Isotopes of silicon: Difference between revisions
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{{infobox silicon isotopes}} |
{{infobox silicon isotopes}} |
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'''[[Silicon]]''' (<sub>14</sub>Si) has |
'''[[Silicon]]''' (<sub>14</sub>Si) has 14 known [[isotope]]s, with [[mass number]]s ranging from 22 to 36. <sup>28</sup>Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.23%), <sup>29</sup>Si (4.67%), and <sup>30</sup>Si (3.1%) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is <sup>32</sup>Si, which is produced by [[cosmic ray spallation]] of [[argon]]. Its [[half-life]] has been determined to be approximately 150 years (0.21 MeV), and it decays by [[beta decay|beta emission]] to <sup>32</sup>[[phosphorus|P]] (which has a 14.28 day half-life [http://sciencegateway.org/isotope/phosp32.html]) and then to <sup>32</sup>[[sulfur|S]]. After <sup>32</sup>Si, <sup>31</sup>Si has the second longest half-life at 157.3 minutes. All others have half-lives under 7 seconds. The least stable is usually <sup>43</sup>Si with a half-life greater than 60 nanoseconds. |
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[[File:Isotopes_of_Silicon.png|thumb|right|A chart showing the relative abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of Silicon.]] |
[[File:Isotopes_of_Silicon.png|thumb|right|A chart showing the relative abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of Silicon.]] |
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**{{cite web |author=[[National Nuclear Data Center]] |year= |title=NuDat 2.1 database |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=September 2005}} |
**{{cite web |author=[[National Nuclear Data Center]] |year= |title=NuDat 2.1 database |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=September 2005}} |
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**{{cite book |author=N. E. Holden |year=2004 |editor=D. R. Lide |chapter=Table of the Isotopes |title=[[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |page=Section 11 |nopp=yes |edition=85th |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9}} |
**{{cite book |author=N. E. Holden |year=2004 |editor=D. R. Lide |chapter=Table of the Isotopes |title=[[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |page=Section 11 |nopp=yes |edition=85th |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9}} |
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<references />2. "Silicon." Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 09 Oct. 2012. Web. 11/11/2017 |
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<references /> |
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<<nowiki>https://www.chemicool.com/elements/silicon.html</nowiki>>. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
Revision as of 22:12, 11 November 2017
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Si) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Silicon (14Si) has 14 known isotopes, with mass numbers ranging from 22 to 36. 28Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.23%), 29Si (4.67%), and 30Si (3.1%) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is 32Si, which is produced by cosmic ray spallation of argon. Its half-life has been determined to be approximately 150 years (0.21 MeV), and it decays by beta emission to 32P (which has a 14.28 day half-life [1]) and then to 32S. After 32Si, 31Si has the second longest half-life at 157.3 minutes. All others have half-lives under 7 seconds. The least stable is usually 43Si with a half-life greater than 60 nanoseconds.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Isotopes_of_Silicon.png/220px-Isotopes_of_Silicon.png)
List of isotopes
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[4] | daughter isotope(s)[n 1] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
22Si | 14 | 8 | 22.03453(22)# | 29(2) ms | β+ (68%) | 22Al | 0+ | ||
β+, p (32%) | 21Mg | ||||||||
23Si | 14 | 9 | 23.02552(21)# | 42.3(4) ms | β+ | 23Al | 3/2+# | ||
24Si | 14 | 10 | 24.011546(21) | 140(8) ms | β+ (92%) | 24Al | 0+ | ||
β+, p (8%) | 23Mg | ||||||||
25Si | 14 | 11 | 25.004106(11) | 220(3) ms | β+ (63.19%) | 25Al | 5/2+ | ||
β+, p (36.8%) | 24Mg | ||||||||
26Si | 14 | 12 | 25.992330(3) | 2.234(13) s | β+ | 26Al | 0+ | ||
27Si | 14 | 13 | 26.98670491(16) | 4.16(2) s | β+ | 27Al | 5/2+ | ||
28Si | 14 | 14 | 27.9769265325(19) | Stable | 0+ | 0.92223(19) | 0.92205–0.92241 | ||
29Si | 14 | 15 | 28.976494700(22) | Stable | 1/2+ | 0.04685(8) | 0.04678–0.04692 | ||
30Si | 14 | 16 | 29.97377017(3) | Stable | 0+ | 0.03092(11) | 0.03082–0.03102 | ||
31Si | 14 | 17 | 30.97536323(4) | 157.3(3) min | β− | 31P | 3/2+ | ||
32Si | 14 | 18 | 31.97414808(5) | 153(19) y | β− | 32P | 0+ | trace | cosmogenic |
33Si | 14 | 19 | 32.978000(17) | 6.18(18) s | β− | 33P | (3/2+) | ||
34Si | 14 | 20 | 33.978576(15) | 2.77(20) s | β− | 34P | 0+ | ||
35Si | 14 | 21 | 34.98458(4) | 780(120) ms | β− (94.74%) | 35P | 7/2−# | ||
β−, n (5.26%) | 34P | ||||||||
36Si | 14 | 22 | 35.98660(13) | 0.45(6) s | β− (88%) | 36P | 0+ | ||
β−, n (12%) | 35P | ||||||||
37Si | 14 | 23 | 36.99294(18) | 90(60) ms | β− (83%) | 37P | (7/2−)# | ||
β−, n (17%) | 36P | ||||||||
38Si | 14 | 24 | 37.99563(15) | 90# ms [>1 µs] | β−, n | 37P | 0+ | ||
β− | 38P | ||||||||
39Si | 14 | 25 | 39.00207(36) | 47.5(20) ms | β− | 39P | 7/2−# | ||
40Si | 14 | 26 | 40.00587(60) | 33.0(10) ms | β− | 40P | 0+ | ||
41Si | 14 | 27 | 41.01456(198) | 20.0(25) ms | β− | 41P | 7/2−# | ||
42Si | 14 | 28 | 42.01979(54)# | 13(4) ms | β− | 42P | 0+ | ||
43Si | 14 | 29 | 43.02866(75)# | 15# ms [>260 ns] | 3/2−# | ||||
44Si | 14 | 30 | 44.03526(86)# | 10# ms | 0+ |
- ^ Bold for stable isotopes
Notes
- The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
- Blank spaces in the "natural abundance" and "range of natural variation" column show that the isotope discussed in the corresponding row is synthetic.
References
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
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- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
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- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
{{cite book}}
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- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Silicon". CIAAW. 2009.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica.
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2. "Silicon." Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 09 Oct. 2012. Web. 11/11/2017
<https://www.chemicool.com/elements/silicon.html>.