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November 22

Why was Vagrancy treated so harshly in medieval / early modern England?

According to multiple laws passed over the centuries in England, vagrants (that is, people without homes and employment) were subject to punishments ranging from whipping, imprisonment, mutilation, and for repeat offenders death. This seems extreme and horrific by modern standards, and also appears to be extreme by contemporary international standards (although that may be an artefact of the Vagrancy article giving more detail about England than any other country). Why was vagrancy seen as such a serious crime that it should be punished so harshly? And why (assuming this is actually was the case) was England so much harsher than other countries? Iapetus (talk) 14:46, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

• Chambliss, William J. (Summer 1964). "A Sociological Analysis of the Law of Vagrancy". Social Problems. 12 (1): 67–77, https://doi.org/10.2307/798699. JSTOR 798699.

• There was a belief that vagrancy was caused by voluntary idleness; which is to say that if someone was unemployed, they did so purely by choice. You can see in things like the various Vagabond Acts (such as Vagabonds Act 1547, a vagabond being a synonym for a vagrant) that people who were unemployed and unhoused could be placed into forced labor. Many of these acts contained exceptions for the infirm, elderly, and otherwise incapable of working; the Vagabonds Act 1530 provided that such people could apply for a license to beg, for example. --Jayron32 19:47, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

• I was aware of that much. What I'm interested in is the reasoning / social causes / justification for the idea that if someone is voluntarily idle, they should be jailed, mutilated, tortured, enslaved, or - if that still doesn't make them work - killed. Iapetus (talk) 11:02, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

• Were you able to access the article by Chambliss on JSTOR? It does address your questions. fiveby(zero) 12:38, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

Wardog -- it wasn't itinerant laborers or people with obvious physical disabilities that were perceived to be the problem, but so-called "sturdy beggars". Sometimes people were quite terrified of "sturdy beggars", who were considered to be gangs of thugs who went from village to village, shaking down the inhabitants with threats and bullying -- and the laws were made harsh proportional to the fear. We have an article Sturdy beggar... AnonMoos (talk) 01:24, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

By the way, beginning in Elizabethan times, there was a "poor law" in England whose provisions were not too generous, but which often kept people from starving to death. To receive benefits under the law, you had to stay in your home parish, while sturdy beggars were likely to roam from parish to parish... AnonMoos (talk) 01:30, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Yes, parishes didn't want to be paying for another parish's paupers. Another factor was the fear that wandering paupers would band together and get up to no good. Another factor was that landowners didn't want disgruntled labourers wandering-off in the hope of finding a better employer. It was all about holding the fabric of society together. Alansplodge (talk) 11:47, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

November 23

Nawasib in Arabic / Persian Wikipedia?

Greetings,

While browsing recent scholarship on Islamic literature I came across following book.

• Opposing the Imam: The Legacy of the Nawasib in Islamic Literature , Nebil Husayn , Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization, Cambridge University Press ISBN ebook ebook: 9781108966061

I am curious to know if Arabic / Persian or some other Wikipedia dealing in Islamic theology has worked on Nasibi /nawasib literature. If yes then in which articles, in what form and which references, if any.

Thanks

Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 05:21, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

We have entries on Nasibi /Nawasib in both Wikipedias, Arabic and Persian, with references: نواصب and ناصبی. Omidinist (talk) 02:44, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

What specific rank did the lords of "lordships" hold in the Holy Roman Empire?

From what I understand, "lord" is a generic term for a nobleman, not a specific rank of nobleman. See this discussion and Category:Lordships of the Holy Roman Empire.

Never mind, I think I found the answer here.

