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==Early life==
==Early life==
Reza Pahlavi was born in the village of [[Alasht]] in [[Savad Kooh]] county, [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]] in 1878. When Reza was sixteen years old, he joined the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]], in which, years later, he would rise to the rank of [[Brigadier]].
Reza Pahlavi was born in the village of [[Alasht]] in [[Savad Kooh]] county, [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]] in 1878. It is believed that [[Reza Shah]] [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi]]'s grandmother was a Georgian (from Mazandaran).<ref> Georgians in Iran'' by Ali Attār, Jadid Online, 2008, [http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Georgians_in_iran_test/muliani_high.html] (5 min 31 sec).</ref>
⚫
When Reza was sixteen years old, he joined the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]], in which, years later, he would rise to the rank of [[Brigadier]]. He also served in the [[Iranian Army]], where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant under [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] Prince [[Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma]]'s command. He rose through the ranks, eventually holding a commission as a [[Brigadier General]] in the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]]. He was the last and only [[Iran]]ian commander of the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]]. He was also one of the last individuals to become an officer of the [[Neshan-e Aqdas]] prior to the collapse of the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1925.<ref>Christopher Buyers, ''[http://4dw.net/royalark/Persia/Orders/aqdas.htm Persia, The Qajar Dynasty: Orders & Decorations]''</ref>

⚫
He also served in the [[Iranian Army]], where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant under [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] Prince [[Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma]]'s command. He rose through the ranks, eventually holding a commission as a [[Brigadier General]] in the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]]. He was the last and only [[Iran]]ian commander of the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]]. He was also one of the last individuals to become an officer of the [[Neshan-e Aqdas]] prior to the collapse of the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1925.<ref>Christopher Buyers, ''[http://4dw.net/royalark/Persia/Orders/aqdas.htm Persia, The Qajar Dynasty: Orders & Decorations]''</ref>


==Rise to power==
==Rise to power==

Revision as of 12:55, 13 December 2008

For the Afghan serial killer, see Reza Khan (Taliban).


Rezā Shāh Pahlavi
ReignDecember 15, 1925 - September 16, 1941
PredecessorAhmad Shah Qajar
SuccessorMohammad Reza Pahlavi
Burial
Reza Shah's mausoleum in Ray, Tehran, Iran
IssueShams, Mohammad Reza, Ashraf, Ali Reza, Gholam Reza Pahlavi, Ahmad Reza, Mahmud Reza, Maryam, Hamid Reza Pahlavi
HousePahlavi dynasty
FatherAbbas Ali
MotherNoush-Afarin

Rezā Shāh, also Rezā Shāh Pahlavi (Persian: رضا شاه پهلوی, pronounced [rezɑː-ʃɑːh-e pæhlæviː]), (March 15, 1878 – July 26, 1944), was the Shah of Iran[1] from December 15, 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in September 16, 1941. Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi Dynasty. He established an authoritarian government that valued nationalism, militarism, secularism and anti-communism combined with strict censorship and state propaganda.[2]

Known as quite intelligent despite his lack of formal education, [3] Reza Shah introduced many socio-economic reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances.[1] To his supporters his reign brought "law and order, discipline, central authority, and modern amenities - schools, trains, buses, radios, cinemas, and telephones".[4] However, his attempts of modernisation have been criticised for being "too fast"[5] and "superficial",[6] and his reign a time of "oppression, corruption, taxation, lack of authenticity" with "security typical of police states." [7]

Name

In the early stages of his life, Reza Shah was known as Reza Savad-Koohi, because of his birth place (see below). Later on, when he gained territory with his own army, he entitled himself Reza Khan, and later as Reza Khan Mirpanj (Persian: رضا خان میرپنج), his full military title at the time. Upon becoming minister of war, he was known as Reza Khan Sardar Sepah, which in Persian roughly means Reza Khan, head of the armed forces. Upon securing his position as the Shah of Persia, he chose the surname Pahlavi (surnames did not exist in Persia before this date, and were introduced as one of the modernization measures during his reign[8]).

