Haplogroup R (M207).

It is related to Haplogroup R1b (M343), which is dominant in Western Europe, and more distantly related to Haplogroup R2 (M124).

Haplogroup R
Haplogroup R1

Haplogroup R2

Frequency distribution

R1a frequency is expressed as percentage of population samples.

Europe

Europe

                             N   *R1     R1a1    source
Sorbs                       112     -    63.39   2
Hungarian                    45   13.3   60.0    1     ?-14
Poles                        55   16.4   56.4    1,14
Ukrainian                    50    2.0   54.0    1,14     
Belarusian                  306          50.98   2     ?-14
Russian                     122    7.0   47.0   14
Belarusian                    -          46      4
Belarusian                   41   10.0   39.0   14
Ukrainian                     -          44      3     ?
Ukrainians, Rashkovo         53          41.5   10     ?
Russian, North               49      0   43      5
Latvian                      34   15.0   41.0   14
Udmurt                       43   11.6   37.2    1
Pomor                        28      0   36      5
Macedonian                   20   10.0   35.0    1
Moldavians, Karahasan        72          34.7   10
Croatian                                 34     15e
Lithuanian                   38     6    34     14
Croatian                     58   10.3   29.3    1
UK Orkney                    26     65   27      5
Gagauzes, Etulia             41          26.8   10
Czech + Slovakian            45   35.6   26.7    1,14
Norvegian                    83          26.5   13 
Bosnians                                 25     15e
Icelander                   181   41.4   23.8   14
Norvegian                    87          21.69   2
Moldavians, Sofia            54          20.4   10
Romanians                    54          20.4   10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt) 
Hungarian                    45   13.3   20.4   14
Orcandin                     71   66.0   19.7   14
Swedish (Northern)           48   23.0   19.0   14
Swedish                     110   20.0   17.3   14
Danish                       12   41.7   16.7   14
Herzegovinians                           15     15e    
Mari                         46      0   13.0    1
German                       88          12.50   2
German                       48   47.9   8.1    14
Greek                        76   27.6   11.8    1
Albanian                     51   17.6    9.8    1
Albanian                                 10     15e
Saami                        24    8.3    8.3    1
UK Isle of Man               62   15      8     11
Greek                                     8     15e 
UK Orkney                   121   23      7     11     ?? 7% <> 23% *5
UK                          309          ~7     13     see references
Georgian                     63 ` 14.3    7.9    1
Turks                                     7     15e
Turkish                      30    6.6    6.6    1
UK Shetland                  63   17      6     11
UK Chippenham                51   16      6     11
UK Cornwall                  52   25      6     11
Dutch                        27   70.4    3.7    1   
German                       16   50.0    6.2    1
Italian central/north        50   62.0    4.0    1
Italians                                  3     15e
Brithish                  ~1000          ~4     11  
Irish                       222   81.5    0.5   14
Calabrian                    37   32.4      0    1
Sardinian                    77   22.1           1
Brithish                     25     72      0    5
    
Poles                       913                  9
Germans                    1215                  9
Dniester-Carpathian           -          50.06  10  
Gagauzes, Kongaz             48          12.5   10

empty or - = no data in sample.
?          = datasets differences, [?-x]:= ^x=# source


