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* {{flagicon image|Chetniks Flag.svg}} [[Chetniks]] (1941–1942)
* {{flagicon image|Chetniks Flag.svg}} [[Chetniks]] (1941–1942)
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}} (December 1941 – April 1942)
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}} (December 1941 – April 1942)
* {{flagicon image|Flaga PPP.svg}} [[Polish Underground State|Polish resistance]] (1944)
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| serviceyears = 1928–1944
| serviceyears = 1928–1944

Revision as of 16:38, 1 October 2013

Major

Jezdimir Dangić
Native name
Јездимир Дангић
Nickname(s)Jezda[1]
King of Romanija[2]
Born(1897-05-04)4 May 1897
Bratunac, Bosnia Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Died22 August 1947(1947-08-22) (aged 50)
Sarajevo, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
Allegiance
Service/branchGendarmerie
Years of service1928–1944
RankMajor
CommandsMountain Staff of the Bosnian Chetnik Detachments
Battles/wars

Jezdimir Dangić (Serbian Cyrillic: Јездимир Дангић; 4 May 1897 – 22 August 1947) was a Bosnian Serb Chetnik commander during World War II. Born in the town of Bratunac, he became an officer in the gendarmerie of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes at the beginning of 1928 and was appointed to lead the gendarmerie detachment stationed at the Yugoslav royal palace in 1940. With the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, Dangić commanded the gendarmerie unit that escorted King Peter II out of the country. In August of that year, General Draža Mihailović appointed him commander of the Chetnik forces in eastern Bosnia. Here, Dangić and his men launched several attacks against the forces of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). In August, Dangić's Chetniks captured the town of Srebrenica. Afterwards, they became largely inactive in fighting the Germans, choosing instead to avoid confrontation. In December, Chetniks under Dangić's command massacred 1,370 Bosnian Muslims in the town of Goražde.

In January 1942, Dangić ordered his forces to not resist German and NDH troops during the anti-Partisan offensive known as Operation Southeast Croatia. Afterwards, he was invited to Belgrade to negotiate the terms of proposed Chetnik collaboration with the Germans with Milan Nedić and General der Artillerie (lieutenant general) Paul Bader. Although a deal was struck, it was vetoed by the Wehrmacht Armed Forces Commander in Southeast Europe, General der Pioniere Walter Kuntze, who remained suspicious of Dangić. Despite this, Dangić's Chetniks collaborated with German forces in eastern Bosnia over a period of several months beginning in December 1941. In April, Dangić was arrested on Kuntze's orders and was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in German-occupied Poland after he travelled to Serbia despite promising to operate only within the territory of Bosnia. In 1943, he escaped from prison and the following year participated in the Warsaw Uprising. The next year he was captured by the Red Army and was extradited to Yugoslavia, where he stood accused of being responsible for the deaths of 8,000 Bosnian Muslims. In 1947, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death for war crimes by Yugoslavia's new Communist authorities.

Early life and career

Jezdimir Dangić was born on 4 May 1897[3] in the town of Bratunac, Bosnia Vilayet, Ottoman Empire.[4] In his youth, he was a Communist-sympathizer[5] and member of the revolutionary organisation known as Young Bosnia ([Mlada Bosna, Млада Босна] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)).[6] Following Gavrilo Princip's assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914, Dangić was arrested due to his membership. He was subsequently tried in the town of Tuzla and was imprisoned for two-and-a-half years for participating in revolutionary activities.[7] Dangić's father, Savo, was also imprisoned in Tuzla, and died at his home on 31 October 1915 shortly after being released.[8]

After the war, Dangić obtained a law degree and spent some time as a district officer.[9] He also became a member of the League of Farmers,[10] a party which protected the interests of Bosnian Serb peasantry and which was the precursor to the Chetnik movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina in World War II.[11] On 3 January 1928,[3] he joined the gendarmerie of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and worked his way up to the rank of cavalry sub-lieutenant.[12] In 1940, he was appointed to lead the gendarmerie detachment stationed at the Yugoslav royal palace.[13]

World War II

Invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia

map showing the partition of Yugoslavia, 1941–43
A map showing the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia from 1941–43, including the demarcation line between the German and Italian zones.

