Jump to content

Isaaq: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
soap - copyrighted
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Main|Somali people}}
{{Main|Somali people}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group |group=Isaaq <br /> إسحاق
|flag = <!-- for ethnic group flag -->
|group=Isaaq <br /> إسحاق
|flag = [[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]]
|image=File:Sheikhisaaqmaydh.jpg
| image_caption = The tomb of Sheikh Isaaq, the founding father of the Isaaq clan, in [[Maydh]], Sanaag.
|poptime=
|poptime=
|region1={{flagcountry|Somalia}}
|region1={{flagcountry|Somalia}}
Line 12: Line 9:
|rels=[[Islam]] <sup>(Sunni )</sup>
|rels=[[Islam]] <sup>(Sunni )</sup>
|related-c=[[Dir (clan)|Dir]], [[Darod]], [[Hawiye]], [[Rahanweyn]], and other [[Somali people]]<!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->
|related-c=[[Dir (clan)|Dir]], [[Darod]], [[Hawiye]], [[Rahanweyn]], and other [[Somali people]]<!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->
|
}}
}}

The '''Isaaq''' (also '''Isaq''', '''Ishaak''') ({{lang-so|''Reer Sheik Isaxaaq''}}, {{lang-ar|إسحاق}}) is a [[Somali clan]]. It is one of the major Somali clans, with a large and densely populated traditional territory.<ref name="pcl">{{cite map |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |title=Ethnic Groups |url=https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |year=2002 |series=Somalia Summary Map |accessdate=2012-07-30}} [[Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection]] - N.B. Various authorities indicate that the Isaaq is among the largest Somali clans [https://www.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false], whereas others suggest that the [[Hawiye]] is the largest Somali clan within Somalia [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg].</ref> Members principally live in the northwestern [[Somaliland]] region of [[Somalia]], the [[Somali Region]] of [[Ethiopia]] and [[Djibouti]], as well as [[Kenya]] where they are known as the Isahakia community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000062926/community-takes-over-ancestral-land|title=Community takes over ‘ancestral land’|last=Gitonga|first=By Antony|work=The Standard|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en}}</ref>
The '''Isaaq''' (also '''Isaq''', '''Ishaak''') ({{lang-so|''Reer Sheik Isaxaaq''}}, {{lang-ar|إسحاق}}) is a [[Somali clan]]. It is one of the major Somali clans, with a large and densely populated traditional territory.<ref name="pcl">{{cite map |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |title=Ethnic Groups |url=https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |year=2002 |series=Somalia Summary Map |accessdate=2012-07-30}} [[Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection]] - N.B. Various authorities indicate that the Isaaq is among the largest Somali clans [https://www.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false], whereas others suggest that the [[Hawiye]] is the largest Somali clan within Somalia [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg].</ref> Members principally live in the northwestern [[Somaliland]] region of [[Somalia]], the [[Somali Region]] of [[Ethiopia]] and [[Djibouti]], as well as [[Kenya]] where they are known as the Isahakia community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000062926/community-takes-over-ancestral-land|title=Community takes over ‘ancestral land’|last=Gitonga|first=By Antony|work=The Standard|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en}}</ref>


The populations of five major cities in [[Somaliland]] – [[Hargeisa]], [[Burao]], [[Berbera]], [[Erigavo]] and [[Gabiley]] – are predominantly Isaaq.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&pg=PA137&dq=erigavo+isaaq+clan+population&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY9qDunbXPAhWMDywKHf0CBHwQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=erigavo%20isaaq%20clan%20population&f=false</ref><ref name="SOM23518.E">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ab704.html ''Somalia: Information on the ethnic composition in Gabiley (Gebiley) in 1987–1988''], 1 April 1996, SOM23518.E [accessed 6 October 2009]</ref>
The populations of five major cities in [[Somaliland]] – [[Hargeisa]], [[Burao]], [[Berbera]], [[Erigavo]] and [[Gabiley]] – are predominantly Isaaq.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&pg=PA137&dq=erigavo+isaaq+clan+population&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY9qDunbXPAhWMDywKHf0CBHwQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=erigavo%20isaaq%20clan%20population&f=false</ref><ref name="SOM23518.E">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ab704.html ''Somalia: Information on the ethnic composition in Gabiley (Gebiley) in 1987–1988''], 1 April 1996, SOM23518.E [accessed 6 October 2009]</ref>


