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| image = Bicellaria.spuria.jpg
| image = Bicellaria.spuria.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bicellaria spuria]]'' ([[Ocydromiinae]]: [[Bicellariini]])
| image_caption = ''[[Bicellaria spuria]]'' ([[Ocydromiinae]]: [[Bicellariini]])
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilies]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilies]]
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
[[Hybotinae]]<br />
*[[Hybotinae]]
[[Ocydromiinae]]<br />
*[[Ocydromiinae]]
[[Tachydromiinae]]<br />
*[[Tachydromiinae]]
[[Trichininae]] (disputed)
*[[Trichininae]] (disputed)
}}
}}


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==Systematics==
==Systematics==
The Hybotidae clearly form a lineage quite distinct from the [[Empididae]]. Among the [[Empidoidea]], they represent a lineage more [[basal (evolution)|basal]] than the main radiation of Empididae and [[Dolichopodidae]], though they are not as ancient as the genera placed in the [[Atelestidae]].<ref name="Moulton">{{cite journal | last1 = Moulton | first1 = J.K. | last2 = Wiegmann | first2 = B.M. | year = 2007 | title = The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera). | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 701–713 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029 | accessdate = 20 December 2011 | pmid=17468014}}</ref><ref name="Sinclair">{{cite journal | last1 = Sinclair | first1 = Bradley J. | last2 = Cumming | first2 = Jeffrey M. | year = 2006 | title = The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera) | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 1180 | pages = 172 | location = Auckland, New Zealand | publisher = Magnolia Press | format = PDF | isbn = 1-877407-80-1 | accessdate = 20 December 2011 | url = http://www.uoguelph.ca/nadsfly/Doid/Doidclass/SinclairCumming2006.pdf }}</ref>
The Hybotidae clearly form a lineage quite distinct from the [[Empididae]]. Among the [[Empidoidea]], they represent a lineage more [[basal (evolution)|basal]] than the main radiation of Empididae and [[Dolichopodidae]], though they are not as ancient as the genera placed in the [[Atelestidae]].<ref name="Moulton">{{cite journal | last1 = Moulton | first1 = J. K. | last2 = Wiegmann | first2 = B. M. | year = 2007 | title = The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera). | journal = [Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 701–713 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029 | pmid=17468014}}</ref><ref name="Sinclair">{{cite journal | last1 = Sinclair | first1 = Bradley J. | last2 = Cumming | first2 = Jeffrey M. | year = 2006 | title = The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera) | journal = [[Zootaxa]] | volume = 1180 | pages = 1–172 | format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] | isbn = 1-877407-80-1 | accessdate = 20 December 2011 | url = http://www.uoguelph.ca/nadsfly/Doid/Doidclass/SinclairCumming2006.pdf }}</ref>


By and large, the Hybotidae are [[monophyletic]]. Among its [[subfamilies]], the [[Hybotinae]] and [[Tachydromiinae]] certainly represent [[clade]]s. The status of the [[Ocydromiinae]] as a natural group is less clear, in particular whether the [[Trichininae]] should be included as [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] Trichinini or even in the [[Bicellariini]]<ref>E.g. Kahanpää</ref> or [[Oedaleini]],<ref>E.g. ITIS (1996)</ref> or whether they are more distinct and warrant recognition as a separate subfamily.<ref name="Moulton"/>
By and large, the Hybotidae are [[monophyletic]]. Among its [[subfamilies]], the [[Hybotinae]] and [[Tachydromiinae]] certainly represent [[clade]]s. The status of the [[Ocydromiinae]] as a natural group is less clear, in particular whether the [[Trichininae]] should be included as [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] Trichinini or even in the [[Bicellariini]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Jere Kahanpää |date=July 23, 2008 |work=Draft Catalogue of Finnish Flies (Diptera: Brachycera) |url=http://www.elisanet.fi/~d625473/diptera/list/online/node28.html |title=Hybotidae |accessdate=July 30, 2008}}</ref> or [[Oedaleini]],<ref>{{ITIS |id=136392 |taxon=Hybotidae |accessdate=June 21, 2008}}</ref> or whether they are more distinct and warrant recognition as a separate subfamily.<ref name="Moulton"/>