On 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia. Poorly equipped and poorly trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated.[14] At this time, Dangić was assigned to command the gendarmerie unit that escorted King Peter II to Nikšić Airport as he left the country.[15] Dangić obeyed the summons of Milan Aćimović, head of the first Serbian puppet government, to serve in the gendarmerie of the Serbian quisling state and did so until mid-August.[5]

After the invasion, Yugoslavia was dismembered, with Serbia being reduced to its pre-1912 borders and placed under a government of German military occupation.[16] Milan Nedić, a pre-war politician who was known to have pro-Axis leanings, was then selected by the Germans to lead the collaborationist Government of National Salvation in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia.[17] Meanwhile, the extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Pavelić, who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy, was appointed Poglavnik (leader) of an Ustaše-led Croatian state – the Independent State of Croatia (often called the NDH, from the Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska).[18] The NDH combined almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia into an "Italian-German quasi-protectorate."[19] NDH authorities, led by the Ustaše militia,[20] subsequently implemented genocidal policies against the Serb, Jewish and Roma population living within the borders of the new state.[21] As a result, two resistance movements emerged – the royalist Serb Chetniks, led by General Draža Mihailović, and the multi-ethnic, Communist Yugoslav Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito.[22]

Command in east Bosnia

At the time of the Yugoslav surrender, Dangić was in Belgrade. When news reached him of the Ustaše massacres of Serbs in Bosnia, he sought permission to travel there and escort his family and relatives to safety. In the summer his request was approved, and he travelled via Mihailović's headquarters at Ravna Gora.[9] Early on, Mihailović designated Dangić as one of three men who were to succeed him as leaders of the Chetnik movement should anything happen to him.[23] In August 1941, Dangić was sent by Mihailović to eastern Bosnia to take command of the Chetnik detachments in the region and bring them under Mihailović's control,[24] and he collected a group of Bosnian Serbs and crossed the Drina into the NDH.[9] Dangić was accompanied by Major Boško Todorović who had been appointed by Mihailović as his commander for east Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dangić himself was appointed as the commander of the Mountain Staff of the Bosnian Chetnik Detachments, and had immediate jurisdiction over east Bosnia. According to the historian Dr. Marko Attila Hoare, Dangić may have had more influence on Chetnik decision-making, despite his formal subordination to Todorović.[25] In the beginning, Dangić's operations were directed primarily against the Ustaše and the Bosnian Muslim population of the area,[24] where Dangić exercised considerable influence over the Serb population.[26] During this time, he and his men cooperated with the Partisans in accordance with Chetnik policy at the time. Chetnik–Partisan cooperation in areas under Dangić's command continued to some extent even after the two groups began clashing.[27]

Dangić is said to have held a "fierce hatred" of Muslims, allegedly saying that he wished to "kill them all," and that he had an "absolute willingness" to collaborate with the Germans.[5] On 18 August, a 400-strong Chetnik force led by Dangić captured the town of Srebrenica.[13] Here, the Chetniks confiscated all weapons that were in the hands of the local inhabitants and began recruiting local Serbs to join the Chetniks.[28] In the village of Zaklopača, they barricaded a group of Muslims in a local mekteb (Muslim religious school) which was then set alight, killing eighty-one people.[29] In east Bosnia the largest Chetnik massacres took place despite the area being relatively untouched by the Ustaše genocide until spring of 1942.[30]