Early life

Reza Pahlavi was born in the village of Alasht in Savad Kooh county, Mazandaran in 1878. It is believed that Reza Shah Pahlavi's grandmother was a Georgian (from Mazandaran).[9] When Reza was sixteen years old, he joined the Persian Cossack Brigade, in which, years later, he would rise to the rank of Brigadier. He also served in the Iranian Army, where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant under Qajar Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma's command. He rose through the ranks, eventually holding a commission as a Brigadier General in the Persian Cossack Brigade. He was the last and only Iranian commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade. He was also one of the last individuals to become an officer of the Neshan-e Aqdas prior to the collapse of the Qajar dynasty in 1925.[10]

Rise to power

Main article: Iranian Constitutional Revolution

The 1921 Coup

File:Reza Shah MoW.jpg
Reza Shah during his time as Minister of War.

In late 1920 the Soviet Socialist Republic in Rasht was preparing to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1500 Jangalis, Kurds, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis", reinforced by the Soviet Red Army. This fact, along with various other disorders, mutinies and unrest in the country created "an acute political crisis in the capital."[11] On February 21, 1921, Reza Khan staged a coup d'état together with Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee, to get control over a country which had practically no functioning central government at the time.

Commanding a Russian-trained Cossack Brigade, Reza Khan marched his troops from Qazvin, 150 kilometres to the west of Tehran, and seized key parts of the capital city almost without opposition and forced the government to resign.[12]

With the success of the coup, Tabatabaee became the Prime Minister of Iran. Reza Khan's first role in the new government was as commander of the army, which, in April 1921, he combined with the post of Minister of War. At the same time, he took the title Reza Khan Sardar Sepah (رضا خان سردار سپه).

While Reza Khan and his Cossack brigade were securing Tehran, the Persian envoy was in Moscow negotiating a treaty with the Bolsheviks for the removal of Soviet troops from Persia. Known as the 1921 Treaty of Friendship, its Article IV allowed the Soviets to invade and occupy Persia should they believe foreign troops are using Persia as a staging area for an invasion of Soviet territory. As Soviets interpreted the Treaty, they could invade should events in Persia prove threatening to Soviet national security. The Soviets would hold this Treaty over the heads of Persia leaders for years to come.[citation needed]

The coup d'état of 1921 and the emergence of Reza Khan were assisted by the British government which wished to halt the Bolshevik's penetration of Iran particularly because of the threat it posed to the British colonial possession of India. It is thought that British provided "ammunition, supplies and pay" for Reza's troops.[13][14] [15] Before the coup, the commander of the British Forces in Iran, General Edmond Ironside, gave a situation report to the British War Office opining that a capable Persian officer must command the Cossacks and this "would solve many difficulties and enable us to depart in peace and honour."[16] [17] [18][19]

File:Iran Map 1921.JPG
Persia on the eve of Reza Khan's coup

In 1921 there were a number of revolts against the coup[20] In June 1920, a soviet socialist republic had established in Gilan by Mīrzā Kūchak Khān, as the prime minister. Kurds of Khorasan also revolted in the same year.[21]

Overthrow of the Qajar dynasty

On October 26, 1923, Reza had seized control of Iran and forced the young Ahmad Shah Qajar to exile in Europe. As the Prime Minister, Reza Khan wanted to secure his power in opposition to any potential restoration of Qajar house. He now machinated for a republic and his military junta started a massive propaganda campaign for establishment of a republic.[22][23] However, the idea of a republic was fiercely opposed by the powerful clergymen, and the feudal landlords.[24]. Some leaders of the National Assembly of Iran, known as the Majlis, particularly Hassan Modarres and the young Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh forcefully opposed Reza Khan’s plan to consolidate his autocracy. His supremacy was imposed by 1925 with the subjugation of all tribal insurrections and nationalists’ unrest. He maneuvered against Qajar dynasty and in October forced the parliament to depose the young King. He assured the landlords and the conservative clergy that he would defend Islamic law and would not undertake any radical reform. The Majlis, convening as a constituent assembly on December 12, 1925, declared him the Shah.[12][22]

Three days later, on December 15, 1925, he took his imperial oath and thus became the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty. It was not until April 25, 1926 that Reza Shah would receive his coronation and first place the Imperial Crown on his head. At the same ceremony his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was proclaimed the Crown Prince of Persia– to rule after his father.[25]

Reign

Modernization

Reza Shah at the opening ceremony of the University of Tehran's Faculty of Medicine.

