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Giffords had expressed concerns about the crosshairs on a [[United States elections, 2010|national midterm election]] map on Sarah Palin's campaign webpage denoting targeted congressional seats including Giffords'. The image was removed from Palin's "takebackthe20" website following the attack.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coutsoukis |first=Photius | title = Screenshot of Sarah Palin's Facebook Page with the "Cross Hairs" Map | publisher=articlesurfing.org |month=January |year=2011 | url = http://www.articlesurfing.org/politics_and_government/sarah_palin_facebook_reconstructed.html | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="nyt-vitriol">{{Cite news | title = Bloodshed Puts New Focus on Vitriol in Politics | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/us/politics/09capital.html | author=Carl Hulse|coauthors=Kate Zernike | accessdate = January 8, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times | date = January 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/09/advisor-linking-palin-to-shootings-appalling/ | title = Adviser: Linking Palin to shootings 'appalling' | author=Mark Preston |publisher=CNN | date = January 9, 2011 | accessdate = January 9, 2011}}</ref> In March 2010, shortly after the map's posting and her office's subsequent vandalization, Giffords said: "We're in [[Sarah Palin]]'s 'targeted' list, but the thing is that the way she has it depicted, we're in the [[reticle|crosshairs]] of a gun sight over our district. When people do that, they've got to realize that there are consequences to that action."<ref name="guardian1" /><ref name="nyt-vitriol" /> After the attack, commentators defending Palin pointed to previous examples of "targeting" being used in political imagery prior to the "crosshairs" map. International media referred to the political climate in the US and the Palin list in particular.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12147588 | title = Shot US congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords 'doing well' |publisher=BBC News | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://nos.nl/artikel/210531-toestand-giffords-bevredigend.html | title = Toestand Goffords bevredigend (Condition Giffords satisfying) | work=nos.nl | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.rtl.nl/(/actueel/rtlnieuws/buitenland/)/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2011/01_januari/11/buitenland/tea-party_links-misbruikt-aanslag.xml | title = Tea Party: links misbruikt aanslag (Tea Party: left misuses attack) | work=rtlnieuws.nl | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/buitenland/1.938298 | title = Amerikaans Congreslid Giffords neergeschoten (American member of congress Giffords shot down) | work=deredachtie.be (VRT) | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/schiessereituscon110.html | title = US-Abgeordnete Giffords in kritischem Zustand (US-representative Giffords in critical condition) | work=tagesschau.de (ARD) | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref> About the political tensions, the Paris newspaper ''[[Le Monde]]'' said that the attack seemed to confirm "an alarming premonition that has been gaining momentum for a long time: that the verbal and symbolic violence that the most radical right-wing opponents have used in their clash with the Obama administration would at some point lead to tragic physical violence."<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=132815010 "Global Worry: Tucson Attack Augur More Violent US?"], AP story at NPR, January 10, 2011</ref> In [[the Netherlands]], a similar statement was made on [[Nederland 2|national television]] by historian Maarten van Rossem, as he mentioned that "since two years a strong political polarisation in the United States has led to a poisoned political climate".<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://uitgesproken.vara.nl/Nieuws-detail.7674.0.html?&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=37526&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7703&cHash=b2ad592483a6ad0d1f2ea676b1f345f7 | title = Politieke polarisatie in de VS (Political polarisation in the US) | work=uitgesproken.vara.nl | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref> [[BBC News]] also mentions the gun control in the US, stating that "America's cable news channels have been flooded with analysts speculating about why [...] but one thing that has scarcely been raised is gun control".<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12158148 | title = Why America's gun laws won't change |publisher=BBC News | accessdate = January 10, 2011}}</ref>
Giffords had expressed concerns about the crosshairs on a [[United States elections, 2010|national midterm election]] map on Sarah Palin's campaign webpage denoting targeted congressional seats including Giffords'. The image was removed from Palin's "takebackthe20" website following the attack.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coutsoukis |first=Photius | title = Screenshot of Sarah Palin's Facebook Page with the "Cross Hairs" Map | publisher=articlesurfing.org |month=January |year=2011 | url = http://www.articlesurfing.org/politics_and_government/sarah_palin_facebook_reconstructed.html | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="nyt-vitriol">{{Cite news | title = Bloodshed Puts New Focus on Vitriol in Politics | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/us/politics/09capital.html | author=Carl Hulse|coauthors=Kate Zernike | accessdate = January 8, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times | date = January 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/09/advisor-linking-palin-to-shootings-appalling/ | title = Adviser: Linking Palin to shootings 'appalling' | author=Mark Preston |publisher=CNN | date = January 9, 2011 | accessdate = January 9, 2011}}</ref> In March 2010, shortly after the map's posting and her office's subsequent vandalization, Giffords said: "We're in [[Sarah Palin]]'s 'targeted' list, but the thing is that the way she has it depicted, we're in the [[reticle|crosshairs]] of a gun sight over our district. When people do that, they've got to realize that there are consequences to that action."<ref name="guardian1" /><ref name="nyt-vitriol" /> After the attack, commentators defending Palin pointed to previous examples of "targeting" being used in political imagery prior to the "crosshairs" map. International media referred to the political climate in the US and the Palin list in particular.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12147588 | title = Shot US congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords 'doing well' |publisher=BBC News | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://nos.nl/artikel/210531-toestand-giffords-bevredigend.html | title = Toestand Goffords bevredigend (Condition Giffords satisfying) | work=nos.nl | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.rtl.nl/(/actueel/rtlnieuws/buitenland/)/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2011/01_januari/11/buitenland/tea-party_links-misbruikt-aanslag.xml | title = Tea Party: links misbruikt aanslag (Tea Party: left misuses attack) | work=rtlnieuws.nl | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/buitenland/1.938298 | title = Amerikaans Congreslid Giffords neergeschoten (American member of congress Giffords shot down) | work=deredachtie.be (VRT) | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/schiessereituscon110.html | title = US-Abgeordnete Giffords in kritischem Zustand (US-representative Giffords in critical condition) | work=tagesschau.de (ARD) | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref> About the political tensions, the Paris newspaper ''[[Le Monde]]'' said that the attack seemed to confirm "an alarming premonition that has been gaining momentum for a long time: that the verbal and symbolic violence that the most radical right-wing opponents have used in their clash with the Obama administration would at some point lead to tragic physical violence."<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=132815010 "Global Worry: Tucson Attack Augur More Violent US?"], AP story at NPR, January 10, 2011</ref> In [[the Netherlands]], a similar statement was made on [[Nederland 2|national television]] by historian Maarten van Rossem, as he mentioned that "since two years a strong political polarisation in the United States has led to a poisoned political climate".<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://uitgesproken.vara.nl/Nieuws-detail.7674.0.html?&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=37526&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7703&cHash=b2ad592483a6ad0d1f2ea676b1f345f7 | title = Politieke polarisatie in de VS (Political polarisation in the US) | work=uitgesproken.vara.nl | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref> [[BBC News]] also mentions the gun control in the US, stating that "America's cable news channels have been flooded with analysts speculating about why [...] but one thing that has scarcely been raised is gun control".<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12158148 | title = Why America's gun laws won't change |publisher=BBC News | accessdate = January 10, 2011}}</ref>