Within the first months of their occupation of Yugoslavia, the Germans had threatened to murder one-hundred Serb civilians for every German soldier killed and fifty for every German soldier wounded. As a result, Mihailović increasingly sought to avoid attacks that would bring German reprisals against the Serb population.[31] Despite this, more than 25,000 Serbs were killed in German reprisal killings by October 1941.[32] However, as early as that August, Mihailović had urged the Chetniks to "avoid clashes with the Germans for as long as possible." Dangić likewise sought to avoid conflict with the Germans and began to pursue a policy of "self-defence against the Ustaše and revenge against the Croats and Muslims."[33] By early September, he had established himself as the leader of the Chetnik groups in eastern Bosnia, including those led by Aćim Babić and Rade Kosorić.[9] On 5 September, in response to a failed Partisan-Chetnik attack, he burnt a number of Muslim homes,[5] and his Chetniks engaged in the robbing and beating of Muslim civilians.[34] At this point, occasional killings of Muslims occurred, although Hoare describes this behaviour as being "not yet genocidal."[5] That month, under the direct order of Dangić, Chetniks burnt and looted the Muslim village of Novo Selo, killing Muslims and carrying out other crimes in the process.[35] Chetnik persecution of Muslims worsened after the break with the Partisans.[34]

At the end of September, the Abwehr (German military intelligence) reported that Dangić was supported by and was in contact with the Nedić administration. It also reported that "[Dangić] has had good relations with the Germans and does everything in order to avoid collision between his troops and the Germans."[27] Although his original objective was solely to protect the Serb population against the Ustaše, Dangić quickly became an important factor in the conflict between the two groups in eastern Bosnia.[36] The Germans sought to win Dangić over to collaboration in order to strengthen anti-Partisan operations in the region, where Dangić's Chetniks reportedly numbered about 10,000 men,[37] but at this time neither Dangić nor any of Mihailović's other commanders had any arrangement with the Germans.[38]

On 9 November 1941, Mihailović ordered Dangić to attack Partisan forces in the Serbian town of Užice and to retain only his "most necessary units" in Bosnia. His order claimed that the Partisans were led by the Ustaše and were pursuing a "fratricidal war" amongst Serbs to "prevent the Chetniks from taking their revenge against the Croats." However, Dangić failed to carry out the attack, likely because he considered the strengthening of Chetniks in eastern Bosnia a greater priority[39] and because Partisans in Užice had previously provided Chetniks in Srebrenica with arms and munitions from the local weapons factory.[34]

Vlasenica conference

On 16 November, a joint Partisan-Chetnik conference was held in Vlasenica where the two sides failed to come to an agreement.[39] It was convened by Rodoljub Čolaković and Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo without consulting the Partisan Provincial Committee. Serbian Partisans were situated in Ljubovija at the time ready to push an offensive against Dangić's forces in Bratunac and Srebrenica across the Drina, but held it off upon Čolaković's request.[40] At the conference Partisan representatives wished to fight Axis forces and sought a policy of brotherhood and unity among Serbs, Muslims, and Croats, whereas Dangić and his Chetniks pinned Serb suffering on Croats and Muslims and wanted to carry out revenge.[39] Dangić's envoys told them they intended "to slit the throats of the Turks, except for any pretty Turkish ladies" and "screw down the Croats so hard that they wouldn't dare for a thousand years to look at a Serb askance."[41] The next day a separate Chetnik conference was held where a 14-article resolution was created in support of Dangić’s views.[39] Meanwhile the Partisan General Staff of Bosnia and Herzegovina appealed to the Chetnik rank and file that Partisan-Chetnik cooperation was broken due to the Chetnik importation of Royal Yugoslav Army officers from Serbia to Bosnia and due to Dangić wanting "to turn our People's Liberation Struggle into a war of Serbs against Muslims" as opposed to the Partisan belief "that the peaceful toiling Muslim people is not to blame for the crimes that the Ustaše have commited, and that the People's Liberation Army must protect them from persecution and killing." The Staff charged that Dangić wished for "Serbs to gather for a war of revenge" instead of the Partisans' "summon to our flag all honorable people, Serbs, Muslims, and Croats." They claimed that Dangić attempted to collaborate with the Germans and Italians.[42]

Capture of Goražde and atrocities

On 1 December, the town of Goražde was seized from the Ustaše by Dangić and his Chetniks. Upon arrival, Dangić gave a speech to a group of Serbs, Croats and Bosnian Muslims which contained references to Greater Serbia and ended with Dangić proclaiming that Serbs and Bosnian Muslims could no longer live together. Following the speech, Chetnik bands spread through the town and began killing, raping, pillaging and torching homes.[43] Approximately 1,370 Muslims were killed in the ensuing violence.[44] Chetnik forces in Bosnia, including those of Dangić, then set about pursuing an anti-Muslim campaign to recompense for the persecution experienced by ethnic Serbs in the NDH.[45] On 11 December, Dangić's Chetniks entered Pale and looted and burnt down the local convent. They captured five nuns (two Croats, two Slovenes, and one Austrian) and took them with them through Romanija to Goražde, where on 15 December they committed suicide to avoid being raped.[41]

