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Claims of [[vaccine]] injuries appeared in litigation in the United States in the latter part of the 20th Century. Some families have won substantial awards from sympathetic juries, even though many public health officials have said that the claims of injuries are unfounded.<ref name="Sugarman">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sugarman SD | title = Cases in vaccine court--legal battles over vaccines and autism | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 357 | issue = 13 | pages = 1275–7 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17898095 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp078168 }}</ref> In response, several vaccine makers stopped production, threatening [[public health]], and laws were passed to shield makers from [[Legal liability|liabilities]] stemming from vaccine injury claims.<ref name=Sugarman/>
Claims of [[vaccine]] injuries appeared in litigation in the United States in the latter part of the 20th Century. Some families have won substantial awards from sympathetic juries, even though many public health officials have said that the claims of injuries are unfounded.<ref name="Sugarman">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sugarman SD | title = Cases in vaccine court--legal battles over vaccines and autism | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 357 | issue = 13 | pages = 1275–7 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17898095 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp078168 }}</ref> In response, several vaccine makers stopped production, threatening [[public health]], and laws were passed to shield makers from [[Legal liability|liabilities]] stemming from vaccine injury claims.<ref name=Sugarman/>


The term vaccine injury is particularly associated with the anti-vaccination subculture.<ref name="sbm">{{Cite web |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/what-does-anti-vaccine-really-mean/ |title=What does “anti-vaccine” really mean? |date=2010-11-01 |website=Science-Based Medicine |language=en-US |access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>{{fv|date=February 2019}} Anti-vaccination websites present themselves as "experts" on vaccine injury while promoting misinformation,<ref name="sbm" /> exaggerating the risk of harm<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grant L, Hausman BL, Cashion M, Lucchesi N, Patel K, Roberts J | title = Vaccination persuasion online: a qualitative study of two provaccine and two vaccine-skeptical websites | journal = Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = e133 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 26024907 | pmc = 4468570 | doi = 10.2196/jmir.4153 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://time.com/3995062/vaccine-injury-court-truth/ |title=Here's the Truth About the 'Vaccine Injury Court' |work =Time|first=Jeffrey|last=Kluger | name-list-format = vanc |date=August 19, 2015|access-date=2019-02-06 |language=en}}</ref> and falsely describing conditions such as autism as vaccine injuries - viewing an anti-vaccine website for results in increased perceptions of vaccination risks and decreased perceptions of the risks of vaccine omission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Azhar |last2=Ali |first2=Syed |last3=Ahmed |first3=Madiha |last4=Hussain |first4=Sheharyar |title=The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6122668/ |journal=Cureus |volume=10 |issue=7 |doi=10.7759/cureus.2919 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=PMC6122668 |pmid=30186724}}</ref> This has had the result of stigmatizing autistic people and the parents who had them immunized.
Anti-vaccination websites greatly exaggerate the risk of serious adverse effects from vaccines and falsely describe conditions such as autism as vaccine injuries,<ref name="sbm">{{Cite web |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/what-does-anti-vaccine-really-mean/ |title=What does “anti-vaccine” really mean? |date=2010-11-01 |website=Science-Based Medicine |language=en-US |access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grant L, Hausman BL, Cashion M, Lucchesi N, Patel K, Roberts J | title = Vaccination persuasion online: a qualitative study of two provaccine and two vaccine-skeptical websites | journal = Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = e133 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 26024907 | pmc = 4468570 | doi = 10.2196/jmir.4153 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://time.com/3995062/vaccine-injury-court-truth/ |title=Here's the Truth About the 'Vaccine Injury Court' |work =Time|first=Jeffrey|last=Kluger | name-list-format = vanc |date=August 19, 2015|access-date=2019-02-06 |language=en}}</ref> leading to misconceptions about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Azhar |last2=Ali |first2=Syed |last3=Ahmed |first3=Madiha |last4=Hussain |first4=Sheharyar |title=The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6122668/ |journal=Cureus |volume=10 |issue=7 |doi=10.7759/cureus.2919 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=PMC6122668 |pmid=30186724}}</ref>