[[Toby Harnden]] of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' disputed the view that the shooting was the result of the [[Tea Party movement]], noting that some of Loughner's stated political positions were more left-wing than right-wing, while most were unclassifiable on the [[political spectrum]].<ref name="harnden">{{Cite news | title = The unseemly rush to blame Sarah Palin, the Tea Party and Republicans for murder in Arizona | author=Toby Harnden|authorlink=Toby Harnden | url = http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/tobyharnden/100071004/the-unseemly-rush-to-blame-sarah-palin-the-tea-party-and-republicans-for-murder-in-arizona/ | accessdate = January 9, 2011|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date = January 9, 2011}}</ref> [[Howard Kurtz]] and [[Robert Stacy McCain]] also criticized efforts to connect the murders to Palin and the Tea Party.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Robert Stacy McCain|authorlink=Robert Stacy McCain | url = http://spectator.org/blog/2011/01/09/arizona-shootings-it-was-a-col | title = Arizona Shootings: 'It Was a Colossal Failure of Journalism' | work=[[The American Spectator]] | accessdate = January 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2011-01-08/gabrielle-giffords-shooting-dont-blame-sarah-palin/ | title = Should We Blame Sarah Palin for Gabrielle Giffords' Shooting? | author=Howard Kurtz|authorlink=Howard Kurtz | work=The Daily Beast | date = January 8, 2011 | accessdate = January 9, 2011}}</ref> [[Byron York]] took issue with the media for a rush to judgment about the shooter's motivation.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Byron York|authorlink=Byron York | url = http://washingtonexaminer.com/blogs/beltway-confidential/2011/01/journalists-urged-caution-after-ft-hood-now-race-blame-palin-afte | title = Journalists urged caution after Ft. Hood, now race to blame Palin after Arizona shootings | work=Washington Examiner | date = January 9, 2011 | accessdate = January 9, 2011}}</ref> Following the shootings, a Palin aide reported that [[death threat]]s against her had risen to "an unprecedented level".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Death Threats Against Sarah Palin at 'Unprecedented Level,' Aides Say |author=CLAIRE SHIPMAN and HUMA KHAN |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/blood-libel-sarah-palins-controversial-reference-riled-emotions/story?id=12601352&page=1 |newspaper=ABC News |date=January 12, 2011 |accessdate=January 13, 2011}}</ref>
[[Toby Harnden]] of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' disputed the view that the shooting was the result of the [[Tea Party movement]], noting that some of Loughner's stated political positions were more left-wing than right-wing, while most were unclassifiable on the [[political spectrum]].<ref name="harnden">{{Cite news | title = The unseemly rush to blame Sarah Palin, the Tea Party and Republicans for murder in Arizona | author=Toby Harnden|authorlink=Toby Harnden | url = http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/tobyharnden/100071004/the-unseemly-rush-to-blame-sarah-palin-the-tea-party-and-republicans-for-murder-in-arizona/ | accessdate = January 9, 2011|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date = January 9, 2011}}</ref> [[Byron York]] took issue with the media for a rush to judgment about the shooter's motivation.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Byron York|authorlink=Byron York | url = http://washingtonexaminer.com/blogs/beltway-confidential/2011/01/journalists-urged-caution-after-ft-hood-now-race-blame-palin-afte | title = Journalists urged caution after Ft. Hood, now race to blame Palin after Arizona shootings | work=Washington Examiner | date = January 9, 2011 | accessdate = January 9, 2011}}</ref> Following the shootings, a Palin aide reported that [[death threat]]s against her had risen to "an unprecedented level".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Death Threats Against Sarah Palin at 'Unprecedented Level,' Aides Say |author=CLAIRE SHIPMAN and HUMA KHAN |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/blood-libel-sarah-palins-controversial-reference-riled-emotions/story?id=12601352&page=1 |newspaper=ABC News |date=January 12, 2011 |accessdate=January 13, 2011}}</ref>