  N *R1 R1a1 source
Sorbs 112 - 63.39 Behar et al (2003)[18]
Hungarian 45 13.3 60.0 Semino et al (2000)[1]
113 20.4 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Poles 55 16.4 56.4 Semino et al (2000),[1] Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Ukrainian 50 2.0 54.0 Semino et al (2000),[1] Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Belarusian 306 50.98 Behar et al (2003)[18]  ?- Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Russian 122 7.0 47.0 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Belarusian - 46 4
Belarusian 41 10.0 39.0 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Ukrainian - 44 3  ?
Ukrainians, Rashkovo 53 41.5 10  ?
Russian, North 49 0 43 5
Latvian 34 15.0 41.0 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Udmurt 43 11.6 37.2 Semino et al (2000)[1]
Pomor 28 0 36 5
Macedonian 20 10.0 35.0 Semino et al (2000)[1]
Moldavians, Karahasan 72 34.7 10
Lithuanian 38 6 34 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Croatian 58 10.3 29.3 Semino et al (2000)[1]
UK Orkney 26 65 27 5
Gagauzes, Etulia 41 26.8 10
Czech + Slovakian 45 35.6 26.7 Semino et al (2000)[1] ,14
Norvegian 83 26.5 13
Icelander 181 41.4 23.8 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Norvegian 87 21.69 Behar et al (2003)[18]
Moldavians, Sofia 54 20.4 10
Romanians 54 20.4 10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt)
Hungarian 45 13.3 20.4 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Orcandin 71 66.0 19.7 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Swedish (Northern) 48 23.0 19.0 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Swedish 110 20.0 17.3 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Danish 12 41.7 16.7 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Mari 46 0 13.0 Semino et al (2000)[1]
German 88 12.50 Behar et al (2003)[18]
German 48 47.9 8.1 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Greek 76 27.6 11.8 Semino et al (2000)[1]
Albanian 51 17.6 9.8 Semino et al (2000)[1]
Saami 24 8.3 8.3 Semino et al (2000)[1]
UK Isle of Man 62 15 8 Capelli et al (2003)[8]
UK Orkney 121 23 7 Capelli et al (2003)[8]  ?? 7% <> 23% *5
UK 309 ~7 13 see references
Georgian 63 14.3 7.9 Semino et al (2000)[1]
Turkish 30 6.6 6.6 1
UK Shetland 63 17 6 Capelli et al (2003)[8]
UK Chippenham 51 16 6 Capelli et al (2003)[8]
UK Cornwall 52 25 6 Capelli et al (2003)[8]
Dutch 27 70.4 3.7 Semino et al (2000)[1]
German 16 50.0 6.2 Semino et al (2000)[1]
Italian central/north 50 62.0 4.0 Semino et al (2000)[1]
Brithish ~1000 ~4 Capelli et al (2003)[8]
Irish 222 81.5 0.5 Pericic et al (2005)[13]
Calabrian 37 32.4 0 Semino et al (2000)[1]
Sardinian 77 22.1 Semino et al (2000)[1]
Brithish 25 72 0 5
Poles 913 9
Germans 1215 9
Dniester-Carpathian - 50.06 10
Gagauzes, Kongaz 48 12.5 10 
empty or - = no data in sample.
?          = datasets differences, [?-x]:= ^x=# source

Asia

                            N     *R1     R1a1(%)   Sr. Published
                            
Ishkashimi                   25      4     68        5 Spencer Wells,2001
Tajiks                       -             64        6
Tajiks/Khojant               22            64        5 Spencer Wells,2001   
Tajiks/Dushanbe              16            19        5 Spencer Wells,2001   
Tajiks/Samarkand             40            25        5 Spencer Wells,2001   
Kyrgyz                       52      2     63        5 Spencer Wells,2001

Tashkent IE                  69      7     47        ?
India Upper Caste            86      -     45.35     8
Sourasthran                  46      0     39        5 Spencer Wells,2001
Abkhazians                   12      8     33        7 Nasidze,2004
Chenchus (India-Darv.)        -      -     26       12  
Kazan Tatar                  38      3     24        5 Spencer Wells,2001
Saami                        23      9     22        5 Spencer Wells,2001
Iran (Tehran)                24      4      4        5 Spencer Wells,2001
Iran (Tehran)                80      8     20        7 Nasidze,2004 