==Adverse events following vaccination==
==Adverse events following vaccination==

Revision as of 00:08, 8 February 2019

Vaccine adverse event

A vaccine adverse event, sometimes referred to as a vaccine injury, is an adverse event caused by vaccination. Most vaccine adverse events are mild, serious injuries and deaths caused by vaccines are very rare.[1] Some alleged vaccine injuries are not, in fact, caused by vaccines, for example, there is a subculture of autism advocates who attribute their children’s autism to vaccine injury,[2] despite the scientific evidence that vaccines do not cause autism.[3][4]

Claims of vaccine injuries appeared in litigation in the United States in the latter part of the 20th Century. Some families have won substantial awards from sympathetic juries, even though many public health officials have said that the claims of injuries are unfounded.[5] In response, several vaccine makers stopped production, threatening public health, and laws were passed to shield makers from liabilities stemming from vaccine injury claims.[5]

Anti-vaccination websites greatly exaggerate the risk of serious adverse effects from vaccines and falsely describe conditions such as autism as vaccine injuries,[6][7][8] leading to misconceptions about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines.[9]

Adverse events following vaccination

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, while "[a]ny vaccine can cause side effects",[10] most side effects are minor, primarily including sore arms or a mild fever.[10] immunization safety is taken very seriously by the scientific community, with constant monitoring of a number of data sources looking for patterns of adverse events.[11]

As the success of immunization programs increases and the incidence of disease decreases, public attention shifts away from the risks of disease to the risk of vaccination.[12] Unlike most medical interventions vaccines are given to healthy people. Concerns about immunization safety often follow a pattern.[12] First, some investigators suggest that a medical condition of increasing prevalence or unknown cause is due to an adverse effect of vaccination. The initial study, and subsequent studies by the same investigators, have inadequate methodology, typically a poorly controlled or uncontrolled case series.[12] A premature announcement is made of the alleged adverse effect, which resonates with individuals suffering from the condition and which underestimates the potential harm of not being vaccinated. The initial study is not reproduced by other investigators.[12] Finally, it takes several years before the public regains confidence in the vaccine.[12]

Controversies in this area revolve around the question of whether the risks of adverse events following immunization outweigh the benefits of preventing infectious disease. In rare cases immunizations can cause serious adverse effects, such as gelatin measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) causing anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction.[12] Allegations particularly focus on disorders claimed to be caused by the MMR vaccine and thiomersal, a preservative used in vaccines routinely given to U.S. infants prior to 2001. Current scientific evidence does not support claims of vaccines causing the various disorders cited in the claims.[13][14]

The debate is complicated by misconceptions around the recording and reporting of adverse events by anti-vaccination activists.[15]

The oral polio vaccine (OPV) is unusual in that it contains a live attenuated virus that can be excreted leading, under-vaccinated communities, to secondary infection.[16] Since 2000, more than 10 billion doses of OPV have been administered to nearly 3 billion children worldwide. During that time, 24 vaccine-derived polio outbreaks occurred in 21 countries, resulting in fewer than 760 cases.[16] Polio vaccine was also involved in the only large-scale outbreak of vaccine induced disease, in the Cutter incident. It is likely that polio will not be eradicated until OPV is fully replaced with inactivated vaccines.[17]

Many countries, including Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United States have specific requirements for reporting vaccine-related adverse effects, while other countries including Australia, France, and the United Kingdom include vaccines under their general requirements for reporting injuries associated with medical treatments.[18]: 8–11  A number of countries have programs for the compensation of injuries alleged to have been caused by a vaccination.[18]: 9–44 

United States

Vaccine Injury Compensation Program

In 1988, the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) went into effect to compensate individuals and families of individuals who have been injured by specified childhood vaccines.[19] The VICP was adopted in response to an earlier scare over the pertussis portion of the DPT vaccine. These claims were later generally discredited, but some U.S. lawsuits against vaccine makers won substantial awards; most makers ceased production, and the last remaining major manufacturer threatened to do so.[20]

