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== Management ==
== Management ==
Depressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal temporary reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a [[side effect]] of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition which may benefit from treatment.<ref>Cheog J et al. (Last reviewed 26 August 2010). [http://psychcentral.com/library/depression_faq.htm Frequently Asked Questions About Depression]. PsychCentral.com. Retrieved 11 May 2013</ref>{{ums|date=November 2017}} Different sub-divisions of depression have different treatment approaches.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101010200401/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12329/45890/45890.pdf Depression]. UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) October 2009.</ref>
The best way to cope when feeling down and out is to hangout with a great guy like Amir. Studies have shown if Amir cuddles with Katie and feeds her she will instantly feel better. She may not want to at first and may feel embarrassed about opening up to him but she will soon find out it's the best choice she made all week.:)
In the United States, it has been estimated that two thirds of people with depression do not actively seek treatment.<ref>[http://www.psychiatry.wustl.edu/depression/depression_facts.htm Depression Facts]. Psychiatry.wustl.edu. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.</ref> The [[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]] (WHO) has predicted that by 2030, depression will account for the highest level of disability accorded any physical or mental disorder in the world (WHO, 2008).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2012/february/manicavasagar/ |title=A review of depression diagnosis and management |publisher=Australian Psychological Society |author=Manicavasagar, Vijaya |date=February 2012}}</ref>

The UK [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) 2009 guidelines indicate that [[antidepressant]]s should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of '''mild''' depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor.<ref>[http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90/chapter/key-priorities-for-implementation NICE guidelines, published October 2009]. Nice.org.uk. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.</ref> A recent meta-analysis also indicated that most antidepressants, besides [[fluoxetine]], do not seem to offer a clear advantage for children and adolescents in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cipriani |first=Andrew |date=8 June 2016 |title=Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30385-3/abstract |journal=The Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10047 |pages=881–90 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30385-3 |pmid=27289172|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>

There are many lifestyle changes that can help curb the onset of depression, or reduce the symptoms once experienced. Consciously think about what caused the depressed feeling. Start an exercise routine. Plan out a diet and stick to it, keeping healthy foods in mind and not skipping any of the set meals. Avoid alcohol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Can Alcohol Induce Depression?|url=https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/depression/}}</ref> Avoid Caffeine. Talk with friends or loved ones. Go outside. Seek a hormone test to see if natural changes in hormones are occurring.<ref>{{cite web|title=11 Natural Treatments For Depression: An MD’s Tips For Skipping The Prozac|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/owning-pink/201103/11-natural-treatments-depression-md-s-tips-skipping-the-prozac}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 21:25, 22 March 2018

"Despair" redirects here. For other uses of despair, see Despair (disambiguation). For the mood disorder, see Major depressive disorder.
"Hopelessness" redirects here. For the album by ANOHNI, see Hopelessness (album).

Depression
Lithograph of a man diagnosed as suffering from melancholia with strong suicidal tendency (1892)
SpecialtyPsychiatry, psychology

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being. A depressed mood is a normal temporary reaction to life events such as loss of a loved one. It is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. Depressed mood is also a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia.[1]

People with a depressed mood may be notably sad, anxious, or empty; they may also feel notably hopeless, helpless, dejected, or worthless. Other symptoms expressed may include senses of guilt, irritability, or anger.[2][3] Further feelings expressed by these individuals may include feeling ashamed or an expressed restlessness. These individuals may notably lose interest in activities that they once considered pleasurable or experience either loss of appetite or overeating. Experiencing problems concentrating, remembering general facts or details, otherwise making decisions or experiencing relationship difficulties may also be notable factors in these individuals' depression and may also lead to their attempting or actually dying by suicide.

The difference between a depressed mood and Major Depressive Disorder is length of time, ranging from very temporary such as a day to a month, and Major Depressive Disorder which is long-term and life-impacting. The depressive mood can be overcome by lifestyle changes or conversations, whereas Major Depressive Disorder generally requires major intervention with a combination of SSRIs or Dopamine therapy and long-term psychiatric treatments.[4]

Depression is one of the major causes or risk factors of suicide among adolescents, and more than half of the suicide victims in this age group are diagnosed with depressive orders before their demise.[5] Depression among teenagers is also a leading cause of educational and social impairments, substance abuse, obesity, and increased risk of smoking.[5] Expressed insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, and vocalizing general aches, pains, and digestive problems and a reduced energy may also be present in individuals experiencing depression.[6]

Factors

Life events

Adversity in childhood, such as bereavement, neglect, mental abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and unequal parental treatment of siblings can contribute to depression in adulthood.[7][8] Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the life course.[9]

Life events and changes that may precipitate depressed mood include (but are not limited to): childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress (such as from work, education, family, living conditions etc.), a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, etc.), bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, and catastrophic injury.[10][11][12] Adolescents may be especially prone to experiencing depressed mood following social rejection, peer pressure and bullying.[13] In addition, culture shock and homesickness are one of the main factors influencing international students. To be more precise, students who experience homesickness might feel alienation from their surroundings, anxiety and depression, especially when they face problems. This can be coupled with low self-esteem, which may make them less confident in public and in social situations.[14]