===Systematic list===
===Systematic list===
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
The subfamilies with their tribes and selected [[genera]] are:<ref name="Sinclair"/><ref>Chvála (1983)</ref><ref name="Chvála">{{cite book |last1= Chvála|first1= Milan |title= The Tachydromiinae (Diptera; Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark |format= PB|accessdate= |series= [[Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica]]|volume= 3|year= 1975 |publisher= Scandinavian Science Press Ltd |location= [[Klampenborg]] | isbn= 87-87491-04-4 |pages= 1–336 }}</ref>
The subfamilies with their tribes and selected [[genera]] are:<ref name="Sinclair"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=M. Chvála |year=1983 |title=The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae |journal=[[Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica]] |volume=12 |pages=1–279}}</ref><ref name="Chvála">{{cite book |last1= Chvála|first1= Milan |title= The Tachydromiinae (Diptera; Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark |format= PB|accessdate= |series= [[Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica]]|volume= 3|year= 1975 |publisher= Scandinavian Science Press Ltd |location= [[Klampenborg]] | isbn= 87-87491-04-4 |pages= 1–336 }}</ref>


'''[[Hybotinae]]''' <small>[[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1820</small>
'''[[Hybotinae]]''' <small>[[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1820</small>
[[File:Hybos.culiciformis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Hybos culiciformis]]'' ([[Hybotinae]])]]
[[File:Hybos.culiciformis.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Hybos culiciformis]]'' ([[Hybotinae]])]]
* Genus ''[[Acarterus]]'' <small> [[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1858</small>
* Genus ''[[Acarterus]]'' <small> [[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1858</small>
* Genus ''[[Afrohybos]]'' <small>Smith, 1967</small>
* Genus ''[[Afrohybos]]'' <small>Smith, 1967</small>
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** Genus ''[[Allanthalia]]'' <small>[[Axel Leonard Melander|Melander]], 1927</small>
** Genus ''[[Allanthalia]]'' <small>[[Axel Leonard Melander|Melander]], 1927</small>
** Genus ''[[Anthalia]]'' <small>[[Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt|Zetterstedt]], 1838</small>
** Genus ''[[Anthalia]]'' <small>[[Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt|Zetterstedt]], 1838</small>
** Genus ''[[Euthyneura (insect)|Euthyneura]]'' <small>[[Justin Pierre Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1836</small>
** Genus ''[[Euthyneura (genus)|Euthyneura]]'' <small>[[Justin Pierre Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1836</small>
** Genus ''[[Oedalea]]'' <small>[[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1820</small>
** Genus ''[[Oedalea]]'' <small>[[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1820</small>


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* Genus ''[[Trichinomyia]]'' <small>Tuomikoski, 1966{{Verify source|date=July 2008}}<!-- "1959"? --></small>
* Genus ''[[Trichinomyia]]'' <small>Tuomikoski, 1966{{Verify source|date=July 2008}}<!-- "1959"? --></small>


[[File:Tachydromia.cf.arrogans.1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Tachydromia arrogans]]'' or closely related species ([[Tachydromiinae]]: [[Tachydromiini]])]]
[[File:Tachydromia.cf.arrogans.1.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Tachydromia arrogans]]'' or closely related species ([[Tachydromiinae]]: [[Tachydromiini]])]]
'''[[Tachydromiinae]]'''
'''[[Tachydromiinae]]'''
* Tribe [[Symballophthalmini]] <small>Bradley{{Verify source|date=July 2008}}, Sinclair & Cumming, 2006</small>
* Tribe [[Symballophthalmini]] <small>Bradley{{Verify source|date=July 2008}}, Sinclair & Cumming, 2006</small>
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** Genus ''[[Tachyempis]]'' <small>[[Axel Leonard Melander|Melander]], 1928</small>
** Genus ''[[Tachyempis]]'' <small>[[Axel Leonard Melander|Melander]], 1928</small>
** Genus ''[[Tachypeza]]'' <small>[[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1830</small>
** Genus ''[[Tachypeza]]'' <small>[[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1830</small>