==Overview==
==History==
{{main|Somali aristocratic and court titles}}
{{main|Somali aristocratic and court titles}}
[[File:Sultan Abdillahi Sultan Deria.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sultan Abdillahi Sultan Deria, the grand Sultan of Isaaq clans.]]
[[File:Sheikhisaaqmaydh.jpg|thumb|The tomb of Sheikh Isaaq, the founding father of the Isaaq clan, in [[Maydh]], Sanaag.]]
According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 12th or 13th century with the arrival of [[Sheikh Isaaq Bin Ahmed Al Hashimi]] (Sheikh Isaaq) from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], a descendant of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]'s cousin [[Ali]] ibn Abi Talib in [[Maydh]].<ref name="McGown">Rima Berns McGown, ''Muslims in the diaspora'', (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp. 27–28</ref><ref name="Lewis">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22</ref> He settled in the coastal town of [[Maydh]] in modern-day northeastern [[Somaliland]], where he married into the Magaadle clan, the traditional inhabitants of northeastern [[Somaliland]].<ref name="Lewis3">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref>
According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 12th or 13th century with the arrival of [[Sheikh Isaaq Bin Ahmed Al Hashimi]] (Sheikh Isaaq) from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], a descendant of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]'s cousin [[Ali]] ibn Abi Talib in [[Maydh]].<ref name="McGown">Rima Berns McGown, ''Muslims in the diaspora'', (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp. 27–28</ref><ref name="Lewis">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22</ref> He settled in the coastal town of [[Maydh]] in modern-day northeastern [[Somaliland]], where he married into the Magaadle clan, the traditional inhabitants of northeastern [[Somaliland]].<ref name="Lewis3">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref>


Line 32: Line 27:
Sheikh Isaaq's ''[[mawlid]]'' (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his ''manaaqib'' (a collection of glorious deeds).<ref name="Lewis3"/>
Sheikh Isaaq's ''[[mawlid]]'' (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his ''manaaqib'' (a collection of glorious deeds).<ref name="Lewis3"/>


The three major sub-clans of the Isaaq signed treaties with the British in the 1880s pledging them and their successors not to cede or otherwise alienate any part of their lands except to the British, and allowing the British Government to appoint agents who would reside in the territories of the clans. These groups were the Habr Awal, (dated 14 July 1884), the Habr Toljallo (dated 26 December 1884), and the Garaxijis (13 January 1885).<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=755848|title=The Ethiopia-Somaliland Frontier Dispute|journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly|volume=5|year=1956|pages=245–264|author=D. J. Latham Brown|issue=2|doi=10.1093/iclqaj/5.2.245}}</ref>
==Distribution==
The Isaaq have a very wide & dense traditional territory. They live in all 5 regions of north-western Somalia such as [[Awdal]], [[Woqooyi Galbeed]], [[Togdheer]], [[Sanaag]] and [[Sool]]. They have large settlements in the [[Somali region]] of Ethiopia, mainly on the eastern side of [[Somali region]] also known as the [[Hawd]] which is inhabited by at least 2 million Isaaq clan members. They also have large settlements in both [[Kenya]] & [[Djibouti]], making up a large percentage of the Somali population in these 2 countries respectively.

== Lineage==
Sheikh Ishaq Bin Ahmed was one of the Arabian Scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century.
Sheikh Isaac descended from Prophet Mohammed's daughter Fatima. Hence the Sheikh belonged to the Ashraf or Sada, titles given the descendants of the prophet.

Sheikh Ishaq married two local women in Somalia that left him eight sons. The descendants of the those eight sons are the what is known as Isaaq clan at the present time. However, the Shiekh left other descendants in Yemen as well:

The origin of Sheikh Ishaq was traced back Iraq. Researcher and groups such as AlAshraf concluded beyond doubt the origin and the history of Sheikh Ishaq . This research was based on the old books and scripts as well as DNA tests carried out randomly on some of his descendants.