Personality

High scores on the personality domain neuroticism make the development of depressive symptoms as well as all kinds of depression diagnoses more likely,[15] and depression is associated with low extraversion.[16] Other personality indicators could be: temporary but rapid mood changes, short term hopelessness, loss of interest in activities that used to be of a part of one's life, sleep disruption, withdrawal from previous social life, appetite changes, and difficulty concentrating,[17]

Gender identity and sexuality

Studies have shown that those who fall into minorities due to either their gender identity or sexual orientation (such as those that identify as LGBT), are more prone to depression.[18]

Medical treatments

Depression may also be iatrogenic (the result of healthcare), such as drug induced depression. Therapies associated with depression include interferon therapy, beta-blockers, Isotretinoin, contraceptives,[19] cardiac agents, anticonvulsants, antimigraine drugs, antipsychotics, and hormonal agents such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.[20]

Substance-induced

Several drugs of abuse can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, and from chronic use. These include alcohol, sedatives (including prescription benzodiazepines), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs such as heroin), stimulants (such as cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants.[21]

Non-psychiatric illnesses

Main article: Depression (differential diagnoses)

Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, neurological conditions[22] and physiological problems, including hypoandrogenism (in men), Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, stroke,[23] diabetes,[24] and cancer.[25]

Psychiatric syndromes

Main article: Depressive mood disorders

A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The mood disorders are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include major depressive disorder (MDD; commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and dysthymia, a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a major depressive episode. Another mood disorder, bipolar disorder, features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, cognition and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression.[26] When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a seasonal affective disorder. Outside the mood disorders: borderline personality disorder often features an extremely intense depressive mood; adjustment disorder with depressed mood is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode;[27]: 355  and posttraumatic stress disorder, an anxiety disorder that sometimes follows trauma, is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.[28] Depression is sometimes associated with substance use disorder. Both legal and illegal drugs can cause substance use disorder.[29][unreliable medical source?]

Historical legacy

Main article: Dispossession, oppression and depression

Researchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of racism and colonialism may create depressive conditions.[30][31]

Combination of many factors

The depressed mood can be a combination of many things. A significant life event could possibly trigger onset while other factors are still present. The brain could be lacking optimal stimulation of dopamine or serotonin, and an individual could be abusing alcohol in order to relax after a stressful day of work. All of these factors could total to a depressed mood, while just one of them alone may not cause the mood adjustment.[32] The root cause of depression generally does not have one single factor, but rather a combination of many.

Assessment

Questionnaires and checklists such as the Beck Depression Inventory or the Children's Depression Inventory can be used by a mental health provider to help detect, and assess the severity of depression.[33] The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire can be used to screen for seasonal affective disorder. Semi structured interviews such as the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) are used for diagnostic confirmation of depression. A major indicator in diagnosis is time, or how long one has been exhibiting signs of depression for, and if it is impacting their life negatively, or cause disruption. For depressed moods, the feelings could be present for days or even weeks, yet for Major Depressive Disorder, there would be a lasting history of symptoms.[17][4]

Management

Depressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal temporary reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a side effect of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition which may benefit from treatment.[34][unreliable medical source?] Different sub-divisions of depression have different treatment approaches.[35] In the United States, it has been estimated that two thirds of people with depression do not actively seek treatment.[36] The World Health Organisation (WHO) has predicted that by 2030, depression will account for the highest level of disability accorded any physical or mental disorder in the world (WHO, 2008).[37]

The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2009 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of mild depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor.[38] A recent meta-analysis also indicated that most antidepressants, besides fluoxetine, do not seem to offer a clear advantage for children and adolescents in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder.[39]

There are many lifestyle changes that can help curb the onset of depression, or reduce the symptoms once experienced. Consciously think about what caused the depressed feeling. Start an exercise routine. Plan out a diet and stick to it, keeping healthy foods in mind and not skipping any of the set meals. Avoid alcohol.[40] Avoid Caffeine. Talk with friends or loved ones. Go outside. Seek a hormone test to see if natural changes in hormones are occurring.[41]