Never mind the never mind: that article seems to contradict itself, unless I misunderstand something. ZFT (talk) 06:45, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

The Holy Roman Empire lasted 844 years, and was always more loosely agglomerated than tightly centralized, so that what applied to one area at one particular time didn't necessarily apply to other areas at other times. Some distinguished ancient aristocratic families were "untitled nobility" (we have a category Category:German untitled nobility but apparently no separate article...) AnonMoos (talk) 08:40, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

In German, the most common titles would have been Herr and Freiherr, but such rulers could also be a Graf, Markgraf, Fürst or Kurfürst, and probably some more titles I cannot immediately think of. But they could also be a bishop or such, in which case the religious title (Bischof / Erzbischof ) would be used. Some of these titles imply hereditary nobility, while others (e.g. Herr and Fürst) merely indicate rulership – even if the lordship or principality and therefore its rule was inherited.  --Lambiam 09:14, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Conductors communicating with orchestras

Since conductors typically travel and guest perform so much, how do they typically communicate with foreign orchestras? For example, would the Berlin Phil as a whole understand English enough for it to be used? I know Bernstein spoke some German, but I can't imagine every non-German conductor can. The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra presumably speaks Dutch (far less-common, of course), which almost certainly most conductors cannot. Any thoughts? I would assume English is a middle ground for many, but I'm honestly guessing at that. Aza24 (talk) 09:00, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Today, one can expect all members of these orchestras to speak English fairly well. Many are foreign-born anyway and may understand English better than German or Dutch. For example, Guy Braunstein, who was concertmaster of the Berlin Philharmonic for many years, is an Israeli. The concertmastership of the Concertgebouw Orchestra is shared between Bulgarian Vesko Eschkenazy and Romanian Liviu Prunaru. The last Dutch-speaking conductor of this orchestra was Bernard Haitink, who left the function in 1988. Most musical ideas require very little use of natural language to get them across between experts.  --Lambiam 09:34, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

(ec) here's a Russian conductor rehearsing with a French orchestra in English. Here's a British conductor rehearsing with a German orchestra in a mix of German and English. Here's another British conductor rehearsing with German students in German.

In general, since not only conductors but also orchestra musicians today are a highly cosmopolitan, well-travelled bunch, I'm pretty sure most orchestras are well prepared to use English as a working language whenever needed. Fut.Perf. ☼ 09:47, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

During performances, there's very little that needs to be communicated verbally between a conductor and a well-rehearsed orchestra. They really only need to say which song is about to be played, then the rest is all signaled with their arms and hands, with or without a conductors' stick. 2600:1702:4960:1DE0:6033:FF4F:6CE5:7BA8 (talk) 10:42, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

In classical orchestras, you typically have zero verbal communication during concerts. Conductors don't announce "which song is about to be played" either; the players know the program. Talk is for rehearsals. -- Fut.Perf. ☼ 11:15, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Worst case scenario, an interpreter can be used. --Xuxl (talk) 18:04, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

And since orchestras are large and likely to include numerous members who are multilingual, and some who are of other than the 'local' nationality, it's very likely that at least one of them will have a language in common with the conductor, and can function as that interpreter, even if they do not all have English (or another language) as a lingua franca. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.205.225.31 (talk) 04:59, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

November 24

Nehru – Hagia Sophia – First publishing ?

In an article Jawaharlal Nehru refers to mosqueing of Hagia Sophia. The article seems to be written some months after 1935, has been republished as editorial selection for 2 part reprint by Mridula Mukherjee in w:National Herald India :

• Nehru’s Word: A tale of two mosques (17 Oct 2021) &
• Nehru’s Word: The Story of Hagia Sophia (24 Oct 2021)

Requesting help in finding out, when it was first published ,Books or news–media name and the name of publication?

Thanks

Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 00:56, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Your best bet may be to contact the National Herald with your enquiry, which may pass it on to the historian who selected the piece, for whom I did not find an email address or other channel of contact.  --Lambiam 13:12, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

James Green, illustrator, fl 1880s-1910s

James Green was an interesting chap - an accomplished zoological illustrator and lithographer, working for the Natural History Museum in London, and a pioneer of the use of X-ray photography for zoological research. There's some discussion of him at c:Commons:Village pump/Copyright#J. Green, but we're struggling to find a date of death (VIAF says 1938, but conflates his works and those of others), middle names (if any), education, and so on. He may have been at Wallington, Surrey around 1897.