The VICP uses a no-fault, streamlined system for litigating vaccine injury claims.[21] Claims that are denied can be pursued through civil lawsuits, though this is rare, and the statute creating the VICP also imposes substantial limitations on the ability to pursue such lawsuits. The VICP covers all vaccines listed on the Vaccine Injury Table[22] which is maintained by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. To win an award, a claimant is required to show a causal connection between an injury and one of the vaccines listed in the Vaccine Injury Table. Compensation is payable for "table" injuries, those listed in the Vaccine Injury Table, as well as, "non-table" injuries, injuries not listed in the table.[23]

In addition, an award may only be given if the claimant’s injury lasted for more than 6 months after the vaccine was given, resulted in a hospital stay and surgery or resulted in death. Awards are based on medical expenses, lost earnings and pain and suffering (capped at $250,000).[24]

From 1988 until March 3, 2011, 5,636 claims relating to autism, and 8,119 non-autism claims, were made to the VICP. 2,620 of these claims, one autism-related, were compensated, with 4,463 non-autism and 814 autism claims dismissed; awards (including attorney's fees) totaled over $2 billion. The VICP also applies to claims for injuries suffered before 1988; there were 4,264 of these claims of which 1,189 were compensated with awards totaling $903 million.[22] As of September 2017, over 2,000 individuals have been paid a total of nearly $3.8 billion since the VICP began in 1988.[25]

Table injuries

As part of NVICP, a table has been created which lists various vaccines, side effects that might plausibly be caused by them, and the time within which the symptoms must present in order to be eligible to apply for compensation.[26][27]

For example, for vaccines containing tetanus toxoid (e.g., DTaP, DTP, DT, Td, or TT), anaphylaxis within four hours or brachial neuritis between two and twenty-eight days after administration, may be compensated.[28]


Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a passive surveillance program administered jointly by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

VAERS is intended to track adverse events associated with vaccines. VAERS collects and analyzes information from reports of adverse events (possible side effects) that occur after the administration of US licensed vaccines. The program's success in tracking vaccine injuries has been questioned by some, who allege medical practitioners frequently fail to make reports.[29] Others say that it may overstate possible injuries since many neurological problems in childhood may manifest at around the ages when vaccines are routinely administered.[citation needed]

The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) is composed of databases from several organizations containing information regarding health outcomes for millions of US citizens and to enhance assessment of vaccine injuries. It was designed to allow for such things as comparisons between vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations, and for the identification of possible groups at risk for adverse events.[citation needed]

United Kingdom

In 2003, parents of over 1,000 United Kingdom children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders, alleging the MMR vaccine was the culprit, were dealt a major setback when the Legal Services Commission withdrew legal aid. This followed advice to the commission by the lawyers representing the parents themselves that the lawsuit had no reasonable prospects of success.[30]

Vaccine Damage Payment Scheme

Under the Vaccine Damage Payment Scheme (VDPS), it is thought that thousands of unsuccessful claims have been made. The maximum payment per claim is currently £120,000. Disabled vaccine injury patients are allowed to file a claim up to the age of 21. The 'disability threshold' before payments are granted is 60%. The scheme covers vaccinations for illnesses such as tetanus, measles, tuberculosis and meningitis C. As of 2005, the British government had paid out £3.5 million to vaccine injury patients since 1997.[31]

Canada

Quebec has a legal process to compensate certain forms of vaccination injuries; the program's first awards were made in 1988.[32]