Operation Southeast Croatia

Between December 1941 and April 1942, Dangić engaged in direct negotiations with the Germans. During the latter half of December he met with Abwehr representatives numerous times in an effort to reach an agreement with them.[46] In January 1942, Dangić and other Chetnik leaders met with Renzo Dalmazzo, the commander of the Italian 6th Army Corps.[47] By this time, Dangić's cooperation with the Germans came to be seen as being even more valuable because of the arrival of Tito and his First Proletarian Brigade to eastern Bosnia. The Germans and Croats launched Operation Southeast Croatia on 17 January.[37] Dangić and Todorović advised other Chetnik commanders that the operation was targeted at the Partisans, and there was no need for the Chetniks to get involved. Following this, their units withdrew from their positions on the front line, let the Germans pass through their areas, or went home.[48] Many withdrew across the Drina river into the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia to avoid being engaged.[49] On 22 January Dangić ordered his own troops to permit the Germans to pass through Bosnia, saying "they are advancing peacefully and minding their own business without disturbing our unfortunate and long-suffering people." He urged Chetniks and Serbs to annihilate the Ustaše, Croats and Communists.[50] Within a few days, the Germans and Croats succeeded in pushing the Partisans out of eastern Bosnia and southward into the Italian-occupied zone of the NDH.[37] The Chetnik actions in response to Operation Southeast Croatia severely weakened Partisan defences with the result that they suffered significant casualties and lost a great deal of territory. The result was the severing of any remaining cooperative links that remained between the Chetniks and Partisans in eastern Bosnia.[51] In the same month Dangić's staff declared that the Partisans "are led by the Kike Moša Pijade, the Turk Safet Mujić, the Magyar Franjo Vajnert, and that so-and-so Petar Ilić whose real name nobody knows [emphasis in the original]" and announced the shared goal of the Partisans and Ustaše was "to break up and destroy Serbdom. That, and that alone! [emphasis in the original]".[52] In February, Dangić and other former Royal Yugoslav Army officers re-entered eastern Bosnia from the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, where some of them had withdrawn to avoid Operation Southeast Croatia. They started to re-form Chetnik units in eastern Bosnia and began agitating against the Partisans on a "conservative, Serb-nationalist and anti-Muslim basis."[48][49]

Meeting in Belgrade

In order to enlist further Chetnik aid and to intensify the Chetnik–Partisan split, Dangić was invited to Belgrade in late January by Nedić and General der Artillerie (lieutenant general) Paul Bader. There, meetings were held from 30 January to 2 February 1942.[37] Present were Bader, Professor Josif Matl, and Colonel Erich Kewisch for the Germans, Dangić and Pero Đukanović for the Chetniks, and Nedić and Aćimović for the Serbian puppet government.[53] Eventually, the two reached an agreement. The terms of the agreement stipulated that:[37]

  1. Dangić and his detachments bordered by the Drina, Sava and Bosna rivers in the east and the Italian–German Demarcation Line to the south were to place themselves immediately under the command of Generalleutnant Johann Fortner, commander of the 718th Infantry Division and holder of executive power in the area.
  2. Dangić's Chetniks were to remain aligned with the Germans, even in the event of a general uprising.
  3. The town of Zvornik was to be Dangić's assigned seat of command.
  4. Dangić's Chetniks were to help pacify northern Bosnia by ensuring that each Serb, Croat and Muslim there was to live in peace.
  5. Murder was to be punishable by death.
  6. The presence of NDH authorities was to be maintained.
  7. Dangić was to spread news of the agreement, fight the Yugoslav Partisans, and protect German industrial and mining enterprises in eastern Bosnia according to Fortner's instructions.
  8. Ammunition for Dangić's Chetniks was to be provided by Bader.
  9. All prisoners held by Dangić's forces were to be released.