There have been renewed calls to tone down political rhetoric in the wake of the shooting, with the sentiment that certain words and phrases may have incited the violence.<ref name="Minora">{{Cite news | url = http://blogs.browardpalmbeach.com/juice/2011/01/tucson_shooting_gabrielle_giffords_olbermann.php | title = Keith Olbermann Calls Out Conservatives for Inciting Tucson Shooting, Includes Allen West, Repents|last=Minora|first=Leslie | date = January 9, 2011 | work=Broward/Palm Beach New Times | publisher=New Times BPB | accessdate = January 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="OlbermannHP">{{Cite news | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/08/keith-olbermann-arizona-shooting_n_806311.html | title = Keith Olbermann Issues Special Comment On Arizona Shooting: 'Violence Has No Place In Democracy' | date = January 8, 2011 | work=The Huffington Post | accessdate = January 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="TDS">{{Cite news | url = http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2011/01/11/jon_stewart_arizona_shooting/ | title = Jon Stewart on shooting: No idea how to process this |author=Adam Clark Estes | date = January 11, 2011 | publisher=[[Salon.com|Salon]] | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref> MSNBC's [[Keith Olbermann]] apologized for any of his own actions that might have incited violence saying, "Violence, or the threat of violence, has no place in our Democracy, and I apologize for and repudiate any act or any thing in my past that may have even inadvertently encouraged violence."<ref name="OlbermannHP" /> Political comedian [[Jon Stewart]] admitted on his [[Comedy Central]] late-night talk show, ''[[The Daily Show]] with [[Jon Stewart]]'', that he did not know whether the political environment contributed to the shooting, but said, "For all the hyperbole and vitriol that's become a part of our political process—when the reality of that rhetoric, when actions match the disturbing nature of words, we haven't lost our capacity to be horrified. ... Maybe it helps us to remember to match our rhetoric with reality more often."<ref name="TDS" />. [[Paul Jay]] of [[The Real News]] asks that ''Instead of using ‘civility’ to cover up the realities of life, how about we call for a people’s civility intended to better reveal it...We can start by telling the truth about the society we live in...Let’s base the inquiry on a study of facts, evidence, and researched opinion, because like so many other issues facing us, lives depend on it.''<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=6087 | title=The Tucson Shootings, Civility And the New Class War Zone | date= January 12, 2011 | publisher[[The Real News]]}}</ref>
There have been renewed calls to tone down political rhetoric in the wake of the shooting, with the sentiment that certain words and phrases may have incited the violence.<ref name="Minora">{{Cite news | url = http://blogs.browardpalmbeach.com/juice/2011/01/tucson_shooting_gabrielle_giffords_olbermann.php | title = Keith Olbermann Calls Out Conservatives for Inciting Tucson Shooting, Includes Allen West, Repents|last=Minora|first=Leslie | date = January 9, 2011 | work=Broward/Palm Beach New Times | publisher=New Times BPB | accessdate = January 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="OlbermannHP">{{Cite news | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/08/keith-olbermann-arizona-shooting_n_806311.html | title = Keith Olbermann Issues Special Comment On Arizona Shooting: 'Violence Has No Place In Democracy' | date = January 8, 2011 | work=The Huffington Post | accessdate = January 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="TDS">{{Cite news | url = http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2011/01/11/jon_stewart_arizona_shooting/ | title = Jon Stewart on shooting: No idea how to process this |author=Adam Clark Estes | date = January 11, 2011 | publisher=[[Salon.com|Salon]] | accessdate = January 11, 2011}}</ref> MSNBC's [[Keith Olbermann]] apologized for any of his own actions that might have incited violence saying, "Violence, or the threat of violence, has no place in our Democracy, and I apologize for and repudiate any act or any thing in my past that may have even inadvertently encouraged violence."<ref name="OlbermannHP" /> Political comedian [[Jon Stewart]] admitted on his [[Comedy Central]] late-night talk show, ''[[The Daily Show]] with [[Jon Stewart]]'', that he did not know whether the political environment contributed to the shooting, but said, "For all the hyperbole and vitriol that's become a part of our political process—when the reality of that rhetoric, when actions match the disturbing nature of words, we haven't lost our capacity to be horrified. ... Maybe it helps us to remember to match our rhetoric with reality more often."<ref name="TDS" />. [[Paul Jay]] of [[The Real News]] asks that ''Instead of using ‘civility’ to cover up the realities of life, how about we call for a people’s civility intended to better reveal it...We can start by telling the truth about the society we live in...Let’s base the inquiry on a study of facts, evidence, and researched opinion, because like so many other issues facing us, lives depend on it.''<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=6087 | title=The Tucson Shootings, Civility And the New Class War Zone | date= January 12, 2011 | publisher[[The Real News]]}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:57, 13 January 2011