Iran (Isfahan)               50      0     18        7 Nasidze,2004
Pakistan  ??                 85      1.10  16.47     8 ?
Pakistan                    175      0.57  24.43     8 ?
Pakistan south               91      0     31.87     8 ?
India                       728      0     15.8      8 ?
India                       325      0.3   27       12 ? 
Tuvian                       42      2     14        5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Abazinians                   14      0     14        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Turks                        39     31     13        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Georgians                    77     10     10        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kurd                         17     29     12        5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Nenets                       54      4     11        5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Syrian                       20     15     10        1

Lebanese                     31      6.4    9.7      1
Turkmen                      37     36      9          ?
Turkmen                      30     37      7        5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Lezgi(S.Caucasus)            12     17      8        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Svans                        25      0      8        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Azerbaijanians               72     11      7        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Armenians                   100     19      6        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Armenians                    47     36      9        5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
S.Ossetians                  17     12      6        5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Kazaks                       54      6      4        5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Chechenians                  19      0      5        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kallar Darvidian             84      0      4        5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Mongolian                    24      0      4        5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Ossetians (Ardon)            28      0      4        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kazbegi                      25      8      4        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
India Darvidian (Tribal)    180      -      2.78     8 
Kabardinians                 59      2      2        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Lezgi(Dagestan)              25      4      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Oseetians (Digora)           31      0      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Rutulians                    24      0      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Darginians                   26      4      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Ingushians                   22      0      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Cambodia                      6      0      0        8 ?
China                       127      0      0        8    
Japan                        23      0      0        8
Siberia                      18      0      0        8 ?

Publications:

Bryan Sykes in his book Blood of the Isles gives (from his fantasy) the populations associated with R1a in Europe the name of Sigurd for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work The Seven Daughters of Eve.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Semino, A (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective" (PDF). Science. 290: 1155–1159. PMID 11073453. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Pawlowski, R (2002). "Population genetics of 9 Y-chromosome STR loci in Northern Poland". Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. (in Polish). 52 (4): 261–77. PMID 14669672. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) (in Polish; English abstract)
  3. ^ High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations; Marijana Perii &all url: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964
  4. ^ High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations; Marijana Perii &all url: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964; MBE Advance Access originally published online on June 8, 2005 Molecular Biology and Evolution 2005 22(10):1964-1975; doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185
  5. ^ a b c d e f Wells, RS (2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (18): 10244–9. PMID 11526236. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b Zerjal, T (2002). "A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71 (2): 466–482. 12145751. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Passarino, G (2002). "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10 (9): 521–9. PMID 12173029. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Capelli, C (2003). "A Y chromosome census of the British Isles". Current Biology. 13 (11): 979–84. PMID 12781138. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Garvey, D. "Y Haplogroup R1a1". Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  10. ^ Barrier analysis (Alexander Varzari, 5.2.4) show a clear gene barrier along the Vistula: "This finding suggests that across the history the geographic boundary, dividing Southeast Europe from Eastern Europe was more transparent for the reciprocal flows than the boundary between Eastern and Western Europe."
  11. ^ correlated with the "secondary Urheimat" or early Centum dialects; Mallory says (1987, p257): "Perhaps our only recourse is to return to our strict definition of the Proto-Indo-European homeland as where the Indo-European languages were spoken in the period 4500-2500 BC."
  12. ^ European R1a1 measurements(referred to as M17 or Eu19) in Semino et al 2000 read 6.2% to Germans (a 4X drop to Czechs and Slovakians reading 26,7%) and 3.7% to Dutch
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Pericic, M (2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964–75. PMID 15944443. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Haplogroup frequency data in table 1
  14. ^ Bamshad, M (2001). "Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations". Genome Research. 11 (6): 994–1004. PMID 11381027. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08750-4.
  16. ^ Saha, A (2005). "Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow". J. Hum. Genet. 50 (1): 49–51. PMID 15611834. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b c Sengupta, S (2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. PMID 16400607. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b c d Behar, DM (2003). "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73: 768–779. PMID 13680527. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ 2004 I. Nasidze & all "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus" doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x
  20. ^ 2003 T. Kivisild "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations" Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003
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