The parties all agreed that seventeen districts in east Bosnia would have its military control shifted from NDH control to Chetnik control with German military in Serbia attaining authority over it and having the ability to legalize and supply Chetnik forces. The Germans demanded the area remain formally a part of the NDH though Bader implied "East Bosnia from the Serbian frontier to the River Bosna together with Sarajevo will be incorporated into occupied Serhia." Dangić accepted it as formally being a part of the NDH, but informed the Chetniks in east Bosnia that occupied Serbia would include "the following districts from the territory of Bosnia: Sarajevo, Višegrad, Rogatica, Srebrenica, Visoko, Vlasenica, Zvornik, Kladanj, Fojnica, Travnik, Brčko, Foča, Doboj, Bijeljina, Tuzla, Zenica, and Čajniče." Đukanović understood the agreement as meaning Serbian annexation of the districts.[53] However, despite the concurrence of the parties, the agreement was not signed because negotiations had not been cleared in advance by General der Pioniere Walter Kuntze, the Wehrmacht Armed Forces Commander in Southeast Europe.[37] Kuntze believed and informed Bader that "Major Dangić is a Serb and will remain one. He has only made the offer in order to use East Bosnia as his troop training ground, to overcome the winter months, and to make preparations to gain East Bosnia for Serbia."[54] Thus, he vetoed the conclusion of the agreement on 12 February. The agreement was also opposed by representatives of the NDH and the German Foreign Ministry.[55] Siegfried Kasche, German envoy in Zagreb, Joachim von Ribbentrop, German foreign minister, and General Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, opposed the agreement with Kasche arguing it would harm the NDH's position, expand the suffering of Muslims in east Bosnia which outnumbered the Serbs, and damage German-Muslim world relations.[54] This opposition led Bader to change his mind and not sign it.[55]

Despite this, Dangić's Chetniks collaborated with German forces in eastern Bosnia over a period of several weeks and with the understanding that Dangić and his forces would operate only inside Bosnia.[56] Bader reported following the talks that "Dangić on this occasion declared that he and his men would, even in the conditions of a general uprising in the Balkans and the arrival of the English, fight loyally and without wavering on the German side. He declared on this occasion his belief that only German victory could guarantee Serbia the position due to it in the Balkans, while the victory of Bolshevism would mean the destruction of every nation, thus also including the Serb nation."[54] The plan of a Greater Serbia protected by the Germans continued to be pursued by Nedić and Dangić.[57]

The Ustaše authorities were concerned about negotiations between the German and Italian commanders and Dangić,[58] and were particularly worried that the Germans would permit the Italians and Chetniks to use Sarajevo as a base.[59] In March, NDH gendarmerie in Tuzla reported "Nedić's Chetniks are distributing weapons and ammunition from the quota they receive from the Germans for the struggle against the Communists. They are constantly sent from Serbia into Bosnia and are claiming that they will conquer the latter."[60] On 31 March, Jure Francetić, commander of the Ustaše Black Legion, launched a pre-emptive offensive primarily against Dangić's Chetniks. Francetić captured Vlasenica, Bratunac and Srebrenica, meeting limited resistance from the Partisans, and then scattered the more numerous Chetniks[61] while inflicting significant losses and committing atrocities against segments of the Bosnian Serb population.[56] In mid-1942, Đoka Đorđević, senior Serbian Interior Ministry official, asked Đukanović during a visit to Nedić: "Do you really still have Turks in Bosnia? They must all be expelled and cleansed, so that we can enter Bosnia and establish our government."[57]

Ruined buildings in Warsaw following the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, which Dangić participated in. The rebellion took hundreds of thousands of lives and resulted in the city's destruction.