==History==
Isaaq has a long history and pride since medieval the times.
Historically Isaaq was once part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and almost all of their territories were under the control of [[Adal Sultanate]] and major cities such as [[Hargeisa]], [[Burao]], [[Berbera]], [[Gabiley]], [[Erigavo]], [[Aynabo]] and [[Maydh]] are all predominantly inhabited by Isaaq sub-clans and these were major cities during the [[Adal Sultanate]].
They are mentioned in al futuh al-habasha book known as Habar Magaadle who were [[Habr Awal]], [[Garhajis]], [[Arap]] and [[Ayub]] all took part of the [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] war and contributed the most during the [[Abyssinian empire]] war.

After the collapse of [[Adal Sultanate]], Isaaq split into 3 Habar Sultanates known as the Garhajis Sultanate, Habar Awal Sultanate and Habar Jeclo Sultanate. These 3 Habar Sultanates were unique in their own way and had their own chiefs, sultans & police authority.

After the Isaaq community were under British protectorate, they decided to unite with [[Italian Somaliland]]. The Isaaq clan were known to create the national blue flag, national anthem song and started the [[Greater Somalia]] project and almost 60% of Somali governmental officials were mainly Isaaq clan. They use to be the most nationalistic Somali’s, until when [[Siad Barre]] stepped in power.

During [[Siad Barre]] time & control. The Isaaq clan were not allowed to have same rights as the Darod and he feared he'd lose power due to how much wealth & intelligence Isaaq had. It was a major threat to M.O.D regime and thus led Isaaq to created [[SNM]], who then overthrew and destroyed the M.O.D regime which meant [[Marehan]], [[Ogaden]] and [[Dhulbahante]] regime. When [[SNM]] defeated the M.O.D regime, they created their own nation which is now known as [[Somaliland]], which is now widely recognised as a much more economically and militarily advanced place than [[Somalia]], showing that stability is possible in the region. Currently Somaliland is internationally recognized as a major anonymous region of Somalia, however many praise Somaliland as a model state which sets an example for the region.


==Clan tree==
==Clan tree==
Line 62: Line 37:
''1. Habar Habuusheed''
''1. Habar Habuusheed''
* Ahmed (Tol-Ja’lo)
* Ahmed (Tol-Ja’lo)
* Muuse (Habar Jeclo)
* Muuse
* Ibrahiim (Sanbuur)
* Ibrahiim (Sanbuur)
* Mahammad (‘Ibraan)
* Mahammad (‘Ibraan)


''2. Habar Magaadle''
''2. Habar Magaadle''
* Abdirahman (Habar Awal)
* Abdirahman (Awal)
* Ayub
* Ayub
* Arab
* Arab
* Ismail (Garxajis)
* Ismail (Garaxijis)


There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the [[World Bank]]'s ''Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics'' from 2005 and the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Home Office]] publication, ''Somalia Assessment 2001''.<ref name="worldbank55">Worldbank, ''[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics]'', January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1</ref><ref name="ind01b_somalia_ca">[http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}, p. 43</ref>
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the [[World Bank]]'s ''Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics'' from 2005 and the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Home Office]] publication, ''Somalia Assessment 2001''.<ref name="worldbank55">Worldbank, ''[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics]'', January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1</ref><ref name="ind01b_somalia_ca">[http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}, p. 43</ref>
Line 83: Line 58:
***Abdalle Muse
***Abdalle Muse
**Ayub
**Ayub
**Garaxijis
**Garxajis
***Habar Yoonis
***Habr Yunis
*** Cidagale
***Aidagalla
**Arab
**Arab
**Habr Jaalo (var. Habr Toljallo; Haber Geelo)
**Habar Jeclo
⚫
***Muse Abokor
***Mohamed Abokor
***Mohamed Abokor
⚫
***Ibrahim
⚫
***Muse Abokor
***Samane Abokor
***Samane Abokor
⚫
***Ahmad (Toljaalo)
⚫
**Ibrahim Sanbuur