During Reza Shah's sixteen years of rule, major developments, such as large road construction projects and the Trans-Iranian Railway were built, modern education was introduced and the University of Tehran was established.[26] The government sponsored European educations for many Iranian students.[27] The number of modern industrial plants, increased 17 fold under Reza Shah, (excluding oil installations), the number of miles of highway increased from 2000 to 14,000.[28]

Some of his development has been criticized as wasteful and/or serving special or foreign (British) interests. For example, an economically justifiable east-west railway system was not built, while an uneconomical north-south system was, this being attributed by some to provide benefit to the British who had a military presence in the south of Iran and wanted to transfer their troops to Russia and the Indian subcontinent as part of their strategic defence plan.[23]

One area of modernization his regime failed in was public health. According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, with the exception of Abadan, an oil company town, Iranian cities "saw little of modern medicine and sanitation in terms of sewage, piped water, or medical facilities" under Reza Shah's reign. "Infant mortality remained high... Even the capital had fewer than 40 registered doctors." [29]

Along with the modernization of the nation, Reza Shah was the ruler during the time of the Women's Awakening (1936-1941). This movement sought the elimination of the Islamic veil from Iranian society. Supporters held that the veil impeded physical exercise and the ability of women to enter society and contribute to the progress of the nation. This move met opposition from the religious establishment.[citation needed] The unveiling issue and the Women's Awakening are linked to the Marriage Law of 1931 and the Second Congress of Eastern Women in Tehran in 1932.

Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch after 1400 years who paid respect to the Jews by praying to the Torah and bowing in front of it when visiting the Jewish community of Isfahan; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the Iranian Jews and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after Cyrus the Great. Reza Shah's reforms in opening new occupations to Jews and allowing them to leave the ghetto.[30]

He forbade photographing aspects of Iran he considered backwards such as camels, and he banned Islamic dress and chadors in favour of Western dress.[31] Women who resisted this compulsory unveiling had their veils forcibly removed. He dealt harshly with opposition: troops were sent to massacre protesters at mosques and nomads who refused to settle; newspapers were closed and liberals imprisoned.[31] He also used his power to vastly increase his fortune, becoming the biggest landowner in Iran, proprietor of nearly three thousand villages, as well as many factories and enterprises.[31]

Treatment of ministers

Reza Shah would discredit and eliminate his ministers whom he considered as his rivals. His minister of Imperial Court, Teimurtash, was accused and convicted of corruption, bribery, misuse of foreign currency regulations, and plans to overthrow the Shah. He was removed as the minister of court in 1932 and was murdered while in prison in September 1933. His minister of finance, Firuz who played an important role in the first three years of his reign was convicted on similar charges in May 1930 and was murdered in prison in January 1938. Davar, his minister of justice, was suspected of similar charges and committed suicide in February 1937. As Ghani writes with the elimination of these ministers “Iran was deprived of her most dynamic figures… and the burden of government fell heavily on Reza Shah.[32]

<script type="text/javascript" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:VoABot/adminlist.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:VoABot/botlist.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Voice of All/Dates.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Voice of All/monobook/parse.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"></script>===Clash with the clergy=== As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928 he violated the sanctuary of Qom's Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine and beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom.[33] In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes.[34] This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from touching their foreheads on the ground during salah as required by Islamic law.[35] The Shah also encouraged women to discard hijab. He announced that female teachers could not longer come to school with head coverings. One of his daughters reviewed a girls' athletic event with an uncovered head.[36]

The devout were also angered by policies which allowed mixing of the sexes. Women were allowed to study in the colleges of law and medicine,[37] and in 1934 a law set heavy fines for cinemas, restaurants, and hotels that did not open doors to both sexes. [38] Doctors were permitted to dissect human bodies. He restricted public mourning observances to one day and required mosques to use chairs during these observances instead of the traditional sitting on the floors of mosques.[39]

By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's rule had caused intense dissatisfaction within the Shi'a clergy throughout Iran.[40] In 1935 a backlash erupted in the Mashed shrine. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's heretical innnovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaaris and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanting slogans such as `The Shah is a new Yezid.` For four full days local police and army refused to violate the shrine. The standoff was ended when troops from Azerbaijan arrived and broke into the shrine,[41] killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between Shi'ite clergy and the Shah.[42]

The shah intensified his controversial changes following the incident, banning the chador and ordering all citizens - rich and poor - to bring their wives to public functions without head coverings.[43]