==Footnotes==
⚫
{{reflist}}


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{reflist|32em}}
{{ITIS |id=136392 |taxon=Hybotidae |accessdate=June 21, 2008}}<!-- revision date is 1996 -->
* {{aut|Chvála, M.}} (1975): The Tachydromiinae (Dipt. Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. ''[[Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica]]'' '''3''': 1–338.
* {{aut|Chvála, M.}} (1983): The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. ''Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica'' '''12''': 1–279.
* {{aut|Kahanpää, Jere (ed.)}} (2007): Draft Catalogue of Finnish Flies (Diptera: Brachycera) - [http://www.elisanet.fi/~d625473/diptera/list/online/node28.html Hybotidae]. Version of 2008-JUL-23. Retrieved 2008-JUL-30.
* {{aut|Moulton, J.K. & Wiegmann, B.M.}} (2007): The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera). ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''43'''(3): 701-713. <small>{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Sinclair, B.J. & Cumming, J.M.}} (2006): The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera). ''[[Zootaxa]]'' '''1180''': 1-172. [http://www.uoguelph.ca/nadsfly/Doid/Doidclass/SinclairCumming2006.pdf PDF fulltext]


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 07:34, 18 December 2013

"Dance fly" and "dance flies" redirect here. This term is also used for some Empididae.

Hybotidae
Bicellaria spuria (Ocydromiinae: Bicellariini)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Diptera
Suborder:
Brachycera
Superfamily:
Empidoidea
Family:
Hybotidae
Subfamilies

Hybotidae, the typical dance flies are a family of true flies. They belong to the superfamily Empidoidea and were formerly included in the Empididae as a subfamily.

Some, such as Tachydromia, are predators that run around on the bark of trees in complex pattern, hence the common name. Tachydromia species are only about three millimeters long.

Systematics

The Hybotidae clearly form a lineage quite distinct from the Empididae. Among the Empidoidea, they represent a lineage more basal than the main radiation of Empididae and Dolichopodidae, though they are not as ancient as the genera placed in the Atelestidae.[1][2]

By and large, the Hybotidae are monophyletic. Among its subfamilies, the Hybotinae and Tachydromiinae certainly represent clades. The status of the Ocydromiinae as a natural group is less clear, in particular whether the Trichininae should be included as tribe Trichinini or even in the Bicellariini[3] or Oedaleini,[4] or whether they are more distinct and warrant recognition as a separate subfamily.[1]

Systematic list

The subfamilies with their tribes and selected genera are:[2][5][6]

Hybotinae Meigen, 1820

Hybos culiciformis (Hybotinae)

Ocydromiinae

Ocydromia glabricula (Ocydromiinae: Ocydromiini)

Trichininae (often included in Ocydromiinae)

Tachydromia arrogans or closely related species (Tachydromiinae: Tachydromiini)

Tachydromiinae

Tachypeza nubila with prey (video, 2m 23s)

References

  1. ^ a b Moulton, J. K.; Wiegmann, B. M. (2007). "The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera)". [Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]]. 43 (3): 701–713. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029. PMID 17468014.
  2. ^ a b Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2006). "The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1180: 1–172. ISBN 1-877407-80-1. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  3. ^ Jere Kahanpää (July 23, 2008). "Hybotidae". Draft Catalogue of Finnish Flies (Diptera: Brachycera). Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  4. ^ "Hybotidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  5. ^ M. Chvála (1983). "The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae". Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. 12: 1–279.
  6. ^ Chvála, Milan (1975). The Tachydromiinae (Diptera; Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Vol. 3. Klampenborg: Scandinavian Science Press Ltd. pp. 1–336. ISBN 87-87491-04-4. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
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