In early April, Dangić made the mistake of travelling to Serbia, where he met one of Nedić's representatives and various other Chetnik leaders,[56] and attended a public rally in Valjevo.[57] Shortly afterwards, Kuntze ordered Dangić's arrest. Dangić was then seized and taken to a prisoner-of-war camp in German-occupied Poland,[56] being replaced by Stevan Botić as the Chetnik commander in eastern Bosnia.[62] Dangić escaped from prison in 1943.[4] The following year he participated in the Warsaw Uprising,[12] an anti-German rebellion which resulted in the deaths of 18,000 members of the Polish Home Army and over 200,000 Polish civilians.[63]

Death

In 1945, after the Soviets drove the Germans out of Poland, Dangić was captured by the Red Army and extradited to Yugoslavia's new Communist authorities.[3] Accused of being responsible for the deaths of 8,000 Muslims,[citation needed] he was immediately arrested and charged with committing war crimes.[2] Dangić was then tried, found guilty by a court in Sarajevo and sentenced to death.[56] While awaiting execution, he was visited by the politician Čolaković.[citation needed] He was shot and killed on 22 August 1947.[3]

Notes

  1. ^ Markus 2002, p. 186.
  2. ^ a b Žanić 2007, p. 285.
  3. ^ a b c d Miletić 1976, p. 121.
  4. ^ a b Dedijer & Miletić 1990, p. 86.
  5. ^ a b c d e Hoare 2006, p. 113.
  6. ^ Hoare 2007, p. 88.
  7. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 583.
  8. ^ Slijepčević 1929, p. 230.
  9. ^ a b c d Milazzo 1975, p. 62.
  10. ^ Hoare 2007, p. 111.
  11. ^ Hoare 2006, p. 43.
  12. ^ a b Colić 1973, p. 335.
  13. ^ a b Dizdar & Sobolevski 1999, p. 244.
  14. ^ Cohen 1996, p. 28.
  15. ^ Pavlowitch 2008, p. 59.
  16. ^ Cohen 1996, p. 50.
  17. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 182.
  18. ^ Goldstein 1999, p. 133.
  19. ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 272.
  20. ^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 397–409.
  21. ^ Hoare 2007, pp. 20–24.
  22. ^ Ramet 2006, p. 4.
  23. ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 126.
  24. ^ a b Tomasevich 1975, p. 157.
  25. ^ Hoare 2006, p. 111.
  26. ^ Becherelli 2012, p. 200.
  27. ^ a b Tomasevich 1975, p. 206.
  28. ^ Dedijer & Miletić 1990, p. 119.
  29. ^ Toljaga & 18 November 2010.
  30. ^ Hoare 2006, p. 143.
  31. ^ Payne 2011, p. 212.
  32. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 143.
  33. ^ Redžić 2005, p. 134.
  34. ^ a b c Hoare 2006, p. 147.
  35. ^ Dulić 2005, p. 191.
  36. ^ Tomasevich 1975, pp. 206–207.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Tomasevich 1975, p. 207.
  38. ^ Roberts 1987, p. 39.
  39. ^ a b c d Redžić 2005, p. 138.
  40. ^ Hoare 2006, pp. 120–121.
  41. ^ a b Žanić 2007, p. 274.
  42. ^ Hoare 2006, pp. 124–125.
  43. ^ Dulić 2010, pp. 86–87.
  44. ^ Mirković 1996, p. 19.
  45. ^ Banac 1996, p. 143.
  46. ^ Redžić 2005, p. 141.
  47. ^ Ramet 2006, p. 147.
  48. ^ a b Tomasevich 1975, p. 161.
  49. ^ a b Hoare 2006, p. 199.
  50. ^ Redžić 2005, p. 142.
  51. ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 160.
  52. ^ Hoare 2006, p. 157.
  53. ^ a b Hoare 2006, p. 154.
  54. ^ a b c Hoare 2006, p. 155.
  55. ^ a b Tomasevich 1975, pp. 207–208.
  56. ^ a b c d e Tomasevich 1975, p. 208.
  57. ^ a b c Hoare 2006, p. 156.
  58. ^ Pavlowitch 2008, pp. 118–119.
  59. ^ Virtue 2011, p. 24.
  60. ^ Hoare 2006, pp. 155–156.
  61. ^ Hoare 2006, p. 203.
  62. ^ Hoare 2006, p. 210.
  63. ^ Lerski 1996, p. 641.

References

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