Foreign affairs

Reza Shah initiated changes in foreign affairs as well. Despite the support initially given to him by the British, the Shah worked to balance British influence with other foreigners and generally to diminish foreign influence in Iran. In 1931, he refused to allow Imperial Airways to fly in Persian airspace, instead giving the concession to German-owned Lufthansa Airlines. The next year he surprised the British by unilaterally canceling the oil concession awarded William Knox D’Arcy (then called Anglo-Persian Oil Company), which was slated to expire in 1961. The concession granted Persia 16% of the net profits from APOC oil operations. The Shah wanted 21%. Following a brief challenge by the British before the League of Nations, the British acquiesced. He previously hired American consultants to develop and implement Western-styled financial and administrative systems. Included among them was U.S. Economist, Dr. Arthur Millspaugh who acted as the nation's Finance Minister. Reza Shah also purchased ships from Italy and hired Italians to teach his troops the intricacies of naval warfare. He also began bringing in hundreds of German technicians and advisors for various projects. Mindful of the Persian’s long period of subservience to British and Russian authority, Reza Shah was careful to avoid giving any one foreign nation too much control. He also insisted that foreign advisors be employed by the Persian government so that they would not be answerable to foreign powers. This was based upon his experience with Anglo-Persian which was owned and operated by the British government.

In his campaign against foreign influence he annulled the 19th century capitulations to Europeans in 1928. Under these, Europeans in Iran had enjoyed the privilege of being subject to their own consular courts rather than to the Iranian judiciary. The right to print money was moved from the British Imperial Bank to his National Bank of Iran (Bank-i Melli Iran), as was the administration of the telegraph system from the Indo-European Telegraph Company to the Iranian government, in addition to the collection of customs by Belgian officials. He eventually fired Millspaugh, and prohibited foreigners from administering schools, owning land or traveling in the provinces without police permission.[44]

On 21 March 1935, he issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence in accordance with the fact that Persia was a term used for a country identified as Iran in the Persian language. It has however contributed more to the Iranian people than others, particularly its language. Opponents claimed that this act brought cultural damage to the country and separated Iran from its past in the West (see Iran naming dispute). The name Iran means “Land of the Aryans”.

Suspicious of both Britain and the Soviet Union, the shah circumscribed contacts with foreign embassies. Relations with the Soviet Union had already deteriorated because of that country's commercial policies, which in the 1920s and 1930s adversely affected Iran. In 1932 the shah offended Britain by canceling the agreement under which the Anglo-Persian Oil Company produced and exported Iran's oil. Although a new and improved agreement was eventually signed, it did not satisfy Iran's demands and left bad feeling on both sides. To counterbalance British and Soviet influence, Reza Shah encouraged German commercial enterprise in Iran. On the eve of World War II, Germany was Iran's largest trading partner.[45]

The Germans agreed to sell him the steel factory he coveted and considered a sine qua non of progress and modernity. Nevertheless, according to the British embassy reports from Tehran in 1940, the total number of German citizens in Iran - from technicians to spies - was no more than a thousand.[46]

His foreign policy, which had consisted essentially of playing the Soviet Union off against Great Britain, failed when those two powers joined in 1941 to fight the Germans. To supply the Soviet forces with war material through Iran, the two allies jointly occupied the country in August 1941.[47]

Later years of reign

By the late 1930s, Reza Shah had become increasingly despotic and disliked.[48] The parliament assented to his decrees,[49] the free press was suppressed, and the swift incarceration of political leaders like Mossadegh and the murder of others like Teymourtash and Davar halted the formation of any democratic process. He treated the urban middle class, the managers, and technocrats with an Iron Fist; as a result his state-owned industries remained unproductive and inefficient.[50] The bureaucracy fell apart before him since anyone could be whisked away to prison at any moment for disobeying his whims.[50] He confiscated land from the Qajars and from his rivals to usurp it into his own estates. The corruption continued under his rule and even became institutionalized. Progress toward modernization was spotty and isolated.[51] He became totally dependent on his military force and the army, which in return regularly received up to 50 percent of the public revenue to guarantee its loyalty.[50]

Although the landed upper class lost its influence during his reign, his new regime aroused opposition not from the gentry but mainly from Iranian "tribes, the clergy, and the young generation of the new intelligentsia. The tribes bore the brunt of the new order." [52]

World War II deposition and death

In August 1941, the Allied powers Britain and the Soviet Union occupied Iran by a massive air, land, and naval assault subsequently forcing Reza Shah to abdicate in favour of his son (see also Persian Corridor).