⚫
**Ahmad (Toljeclo)
**Imran Mahammed


One tradition maintains that Isaaq had twin sons: Ahmed or Arap, and Ismail or Gerhajis.<ref name="laurence">{{Cite book|last=Laurence|first=Margaret|authorlink=Margaret Laurence|title=A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose|page=145|isbn=1-55022-177-9|publisher=[[McMaster University]]|location=[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]|year=1970|quote=Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak had only two children, baby twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Garaxijis .}}</ref>
One tradition maintains that Isaaq had twin sons: Ahmed or Arap, and Ismail or Gerhajis.<ref name="laurence">{{Cite book|last=Laurence|first=Margaret|authorlink=Margaret Laurence|title=A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose|page=145|isbn=1-55022-177-9|publisher=[[McMaster University]]|location=[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]|year=1970|quote=Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak had only two children, baby twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Garaxijis .}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:29, 15 May 2017

Main article: Somali people
Isaaq
إسحاق
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali
Religion
Islam (Sunni )
Related ethnic groups
Dir, Darod, Hawiye, Rahanweyn, and other Somali people

The Isaaq (also Isaq, Ishaak) ([Reer Sheik Isaxaaq] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), Arabic: إسحاق) is a Somali clan. It is one of the major Somali clans, with a large and densely populated traditional territory.[1] Members principally live in the northwestern Somaliland region of Somalia, the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Djibouti, as well as Kenya where they are known as the Isahakia community.[2]

The populations of five major cities in Somaliland – Hargeisa, Burao, Berbera, Erigavo and Gabiley – are predominantly Isaaq.[3][4]

History

Main article: Somali aristocratic and court titles
The tomb of Sheikh Isaaq, the founding father of the Isaaq clan, in Maydh, Sanaag.

According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 12th or 13th century with the arrival of Sheikh Isaaq Bin Ahmed Al Hashimi (Sheikh Isaaq) from Arabia, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib in Maydh.[5][6] He settled in the coastal town of Maydh in modern-day northeastern Somaliland, where he married into the Magaadle clan, the traditional inhabitants of northeastern Somaliland.[7]

A similar tradition exists for the Darod, who are said to have descended from one Sheikh Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, another Banu Hashim who came to Somalia around the same time.[5]

As with Sheikh Darod, there are also numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Isaaq's travels, works and overall life in northern Somalia, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.[8] Besides historical sources, one of the more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Isaaq is the Amjaad of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in Aden in 1955.[9]

Sheikh Isaaq's tomb is in Maydh, and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages.[8] Sheikh Darod is buried nearby in the ancient town of Haylaan, situated in the Hadaaftimo Mountains.[10]

Sheikh Isaaq's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds).[7]

The three major sub-clans of the Isaaq signed treaties with the British in the 1880s pledging them and their successors not to cede or otherwise alienate any part of their lands except to the British, and allowing the British Government to appoint agents who would reside in the territories of the clans. These groups were the Habr Awal, (dated 14 July 1884), the Habr Toljallo (dated 26 December 1884), and the Garaxijis (13 January 1885).[11]

Clan tree

Partial breakdown of the Isaaq clan structure.

In the Isaaq clan-family, component clans are divided into two uterine divisions, as shown in the genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Isaaq by an Ethiopian woman – the Habar Habuusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Isaaq by a woman of the Magaadle clan – the Habar Magaadle. Indeed most of the largest clans of the clan-family are in fact uterine alliances.[12] This is illustrated in the following structure.