References

  1. ^ "Six common misconceptions about immunization". Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  2. ^ Offit, Paul A (2010). Autism's false prophets : bad science, risky medicine, and the search for a cure (Paperback ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231517966. OCLC 694142893. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD (June 2014). "Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies". Vaccine. 32 (29): 3623–9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085. PMID 24814559.
  4. ^ "Vaccine Safety ● Do Vaccines Cause Autism?". www.vaccinesafety.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  5. ^ a b Sugarman SD (September 2007). "Cases in vaccine court--legal battles over vaccines and autism". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (13): 1275–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMp078168. PMID 17898095.
  6. ^ "What does "anti-vaccine" really mean?". Science-Based Medicine. 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
  7. ^ Grant L, Hausman BL, Cashion M, Lucchesi N, Patel K, Roberts J (May 2015). "Vaccination persuasion online: a qualitative study of two provaccine and two vaccine-skeptical websites". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 17 (5): e133. doi:10.2196/jmir.4153. PMC 4468570. PMID 26024907.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey (August 19, 2015). "Here's the Truth About the 'Vaccine Injury Court'". Time. Retrieved 2019-02-06. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Hussain, Azhar; Ali, Syed; Ahmed, Madiha; Hussain, Sheharyar. "The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine". Cureus. 10 (7). doi:10.7759/cureus.2919. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 6122668. PMID 30186724.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ a b "Possible Side-effects from Vaccines". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 12, 2018.
  11. ^ "Questions and answers on immunization and vaccine safety". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Bonhoeffer J, Heininger U (June 2007). "Adverse events following immunization: perception and evidence". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 20 (3): 237–46. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32811ebfb0. PMID 17471032.
  13. ^ McMahon AW, Iskander JK, Haber P, Braun MM, Ball R (January 2008). "Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children <2 years of age: examination of selected adverse events reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) after thimerosal-free or thimerosal-containing vaccine". Vaccine. 26 (3): 427–9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.071. PMID 18093701.
  14. ^ "Thimerosal in Vaccines". Archived from the original on 2013-01-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Kata A (February 2010). "A postmodern Pandora's box: anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet". Vaccine. 28 (7): 1709–16. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.022. PMID 20045099.
  16. ^ a b "What is vaccine-derived polio?". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  17. ^ Davis R, Biellik R (March 2013). "Inactivated polio vaccine: its proposed role in the final stages of polio eradication". The Pan African Medical Journal. 14: 102. doi:10.11604/pamj.2013.14.102.2580. PMC 3664886. PMID 23717717.
  18. ^ a b Abramson, Brian Dean (2019). Vaccine, Vaccination, and Immunization Law. Bloomberg Law. ISBN 978-1-68267-583-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Edlich RF, Olson DM, Olson BM, Greene JA, Gubler KD, Winters KL, Kelley AR, Britt LD, Long WB (August 2007). "Update on the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 33 (2): 199–211. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.01.001. PMID 17692778.
  20. ^ A., Offit, Paul (2011). Deadly choices : how the anti-vaccine movement threatens us all. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465021499. OCLC 636894834.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ "Vaccine Injury Compensation Program". Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, Department of Justice. Department of Justice. October 21, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b "National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program statistics reports". Health Resources and Services Administration. 2011-03-03. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2011-04-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Vaccine Injury Table". Vaccine Injury Table. My Vaccine Lawyer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "The Vaccine Injury Claim Process". Vaccine Injury Claims & What to Know, Vaccine Injury Compensation Law. My Vaccine Lawyer. September 29, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Monthly Statistics Report" (PDF). Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 5 September 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program". www.hrsa.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-07. {{cite web}}: Text "Official web site of the U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration" ignored (help)
  27. ^ Sanford, Jay P.; Philipose, Nalini M.; Mitchell, Violaine S.; Strategies, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Children's Vaccine Initiative: Planning Alternative (1993). "National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program". National Academies Press (US). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ "Vaccine Injury Table" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  29. ^ Robak T (1 December 1995). "[Prognosis in chronic myeloid leukemia]". Acta Haematologica Polonica. 23 (1): 11–20. doi:10.2105/AJPH.85.12.1706. PMC 1615747.
  30. ^ Dyer C (September 2003). "Commission withdraws legal aid for parents suing over MMR vaccine". Bmj. 327 (7416): 640. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7416.640. PMC 1142521. PMID 14500418.
  31. ^ "BBC NEWS - Health - £3.5m paid out in vaccine damages". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Québec's compensation for victims of vaccination program – Assistance Measures and Programs – Portail santé mieux-être". Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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