The Shah received with disbelief, as a personal humiliation and defeat, news that fifteen Iranian divisions had surrendered without much resistance. Some of his troops dispersed and went home, while others were locked up in their barracks by the Allies.

The British left the Shah a face-saving way out:[53]

Would His Highness kindly abdicate in favour of his son, the heir to the throne? We have a high opinion of him and will ensure his position. But His Highness should not think there is any other solution.

The invasion was allegedly in fear that Reza Shah was about to align his petroleum-rich country with Nazi Germany during the war: However, Reza Shah's earlier Declaration of Neutrality and refusal to allow Iranian territory to be used to train, supply, and act as a transport corridor to ship arms to Russia for its war effort against Germany, was the strongest motive for the allied invasion of Iran. Because of its importance in the allied victory, Iran was subsequently called "The Bridge of Victory" by Winston Churchill.[54]

The Shah's son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, officially replaced his father on the throne on September 16, 1941. Reza Shah was soon forced into exile in British territories, first to Mauritius, then to Durban thence Johannesburg, South Africa, where he died on July 26, 1944, of heart ailment from which he had been complaining for many years. (His personal doctor had boosted the King's morale in exile by telling him that he was suffering from chronic indigestion and not heart ailment. He lived on a diet of plain rice and boiled chicken in the last years of his life) He was sixty-six years old at the time of his death.

After his passing, his body was carried to Egypt, where his body was embalmed and kept at the royal Al Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo (poignantly, the future burial place of his son, the exiled Mohammad Reza Pahlavi). Many years later, the remains were flown back to Iran, where the embalming was removed (Islamic laws do not allow for embalmment of the dead), and buried in a beautifully designed and decorated mausoleum built in his honor at the Shia shrine town of Ray/Shah-Abdol-Azim, in the southern suburbs of the capital, Tehran. Satellite map The Iranian parliament (Majlis) later designated the title "the Great" to be added to his name.

Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Reza Shah's mausoleum was destroyed under the direction of Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali, which was sanctioned by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.[55]

Legacy

Reza Shah's main critics were the so-called "new intelligencia", often educated in Europe, for whom the Shah "was not a state-builder but an `oriental despot` ... not a reformer but a plutocrat strengthening the landed upper class; not a real nationalist but a jack-booted Cossack trained by the Tsarists and brought to power by British imperialists.[56] His defenders included Ahmad Kasravi, an older intellectual who defended the Shah saying

Our younger intellectuals cannot possibly understand, and thus cannot possibly judge Reza Shah. They cannot because they were too young to remember the chaotic and desperate conditions out of which he arose. [57]

Family

Reza Shah's first wife, whom he married in 1894, was Maryam Khanum (died 1904). They had one daughter:

His second wife was Tadj ol-Molouk (1896-1982), by whom he had five children:

In 1922 (divorced 1923), Reza Shah married Turan (Qamar al Molk) Amir Soleimani (1904– 1995), by whom he had one son:[58]

Reza Shah's fourth wife was Esmat Dowlatshahi (1904-1995), by whom he had five children:

Honours

See also

References

  1. ^ a b The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Reza Shah
  2. ^ Michael P. Zirinsky; "Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926", International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (1992), 639-663, Cambridge University Press
  3. ^ Paula K. Byers; 1998, "Encyclopedia of World Biography", ISBN 0-7876-2553-1, Pages 116-117, Reza Shah Pahlavi
  4. ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.91
  5. ^ The Origins of the Iranian Revolution by Roger Homan. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 56, No. 4 (Autumn, 1980), pp. 673-677 Link
  6. ^ Richard W. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, University of Pittsburgh Press, ISBN o-8229-3396-7
  7. ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.91
  8. ^ Albrecht Schnabel and Amin Saikal (2003), Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges, and Modernization. URL pp91
  9. ^ Georgians in Iran by Ali Attār, Jadid Online, 2008, [1] (5 min 31 sec).
  10. ^ Christopher Buyers, Persia, The Qajar Dynasty: Orders & Decorations
  11. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, (1982), p.116-7
  12. ^ a b Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. para. 2, 3
  13. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, (1982), p.117
  14. ^ see also: Zirinsky M.P. Imperial Power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah 1921-1926. International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 24, 1992. p.646
  15. ^ see also FO 371 16077 E2844 dated 8 June 1932. A British Embassy report that stated that the British put Reza Shah "on the throne".
  16. ^ report dated 8 December 1920. Richard H, Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord, vol. 3, P384
  17. ^ Ansari, Ali M. Modern Iran since 1921. Longman. 2003 ISBN 0-582-35685-7 p.26-31
  18. ^ For fine discussions of this period and Ironsides's key role, see R.H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917-1921, 3 (Princeton, 1972)
  19. ^ D. Wright, The English amongst the Persians (London, 1977), pp. 180-84. Ironside's diary is the main document
  20. ^ Makki Hossein, The History of Twenty Years, Vol.2, Preparations For Change of Monarchy, Mohammad-Ali Elmi Press, 1945 pp, 87-90, 358-451,
  21. ^ On these postwar movements see especially Cottam, Richard W Nationalism in Iran: Updated through 1978, 2nd ed. Pittsburg. University of Pittsburg Press. 1979
  22. ^ a b Nikki R Keddie (1981). Roots of Revolution; An Interpretive History of Modern Iran. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0300026064. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b Makki Hossein (1324 (1945)). History of Iran in Twenty Years, Vol. II, Preparation for the Change of Monarchy. Tehran: Nasher Publication, Printed by Mohammad Ali Elmi. pp. 484–485. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  24. ^ ibid, keddie, page 91 and Makki page 497. See also Sullivan, William H, Mission to Iran, W.W.Norton and Company,1981 page48
  25. ^ "Timeline: Iran; A chronology of key events". bbc.co.uk. January 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
  26. ^ Iran: Recent History, The Education System
  27. ^ John Stanton, Iran's Reza Pahlavi: A Puppet of the US and Israel?
  28. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, (1982), p.146
  29. ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.90
  30. ^ A Brief History of Iranian Jews
  31. ^ a b c Kapuściński, Ryszard. Shah of Shahs. Translated from Polish by William R. Brand and Katarzyna Mroczkowska-Brand. New York: Vintage International, 1992.
  32. ^ Cyrus Ghani, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-629-8, 2000 page-403
  33. ^ Mackey, Sandra The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, New York : Dutton, c1996. p.181
  34. ^ Mackey, The Iranians, (1996) p.184
  35. ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.93-4
  36. ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.93-4
  37. ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.93-4
  38. ^ Mackey, The Iranians, (1996) p.182
  39. ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.94
  40. ^ Rajaee, Farhang, Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII (PDF), University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-3578-X
  41. ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.94
  42. ^ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c1984, p.22
  43. ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.95
  44. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, (1982), p.143-4
  45. ^ Historical Setting
  46. ^ iranian.com: Abbas Milani, Iran, Jews and the Holocaust: An answer to Mr. Black
  47. ^ Reza Shah Pahlavi :: Policies as shah. - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  48. ^ Nikki R. Keddie and Yann Richard, Roots of Revolution, 1981, Yale University, ISBN 0-300-02606-4
  49. ^ Barry Rubin, Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran, Oxford University Press Inc. 1980, ISBN 0-14-00-5964-4 and Richard W Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, University of Pittsburgh Press 1979. ISBN 0-8229-3596-7
  50. ^ a b c See: Barry Rubin Paved With Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran, Oxford University Presss. Inc. 1980, p. 14-15
  51. ^ Nikki R. Keddie and Yann Richard, Roots of Revolution, 1981, Yale University, ISBN 0-300-02606-4
  52. ^ Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran (2008), p.92
  53. ^ Kapuscinski, Ryszard (2006). Shah of Shahs. Penguin Books. p. 25. ISBN 978-0141188041.
  54. ^ "Country name calling: the case of Iran vs. Persia". retrieved 04 May 2008
  55. ^ Obituary: Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali– Hardline cleric known as the "hanging judge" of Iran by Adel Darwish, The Independent, Nov 29, 2003.
  56. ^ Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran (2008), p.96
  57. ^ Parcham, 16 August 1942
  58. ^ History of Iran: Reza Shah Pahlavi at the Iran Chamber Society
Reza Shah
Born: 15 March 1878 Died: 26 July 1944
Regnal titles
Preceded by Shah of Iran
1925–1941 		Succeeded by

Template:Rulers known as "the Great"

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