2011 Tucson shooting
First responders outside the Safeway where the shootings occurred
Location of the shooting
LocationCasas Adobes, Arizona (part of Tucson metro area)
Coordinates32°20′9.5″N 110°58′30.5″W / 32.335972°N 110.975139°W / 32.335972; -110.975139
DateSaturday, January 8, 2011
Shortly after 10 am MST (UTC-7)
TargetU.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords
Attack type
Shooting
Weapons9mm Glock model 19 pistol
Deaths6[1]
Injured14[2]

A shooting near Tucson, Arizona, occurred on January 8, 2011. Nineteen[4] or twenty people were shot,[2] six of them fatally, during a meeting Representative Gabrielle Giffords' was holding with members of her constituency in a supermarket parking lot in Casas Adobes.[5][6] Those killed in the incident include chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona John Roll, and one of Gifford's staffers.[1][5][6][7] Giffords, a Democrat representing Arizona's 8th congressional district who was said to be the target of the attack,[5] was shot through the head at point-blank range[8] rendering her medical condition 'critical'.[5][6][9][10]

A 22-year-old Tucson man, Jared Lee Loughner, was arrested at the scene.[3] Federal prosecutors have filed five charges against him, including the attempted assassination of a member of Congress.[7][11][12] Court filings include notes allegedly handwritten by Loughner indicating he planned to assassinate Giffords.[11] The motive for the shooting remains unclear, as the suspect has not cooperated with authorities and has invoked his right to remain silent.[6]

Shooting

Sign on the roadside advertising the "Congress on Your Corner" constituent meeting

The shooting took place on January 8, 2011, shortly after 10 am MST (UTC-7). A United States Representative from Arizona, Gabrielle Giffords, was holding a constituent meeting called "Congress on Your Corner"[12] at a Safeway supermarket in Casas Adobes, an unincorporated area north of Tucson, Arizona.[13] According to an eyewitness, Giffords had set up a table outside the store. About 20 to 30 people were gathered around her when the gunman removed a legally‐concealed[14] pistol from his clothing and shot Giffords in the head.[15][16] He then proceeded to fire apparently randomly at other members of the crowd.[1][17] The weapon used was reported to be a 9mm Glock model 19 pistol with a 30-round magazine.[18] A witness said he heard "15 to 20 gunshots".[citation needed] The gunman ran out of ammunition and stopped to reload. After he dropped a loaded magazine for the gun from his pocket to the sidewalk, unwounded bystander Patricia Maisch snatched the loaded magazine away as he was reaching for it.[19] The gunman was then tackled to the ground by 74-year-old retired colonel Bill Badger,[20] who himself had been shot, and was further subdued by Maisch and bystanders Roger Sulzgeber and Joseph Zamudio.[21]

The first 911 call from the scene was received at 10:12 am[22] While waiting for help to arrive, Giffords intern Daniel Hernández Jr., applied pressure to the gunshot wound on her forehead,[23] and made sure she did not choke on her blood. Hernandez is credited with saving Giffords' life.[24][25][26] David and Nancy Bowman, a married doctor and nurse who were shopping in the store, immediately set up triage and attended to nine-year-old Christina Taylor Green.[27] Police arrived on the scene at 10:15 am, with paramedics arriving at 10:16 am[22]