Sheikh Is-haaq Bin Ahmed[13]

1. Habar Habuusheed

  • Ahmed (Tol-Ja’lo)
  • Muuse
  • Ibrahiim (Sanbuur)
  • Mahammad (‘Ibraan)

2. Habar Magaadle

  • Abdirahman (Awal)
  • Ayub
  • Arab
  • Ismail (Garaxijis)

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[14][15]

  • Isaaq
    • Habr Awal
      • Sa'ad Muse
      • Issa Muse
      • Eli Muse
      • Afgab Muse
      • Egalle Muse
      • Abdalle Muse
    • Ayub
    • Garaxijis
      • Habr Yunis
      • Aidagalla
    • Arab
    • Habr Jaalo (var. Habr Toljallo; Haber Geelo)
      • Mohamed Abokor
      • Ibrahim
      • Muse Abokor
      • Samane Abokor
      • Ahmad (Toljaalo)


One tradition maintains that Isaaq had twin sons: Ahmed or Arap, and Ismail or Gerhajis.[16]

Historical publications

Historical publications on Sheikh Isaaq include:[17]

  • Al-Dur Al Muntakhab Fi Alaqab Wal-asab - 12th-century manuscript by unknown author
  • Al Casjad Al-Manduum Li-Taariikh Wal-culuum - 12th-century manuscript by Maxamed Hasan Al-Basri (50 pages, Al-Zahiriyah Library, Al-Hamidiyah Souq, Damascus Syria)
  • Al-3asjad Al Manduum - by Sharif Ahmed Muhammad Qaasim Al Gheribaani, a Hashimi historian of Yemen (1910)
  • Thamrat Al-Mushtaaq Fi Manaaqib/Nasab al-Sheekh/Sayid Is'haaq - by Sharif Aydarus Sharif Ali Al-Aydarus 1947 (d 1347 H.A.); also the author of Bughyat Al-Amaal Fi-Taariikh Al Soomaal
  • Adhwaa 3alaa Taariikh Al-Soomaal - by Shariif Maxamed 3aydarus (1932-1999), the ex-mayor of Mogadishu during the 1968 election in Somalia
  • Kitaab Fatx Al-Baab Fi Al-Ansaab Wal-Alaqaab - by 3abdialma3alim Ibn Yuusuf

Notable Isaaq people

References

  1. ^ Ethnic Groups (Map). Somalia Summary Map. Central Intelligence Agency. 2002. Retrieved 2012-07-30. Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection - N.B. Various authorities indicate that the Isaaq is among the largest Somali clans [1], whereas others suggest that the Hawiye is the largest Somali clan within Somalia [2].
  2. ^ Gitonga, By Antony. "Community takes over 'ancestral land'". The Standard. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  3. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&pg=PA137&dq=erigavo+isaaq+clan+population&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY9qDunbXPAhWMDywKHf0CBHwQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=erigavo%20isaaq%20clan%20population&f=false
  4. ^ Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: Information on the ethnic composition in Gabiley (Gebiley) in 1987–1988, 1 April 1996, SOM23518.E [accessed 6 October 2009]
  5. ^ a b Rima Berns McGown, Muslims in the diaspora, (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp. 27–28
  6. ^ I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22
  7. ^ a b I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42
  8. ^ a b Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, Journal of African history, Volume 3 (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45
  9. ^ I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.131.
  10. ^ I.M. Lewis, Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho, Issue 1, (International African Institute: 1955), pp. 18-19
  11. ^ D. J. Latham Brown (1956). "The Ethiopia-Somaliland Frontier Dispute". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 5 (2): 245–264. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/5.2.245. JSTOR 755848.
  12. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC&redir_esc=y
  13. ^ I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.
  14. ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1
  15. ^ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
  16. ^ Laurence, Margaret (1970). A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose. Hamilton: McMaster University. p. 145. ISBN 1-55022-177-9. Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak had only two children, baby twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Garaxijis .
  17. ^ Islam in Somali History Fact and Fiction revisited , the Arab Factor
  18. ^ Mohamed Yusuf Hassan, Roberto Balducci (ed.) (1993). Somalia: le radici del futuro. Il passaggio. p. 33. Retrieved 22 September 2014. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  19. ^ "Mo Farah's family cheers him on from Somaliland village". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
Part of a series on
Somali clans
Darod
Isaaq
Dir
Hawiye
Rahanweyn
Benadiri
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaaq&oldid=780434675"