Can anyone oblige, please? Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 17:49, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

[The post to which I replied was removed by User:Jayron32. The 1910 image to which it referred was [1]. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 15:59, 27 November 2021 (UTC) ]

Thank you. The "1910" image (which is new to me) looks like a plate from the 1897 work. I'm not clear where you're seeing that him being in Wallington in 1897 is confirmed? We still need a date of death. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 16:43, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

1897 must have been marked as a very enthousiasting date. Here some other authorised comment on the occasion. --Askedonty (talk) 22:17, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Circumstantially, there's this guy: Charles James Green, died 1938. Carshalton and Croydon are both very close to Wallington, London (formerly Wallington, Surrey). But really this could be anyone.

This flickr image reveals his colleague James H. Gardiner's street address: St. Kilda, Manor Road, Wallington Surrey. (Written on the back, it would seem.)  Card Zero  (talk) 19:05, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

The last of the ten images in this gallery shows the label with that address had both names. However, [2] puts Green there in 1907; we need someone with access to census records. I've not seen the name Charles used in connection with our subject, anywhere. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 22:28, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

1901 Census St Kilda, Manor Road Danbury Terrace, Wallington - James Green, married, aged 42 (born about 1859), Artist and Draughtsman, Born Camberwell, Surrey. MilborneOne (talk) 17:43, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

1911 Census 17 Warminster Road South Norwood S E, Croydon - James Green, married, aged 52, Artist and lithographer, born Camberwell. MilborneOne (talk) 17:45, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Possibly the James Green that died in the Croydon district in Q4 1929 aged 69. MilborneOne (talk) 17:50, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

The Croydon Times lists the burial of James Green, aged 69, at Mitcham Road Cemetery on 1 January 1930, a resident of South Norwood. MilborneOne (talk) 18:15, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Thank you, MilborneOne; very helpful, as always. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 11:29, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

November 25

EU Parliament resolution on Blasphemy in Pakistan

Greetings,

Here is one news report in Pakistan daily which takes note of 'point no 8' in April 27, 2021 resolution of European Parliament expressing displeasure over '..Pakistan’s Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs, Ali Khan, calling for people who commit blasphemy to be beheaded;..'

When I tried to cross check for original passed/adopted resolution, I came across this PDF link which tallies with the above mentioned news paper report. But then there is, this one more link (texts tabled) which differs in text and seem to miss earlier discussed text about the minister. Either of the link does not seem to have clear mention of being 'passed' or 'adopted' resolution.

So how do we understand which one of above is finally adopted resolution of European Parliament? Or is there any third link for passed and adopted resolutions?

Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 09:22, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

Okay I searched and looked into thoroughly again myself. The second link which I had got confused with, came out to be of texts tabled which did not have statement criticizing Pakistan' minister Ali Khan, but it seems had been added subsequently in final "adopted text" as per this link which clearly marks Texts adopted.

Second point was to have one more source confirming the said Pakistani Minister indeed tweeted so, Got this Reuters news report which confirms the tweet issue:

Quote: "State Minister for Parliamentary Affairs Ali Muhammad Khan...Khan defended a now-deleted Twitter post in which he said: “There is only one punishment for insulting the Prophet - chopping off the head”....He stressed he believed in “legal procedures and court proceedings” for anyone accused of blasphemy and said Twitter had asked him to delete the post.." as appeared in Pakistan excludes religious sect from minority commission ~ Reuters dated May 7, 2020.

Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 03:34, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

How to confirm the tweet

There is one more news report by 'nayadaur.tv (Pakistan)' giving link to the alleged tweet by State Minister Ali Muhamamd Khan, but the link does not open now; Idk it it has been deleted. Can some one help in confirming the tweet from any alternate media?

Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 11:34, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

The wording seems to have been recast. The various allegations seem to have been given their own paragraph numbers and new ones inserted. The blasphemy law is dealt with at paragraph D. There is a general request for repeal at paragraph 10. Paragraph 3 urges the abolition of the death penalty: Khan's outburst is not mentioned. The GSP issue is at paragraph 11. The website you can't access says this:

A section of Pakistani Twitter was once again actively spreading hate against the Ahmaddiya community, on Wednesday, following the news of their community's representation in the Minorities Rights Commission. However, the news was subsequently denied by Religious Affairs Minister Noor ul Haq Qadri who said that Ahmadis do not consider themselves non-Muslims which is why they cannot be included in a body comprising minority representatives.