Five people died at the scene,[28] including Chief Judge John Roll and Giffords' community outreach director Gabe Zimmerman.[1][7] Christina Taylor Green was later pronounced dead at the hospital.[6][29] At least one gunshot victim was transported to Northwest Medical Center while the remaining injured were treated at University Medical Center in Tucson.[30]

Target of the attack

U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords (D-Arizona 8)

Gabrielle Giffords was reported to be the target of the attack.[5] Some news organizations initially reported that Giffords had been killed, but these statements were quickly revised to reflect that she had survived with a gunshot wound to the head.[31][32][33][34] Giffords was taken to the University Medical Center in critical condition,[1][35] though she was still conscious and "following commands". Within 38 minutes,[36] Giffords was in emergency surgery where skull bone fragments and a small amount of necrotic brain tissue were extracted by doctors.[37] Part of Gifford's skull was removed in a craniectomy to prevent further brain damage caused by swelling.[36]

According to Dr. Peter M. Rhee of the medical center, she was "shot through and through on one side of the head....[it] went through her brain," he said. The bullet traveled through the left hemisphere of her brain without crossing the midline, where the most critical injuries result.[6][38][39] Civilian doctors who first treated Giffords said the bullet had entered the back of her head and exited through the front of her skull, but experienced military physicians later concluded that it had traveled in the opposite direction.[15] Neurosurgeon and medical commentator Sanjay Gupta said that the exiting bullet was a factor in her survival as not all of its energy was transferred to the brain.[36]

Giffords was placed into a chemically-induced coma to allow her brain to rest. She was able to respond to simple commands when periodically awoken, but was unable to speak because she was on a ventilator.[40] Nancy Pelosi said Giffords' husband Mark E. Kelly acknowledged that there is a "rough road ahead" for her recovery, but was optimistic about her responsiveness,[41] which included the ability to signal with her hand and move both arms.[42] U.S. Army neurologist Geoffrey Ling of the Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, Maryland was sent to Tucson to consult on Giffords' recovery. Ling stated, "Her prognosis for maintaining the function that she has is very good. It's over 50 percent."[43] On January 11, UMC neurosurgeon G. Michael Lemole Jr. said that Giffords' sedation had been reduced and that she is able to breathe on her own.[44] During a memorial ceremony on January 12, President Barack Obama announced that Giffords had "opened her eyes for the first time" earlier that day.[45]

Investigation

Police investigate the crime scene around two hours after the attack

The Safeway store was closed after the attack.[46] The gunman, described as a white male in his mid-20s with short hair and "dressed in a shabby manner", was arrested after being detained by bystanders.[5][47] Police identified the suspect as Jared Lee Loughner, born September 1988.[48] The FBI attempted to question the suspect, but it was reported he was refusing to cooperate with authorities and had invoked his Fifth Amendment right.[5][6][49] Authorities have said the alleged shooter's motivation was unknown, as he was not talking.[6] However, evidence seized from a safe in the suspect's home included an envelope marked with notes reading "I planned ahead", "My assassination", and "Giffords", as well as a letter from Giffords's office thanking him for attending a similar event in 2007.[50]

As the shooting occurred outside the Tucson city limits in unincorporated Casas Adobes, the Pima County Sheriff's Department started the initial investigation with assistance from the Tucson Police Department and the Arizona Department of Public Safety.[51] Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Director Robert Mueller was ordered to the location by President Obama, and the FBI is ready to take over the investigation.[52] The Capitol Police are also conducting an investigation.[5]

Primary suspect

Main article: Jared Lee Loughner
File:Photograph of Jared Lee Loughner by Pima County Sheriff's Office.jpg
Photograph of Loughner by the Pima County Sheriff's Office following his January 8 arrest.

Jared Lee Loughner, the primary suspect, was 22 years old and lived with his parents in Tucson, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the site of the shooting.[48][53] Grant Wiens, who attended high school and college with Loughner, described him as "kind of an interesting character" who kept to himself and was opinionated.[1] Caiti Parker, who claimed she knew the suspect in high school four years earlier, described him as a politically radical loner.[54] Classmates noted that Loughner was critical of religion.[55]

Although little was initially known about the suspect,[3][56] his on-line presence was soon discovered, as he had accounts on both Myspace and YouTube. His deleted Myspace page[57][58] was promptly retrieved.[59][60] His Myspace profile included a pistol on a photograph of a U.S. history textbook. Hours before the incident, Loughner's Myspace page was updated with posts from his account stating, "Goodbye," and said to friends: "Please don't be mad at me."[53][61]

Long before the shooting Loughner had posted numerous text and videos on the Internet.[53] He briefly discussed terrorism saying:[53]

If I define terrorist then a terrorist is a person who employs terror or terrorism, especially as a political weapon. I define terrorist ... If you call me a terrorist then the argument to call me a terrorist is ad hominem. You call me a terrorist.