See also

2

References

  1. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
  2. ^ "Irritability, Anger Indicators of Complex, Severe Depression".
  3. ^ "Depression (major depressive disorder)". Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters
  4. ^ a b "Situational depression vs. clinical depression".
  5. ^ a b Thapar, Anita; Collishaw, Stephan; Pine, Daniel S; Thapar, Ajay K (2012). "Depression in adolescence". The Lancet. 379 (9820): 1056–1067. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4.
  6. ^ "NIMH · Depression". nimh.nih.gov. National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  7. ^ Christine Heim; D. Jeffrey Newport; Tanja Mletzko; Andrew H. Miller; Charles B. Nemeroff (July 2008). "The link between childhood trauma and depression: Insights from HPA axis studies in humans". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 33 (6): 693–710. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008. PMID 18602762. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  8. ^ Pillemer, Karl; Suitor, J. Jill; Pardo, Seth; Henderson Jr, Charles (2010). "Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms Among Adult Children". Journal of Marriage and Family. 72 (2): 333–345. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00703.x. PMC 2894713. PMID 20607119.
  9. ^ Lindert J, von Ehrenstein OS, Grashow R, Gal G, Braehler E, Weisskopf MG (April 2014). "Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis". Int J Public Health. 59 (2): 359–72. doi:10.1007/s00038-013-0519-5. PMID 24122075.
  10. ^ Schmidt, Peter (2005). "Mood, Depression, and Reproductive Hormones in the Menopausal Transition". The American Journal of Medicine. 118 Suppl 12B (12): 54–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.033. PMID 16414327.
  11. ^ Rashid, T.; Heider, I. (2008). "Life Events and Depression" (PDF). Annals of Punjab Medical College. 2 (1). Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  12. ^ Mata, D. A.; Ramos, M. A.; Bansal, N; Khan, R; Guille, C; Di Angelantonio, E; Sen, S (2015). "Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA. 314 (22): 2373–2383. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15845. PMC 4866499. PMID 26647259.
  13. ^ Davey, C. G.; Yücel, M; Allen, N. B. (2008). "The emergence of depression in adolescence: Development of the prefrontal cortex and the representation of reward". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 32 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.016. PMID 17570526.
  14. ^ Tognoli, Jerome (2003). "Leaving home: Homesickness, place attachment, and transition among residential college students". Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. 18 (8): 35–48. doi:10.1300/J035v18n01_04.
  15. ^ Jeronimus (2016). "Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders: A meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants". Psychological Medicine. 46 (14): 2883–2906. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001653. PMID 27523506. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Kotov (2010). "Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 136 (5): 768–821. doi:10.1037/a0020327. PMID 20804236. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b "Signs and Symptoms of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Depression".
  18. ^ Plöderl, M; Tremblay, P (2015). "Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review". International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England). 27 (5): 367–85. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949. PMID 26552495.
  19. ^ Rogers, Donald; Pies, Ronald (9 January 2017). "General Medical Drugs Associated with Depression". Psychiatry (Edgmont). 5 (12): 28–41. ISSN 1550-5952. PMC 2729620. PMID 19724774.
  20. ^ Botts, S; Ryan, M. Drug-Induced Diseases Section IV: Drug-Induced Psychiatric Diseases Chapter 18: Depression. pp. 1–23.
  21. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
  22. ^ Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann. 12 April 2012. ISBN 978-1437704341
  23. ^ Saravane, D; Feve, B; Frances, Y; Corruble, E; Lancon, C; Chanson, P; Maison, P; Terra, JL; et al. (2009). "Drawing up guidelines for the attendance of physical health of patients with severe mental illness". L'Encéphale. 35 (4): 330–9. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.10.014. PMID 19748369.
  24. ^ Rustad, JK; Musselman, DL; Nemeroff, CB (2011). "The relationship of depression and diabetes: Pathophysiological and treatment implications". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36 (9): 1276–86. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005. PMID 21474250.
  25. ^ Li, M; Fitzgerald, P; Rodin, G (2012). "Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 30 (11): 1187–96. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372. PMID 22412144.
  26. ^ Gabbard, Glen O. Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 1296.
  27. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2000a). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-89042-025-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  28. ^ Vieweg, W. V.; Fernandez, D. A.; Beatty-Brooks, M; Hettema, J. M.; Pandurangi, A. K.; Pandurangi, Anand K. (May 2006). "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment". Am. J. Med. 119 (5): 383–90. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027. PMID 16651048.
  29. ^ Zwolinski, Richard and Zwolinski, C.R. Depression and Substance Abuse: The Chicken or the Egg? psychcentral.com
  30. ^ Cvetkovich, Ann (2012). Depression: A Public Feeling. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books. ISBN 0822352389.
  31. ^ Cox, William T.L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7 (5): 427–49. doi:10.1177/1745691612455204. PMID 26168502.
  32. ^ "What causes depression?".
  33. ^ Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
  34. ^ Cheog J et al. (Last reviewed 26 August 2010). Frequently Asked Questions About Depression. PsychCentral.com. Retrieved 11 May 2013
  35. ^ Depression. UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) October 2009.
  36. ^ Depression Facts. Psychiatry.wustl.edu. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.
  37. ^ Manicavasagar, Vijaya (February 2012). "A review of depression diagnosis and management". Australian Psychological Society.
  38. ^ NICE guidelines, published October 2009. Nice.org.uk. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.
  39. ^ Cipriani, Andrew (8 June 2016). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis". The Lancet. 388 (10047): 881–90. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30385-3. PMID 27289172. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  40. ^ "Can Alcohol Induce Depression?".
  41. ^ "11 Natural Treatments For Depression: An MD's Tips For Skipping The Prozac".
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