State minister Ali Muhammad Khan also said that the community has not accepted themselves to be a minority, but if they do, the government will be inclusive of their opinions. He then proceeded to post a tweet with the extremist slogan that a severed head is the only punishment for blasphemy.

- Ali Muhammad Khan, April 29, 2020

Social media influencer and actor, Hamza Ali Abbasi, also shed some light on the matter by saying that the anti-Ahmaddiya narrative is hateful and does not stand by the teachings of Islam even, 'We were just here to spread the message of Allah and his messenger, what are we doing here?' he tweeted. Referring to the thread, Abbasi also said that Pakistanis have already spread so much hatred against the Ahmaddiya community in the past, and now they're also calling them 'traitors', which will endanger their everyday lives even more.

Hamza Al Abbasi

Soon my nation will have to decide if they want if they want 2 listen 2 Quran/RasoolAllahSW & be witness to his Deen 2 the world in peace or stick with past colonial reactionary misinterpretations of Islam, the toxic US vs YOU mindset tht lead to the end of Bani Israels promise with Allah.

Hamza Ali Abbasi

This is trending on #1 in Pakistan. We r not content with declaring a group of ppl as Non Muslims, we now want to declare them TRAITORS? Hum ne tau Allah aur Allah ke aakhri Rasool SAW ka paigham dena tha duniya ko bass, lekin hum yeh kya ker rahay hain.

4:31 AM. Apr 30, 2020

Okay I searched and looked into thoroughly again myself. The second link which I had got confused with, came out to be of texts tabled which did not have statement criticizing Pakistan' minister Ali Khan, but it seems had been added subsequently in final "adopted text" as per this link which clearly marks Texts adopted.

Second point was to have one more source confirming the said Pakistani Minister indeed tweeted so, Got this Reuters news report which confirms the tweet issue:

Quote: "State Minister for Parliamentary Affairs Ali Muhammad Khan...Khan defended a now-deleted Twitter post in which he said: “There is only one punishment for insulting the Prophet - chopping off the head”....He stressed he believed in “legal procedures and court proceedings” for anyone accused of blasphemy and said Twitter had asked him to delete the post.." as appeared in Pakistan excludes religious sect from minority commission ~ Reuters dated May 7, 2020.

Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 03:34, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Idiomatic translation from German to English

Wegen ihres Kontaktes mit den Sowjets wurden die Brüsseler und Berliner Gruppen von der Spionageabwehr und der Gestapo unter dem irreführenden Namen Rote Kapelle zusammengefasst. Ein Funker, der mit seinen Fingern Morsecodezeichen klopfte, war in der Geheimdienstsprache ein Pianist. Eine Gruppe von ,Pianisten‘ bildete eine ,Kapelle‘, und da die Morsezeichen aus Moskau gekommen waren, war die ,Kapelle‘ kommunistisch und damit rot. Durch dieses Missverständnis wurde die Basis gelegt, auf der die Widerstandsgruppe später als den Sowjets dienende Spionageorganisation in der Geschichtsschreibung behandelt wurde, bis das zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre korrigiert werden konnte. Das von der Gestapo geschaffene Organisationskonstrukt Rote Kapelle hat in dieser Form nie existiert.

„Ein von Leopold Trepper geleitetes Netz der ‚Roten Kapelle‘ in Westeuropa existierte also nicht. Die verschiedenen Gruppen in Belgien, Holland und Frankreich arbeiteten weitgehend unabhängig voneinander.“

Die Gestapo ermittelt unter dem Sammelnamen „Rote Kapelle“ und will es vor allem als eine Spionageorganisation der Sowjetunion beurteilt wissen. Diese Bezeichnung, die die Gruppen um Harnack und Schulze-Boysen auf Kontakte zum sowjetischen Nachrichtendienst reduziert, prägt auch noch nach 1945 das Beweggründe und Ziele verfälschende Bild in der deutschen Öffentlichkeit. Ende 1942 fällt das Reichskriegsgericht die ersten Todesurteile; insgesamt werden mehr als fünfzig Mitglieder dieser Gruppe ermordet.