Pima County Sheriff Clarence Dupnik stated that the suspect had a YouTube channel under an account called "Classitup10";[62][63][64] Loughner's profile stated among other things that some of his favorite books were The Communist Manifesto, Animal Farm, Mein Kampf, Plato's Republic, and We the Living; one video told viewers that they "don't have to accept the federalist laws", called for a return to the gold standard, and accused the government of mind-controlling and brainwashing the citizenry.[53][54][64][65] His YouTube profile also listed works such as The Wizard of Oz, Peter Pan, Gulliver's Travels, and Through the Looking-Glass.[66] Dupnik later conceded that there was no evidence that the alleged murders were a result of anything particular Loughner may have read or heard.[67] Loughner's best friend from high school rejected the notion that the shootings were motivated by politics, saying on ABC's Good Morning America that Loughner "did not watch TV. He disliked the news. He didn't listen to political radio. He didn't take sides. He wasn't on the left. He wasn't on the right."[68]

Loughner attended Pima Community College until school authorities suspended him after receiving complaints of his inappropriate behavior in class.[53][69] Loughner chose to drop out in October 2010 rather than having the mental health evaluation and clearance which would have been required for him to re-enroll.[53][69]

According to court records, Loughner had two previous offenses, one of which was for drug possession.[54] U.S. Army officials said that Loughner had attempted to enlist, but his application had been rejected as "unqualified" for service in 2008.[69] They declined further disclosure due to confidentiality rules,[48][53][70][71] although an administration official indicated to the media that this was due to a failed drug test.[72]

Bryce Tierney, a friend of Loughner, received a voice message from Loughner eight hours before the shooting. Tierney stated that Loughner held a years-long grudge against Giffords for failing to answer a question sufficiently, in his view.[73] Loughner previously met Giffords at a "Congress on your Corner" event in a Tucson mall on August 25, 2007, where he asked the congresswoman, "How do you know words mean anything?"[74]

A leaked memorandum from the Arizona Counter Terrorism Information Center described Loughner as having possible ties to the anti-immigration far-right group American Renaissance.[75] The group denies any connection to Loughner and condemns the violence.[76] David Denlinger, commander of the Center, later acknowledged that there was no evidence that he had any direct connection to American Renaissance.[77] Pima County Registrar of Voters records show that Loughner registered as an independent on September 29, 2006.[78][79]

Police reports reveal he had purchased a Glock pistol at a Sportsman's Warehouse store less than six weeks before, attempted to buy additional bullets for the pistol at a Wal-Mart on the morning of the shooting,[80] and was legally able to carry it concealed on his person due to recent changes in Arizona law.[14]

On the day of the attack Loughner's parents arrived at their home after a shopping trip, unaware of the shootings, to find police tape and police cars around their house. Neighbor Wayne Smith told them what happened. Smith said Loughner's mother "almost passed out right there," while his father sat in the road and cried. Smith described the family as "devastated", feeling guilty, and wondering "where did they fail?"[81] After three days of silence, Loughner's parents released a statement on January 11, 2011, expressing remorse for the victims and saying "We don't understand why this happened."[82]

Person of interest and initial second suspect

Police had originally said they were also looking for a white male approximately 40 to 50 years old with dark hair, whom they referred to as a "person of interest" who was possibly associated with the primary suspect. On the morning of January 9, they released a security-camera photo in which he appeared.[83] Later that day, Pima County Sheriff's Deputy Jason Ogan said the man was a taxi driver who drove the gunman to the grocery store where the shooting occurred, that he had accompanied Loughner into the store to get change for his fare, and that the Sheriff's department had determined that the taxi driver was not otherwise involved in the shooting.[84]

Legal proceedings

Federal Correctional Institution, Phoenix, where Loughner is being held.[85]

Loughner is being held in the Federal Correctional Institution at Phoenix without bail.[85][86] He was charged in federal court with one count of attempted assassination of a member of Congress, two counts of killing a federal employee, and two counts of attempting to kill a federal employee.[7][12][87] On January 10, federal judges within the jurisdiction of Tucson disqualified themselves from the case,[88] with the rest of federal judiciary of the state of Arizona also recusing themselves the next day because of their ties to the late John Roll.[89] The case will be heard by Judge Larry Burns from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California.[90]

Prosecutors representing the State of Arizona announced they intend to file murder and attempted murder charges on behalf of the victims who were not federal employees. The state has concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute the shootings of the five federal employees and is considering filing charges on behalf of those victims as well. Arizona state prosecutors normally have ten days from the time a suspect is brought into custody to file charges, but time spent in federal custody does not count towards this limitation.[91]

Public defender Judy Clarke was appointed to represent Loughner in federal court.[92][93][94] It is not yet known who might represent Loughner in a state trial. If convicted in either federal or state court, Loughner could face the death penalty. The United States federal laws governing defendants with mental diseases or defects were reviewed and resulted in the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, after John Hinckley, Jr. was acquitted by a court over the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan in March 1981.[95] By contrast, Arizona law does not permit a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity, but does allow for a verdict of guilty but insane.[96]

Victims

Dead

Six people were killed in the attack.[97] All but Christina Taylor Green died at the scene of the shooting.[98]

Wounded

Fourteen people were wounded and survived the attack, including:[2]

  1. Bill Badger, 74, a retired colonel of the Army National Guard whose head was grazed by a bullet, moments before subduing the suspect.[107]
  2. Ron Barber, 65, deputy director for Giffords and former Pima County program manager, who was shot in the cheek and in the leg, severing an artery.[29][108]
  3. Eric Fuller, 63, a military veteran and retired limousine driver, hit in the leg and back by bullet fragments.[109]
  4. Gabrielle Giffords, 40, U.S. Representative from Arizona.[29]
  5. Susan Hileman, 58, shot in the leg, hip, abdomen and chest while accompanying Christina Taylor Green.[110][111]
  6. George Morris, a retired Marine and former airline pilot, shot twice; his wife Dorothy died in the attack.[112]
  7. Mary Reed, shot in the back and both arms.[113]
  8. Pam Simon, staffer for Giffords.[29]
  9. Mavy Stoddard, shot in the leg three times; her husband Dorwin died in the attack.[97]

Aftermath and reactions

On January 11, 2011, Homeland Security Committee chairman Peter T. King announced that he would introduce a bill to ban the carrying of firearms within 1,000 feet (300 m) of certain federal officials.[114]

President Obama arranged to travel to Tucson to attend a memorial ceremony.[115] On the night of January 11, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer signed emergency legislation to prohibit protests within 300 feet (91 m) of any funeral services, in response to an announcement by the Westboro Baptist Church that it planned to picket the funeral of shooting victim Christina Taylor Green.[116][117] Before the ceremony on January 12, Obama met with the families of the deceased victims and visited Giffords at her bedside in the medical center. During the evening event, titled "Together We Thrive: Tucson and America", Obama spoke of Giffords' improving condition and the passing of Christina Taylor Green.[45]

I want us to live up to her expectations. I want our democracy to be as good as she imagined it. All of us - we should do everything we can to make sure this country lives up to our children's expectations.

— President Barack Obama, January 12, 2010[45]

Political figures

President Barack Obama speaking in response to the shooting

Obama called the shooting an "unspeakable tragedy," adding that "such a senseless and terrible act of violence has no place in a free society."[118] Arizona Governor Jan Brewer said, "My thoughts and prayers are with Congresswoman Giffords and her family, the Congresswoman's staff and their families, as well as the other victims of this senseless and cruel violence."[119] House Speaker John Boehner said, "An attack on one who serves is an attack on all who serve. Acts and threats of violence against public officials have no place in our society... This is a sad day for our country."[120] Chief Justice John Roberts issued a statement noting, "we in the judiciary have suffered the terrible loss of one of our own", with the death of Chief Judge John Roll.[121]

Many other politicians from Arizona and across the United States spoke publicly regarding the shooting, including Arizona's United States Senators Jon Kyl[122] John McCain,[123] House Majority Leader Eric Cantor, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi;[124] 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin offered "sincere condolences".[125] Numerous foreigners commented on the shooting. Fidel Castro condemned the shooting, while Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon,[126] British and Spanish prime ministers David Cameron, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero offered condolences.[124][127][128][129][130]

U.S. Speaker of the House John Boehner and members of the Ohio delegation pay respects to the shooting victims

A national moment of silence was held at 11:00 am EST on January 10, led by President Obama and the First Lady from a gathering on the South Lawn of the White House as hundreds of members of Congress and their aides gathered on the steps of the United States Capitol.[131]

Political climate

The shooting came at a time of an acrimonious political climate.[132] Democrats and Republicans both called for a cooling of political rhetoric as a result of the heated controversy building up before the shooting.[133] On the eve of the shooting, Giffords wrote to a Republican friend, Trey Grayson, Secretary of State of Kentucky saying, "we need to figure out how to tone our rhetoric and partisanship down."[134]

In the wake of the shooting, Pima County Sheriff Clarence Dupnik commented:[135]

When you look at unbalanced people, how they respond to the vitriol that comes out of certain mouths about tearing down the government. The anger, the hatred, the bigotry that goes on in this country is getting to be outrageous. And unfortunately, Arizona, I think, has become the capital. We have become the mecca for prejudice and bigotry.

Giffords had expressed concerns about the crosshairs on a national midterm election map on Sarah Palin's campaign webpage denoting targeted congressional seats including Giffords'. The image was removed from Palin's "takebackthe20" website following the attack.[citation needed][136][137][138] In March 2010, shortly after the map's posting and her office's subsequent vandalization, Giffords said: "We're in Sarah Palin's 'targeted' list, but the thing is that the way she has it depicted, we're in the crosshairs of a gun sight over our district. When people do that, they've got to realize that there are consequences to that action."[17][137] After the attack, commentators defending Palin pointed to previous examples of "targeting" being used in political imagery prior to the "crosshairs" map. International media referred to the political climate in the US and the Palin list in particular.[139][140][141][142][143] About the political tensions, the Paris newspaper Le Monde said that the attack seemed to confirm "an alarming premonition that has been gaining momentum for a long time: that the verbal and symbolic violence that the most radical right-wing opponents have used in their clash with the Obama administration would at some point lead to tragic physical violence."[144] In the Netherlands, a similar statement was made on national television by historian Maarten van Rossem, as he mentioned that "since two years a strong political polarisation in the United States has led to a poisoned political climate".[145] BBC News also mentions the gun control in the US, stating that "America's cable news channels have been flooded with analysts speculating about why [...] but one thing that has scarcely been raised is gun control".[146]

Toby Harnden of The Daily Telegraph disputed the view that the shooting was the result of the Tea Party movement, noting that some of Loughner's stated political positions were more left-wing than right-wing, while most were unclassifiable on the political spectrum.[147] Byron York took issue with the media for a rush to judgment about the shooter's motivation.[148] Following the shootings, a Palin aide reported that death threats against her had risen to "an unprecedented level".[149]

There have been renewed calls to tone down political rhetoric in the wake of the shooting, with the sentiment that certain words and phrases may have incited the violence.[150][151][152] MSNBC's Keith Olbermann apologized for any of his own actions that might have incited violence saying, "Violence, or the threat of violence, has no place in our Democracy, and I apologize for and repudiate any act or any thing in my past that may have even inadvertently encouraged violence."[151] Political comedian Jon Stewart admitted on his Comedy Central late-night talk show, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, that he did not know whether the political environment contributed to the shooting, but said, "For all the hyperbole and vitriol that's become a part of our political process—when the reality of that rhetoric, when actions match the disturbing nature of words, we haven't lost our capacity to be horrified. ... Maybe it helps us to remember to match our rhetoric with reality more often."[152]. Paul Jay of The Real News asks that Instead of using ‘civility’ to cover up the realities of life, how about we call for a people’s civility intended to better reveal it...We can start by telling the truth about the society we live in...Let’s base the inquiry on a study of facts, evidence, and researched opinion, because like so many other issues facing us, lives depend on it.[153]

Palin responded to her critics on January 12 in a video on her Facebook page, rejecting the notion that anyone other than the actual gunman could bear any responsibility for the Tucson shooting and accusing the press of manufacturing a "blood libel" to blame her and the right wing for the attacks.[154][155] A new round of controversy was sparked by her use of this phrase, first used as a defense against culpability for the Arizona shootings in an opinion piece in Wall Street Journal several days after the shooting[156] and quickly picked up by others on the political right.[157] Jewish groups believed Palin's reference to this historical Jewish slur was inappropriate, particularly when interjected into a discussion on the murder of congressional aide Gabe Zimmerman and the shooting of Congresswoman Giffords, both Jews.[158] However, CNN said the term has come to be known in modern times as any false accusation of murder and noted that supporters of Israel have recently invoked the term in defense against charges that the Israeli government was responsible for killing Palestinians.[154]

Public response

The 2011 BCS National Championship Game held in Glendale, Arizona on January 10, 2011 held a pregame moment of silence in honor of the victims.[159]

A survey of a representative sample of 1,008 American adults conducted by Vision Critical on January 10–11, 2011, found that a majority of respondents (51%) believe the shooting is the result of an individual's actions and should be regarded as an isolated incident, while almost a third (31%) believe the shooting is the result of the current negative tone of politics in America. More than a third of respondents (37%) believe events similar to the Arizona shooting will continue to happen in the U.S. over the next few months.[160] A CBS News poll conducted by telephone on January 9–10, 2011 among 673 adults nationwide found 57 percent of respondents said the harsh political tone had nothing to do with the shooting, compared to 32 percent who felt it did. The poll found that only Democrats were split on the issue, with 49 percent seeing no connection and 42 percent stating a connection can be made.[161]

See also

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