Hi Folks!! I know this one is quite a big block of text, but if your up for it, can you please translate it to English. Thanks. scope_creep^Talk 18:02, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

Here's the Google Translate version for starters. It looks as if it needs a little polishing, which I will do now.

Because of their contact with the Soviets, the Brussels and Berlin counter-espionage and Gestapo groups were grouped together under the misleading name of the Rote Kapelle. A radio operator who tapped Morse code characters with his fingers was a pianist in the secret service language. A group of "pianists" formed a "band", and since the Morse code had come from Moscow, the "band" was communist and therefore red. This misunderstanding laid the foundation on which the resistance group would later be treated as a Soviet espionage organization until this could be corrected in the early 1990s. The Red Chapel organizational structure created by the Gestapo never existed in this form.

“A network of the 'Red Chapel' in Western Europe led by Leopold Trepper did not exist. The various groups in Belgium, Holland and France worked largely independently of one another. "

The Gestapo is investigating under the collective name "Red Orchestra" and wants it to be judged above all as an espionage organization of the Soviet Union. This designation, which the groups around Harnack and Schulze-Boysen reduced to contacts with the Soviet intelligence service, continued to shape the image of the German public, which distorted the motives and goals, even after 1945. At the end of 1942, the Reich Court Martial passed the first death sentences; in total, more than fifty members of this group are murdered. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a00:23a8:0:3d00:6967:d0fd:946f:cf6d (talk • contribs) 18:30, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

Rote Kapelle is almost always translated as Red Orchestra. And I think Scope Creep wanted a human translation that would catch subtleties that Google Translate might have missed. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:69F6 (talk) 00:03, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Some more improvements:

• the Brussels and Berlin counter-espionage and Gestapo groups were grouped together
  → the Brussels and Berlin groups were grouped together by the Counterintelligence and Gestapo
  [A less literal but more readable translastion is given by the active voice:
  → the Counterintelligence and Gestapo grouped the Brussels and Berlin groups together ]
• Rote Kapelle → Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra)
• formed a "band" → formed a "Kapelle" (orchestra)
• the "band" was communist → the "orchestra" was communist
• organization until → organization, until
• Red Chapel organizational structure → construct of a Red Orchestra organization
• in this form → as such
• “A network of the 'Red Chapel' → "So a 'Red Orchestra' network
• is investigating → identifies it
• judged → viewed
• which the groups around Harnack and Schulze-Boysen reduced→ which reduces the groups around Harnack and Schulze-Boysen
• continued to shape the image of the German public, which distorted the motives and goals, even after 1945
  → continues to shape the public image in Germany also after 1945, distorting their motives and goals
• passed → passes

 --Lambiam 13:04, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Hi 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:69F6 Thanks for that, but it isn't software translated text i'm looking for. @Lambiam: So it is just using the text above and swapping in the translated text immediately above in its place? scope_creep^Talk 14:28, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

@Lambiam: That fine. They fit perfect. Thanks. scope_creep^Talk 16:14, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Yes; applying these and a few more minor tweaks gives us:

Because of their contact with the Soviets, the Counterintelligence and Gestapo bundled the Brussels and Berlin groups together under the misleading name of Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra). A radio operator who tapped Morse code characters with his fingers was a pianist in the language of the Secret Service. A group of "pianists" formed a "Kapelle" (orchestra), and since the Morse code had come from Moscow, the "orchestra" was communist and therefore red. This misinterpretation laid the foundation on which the resistance group would later be treated as a Soviet espionage organization, until this could be corrected in the early 1990s. The construct of a Red Orchestra organization created by the Gestapo never existed as such.

"So a 'Red Orchestra' network in Western Europe led by Leopold Trepper did not exist. The various groups in Belgium, Holland and France worked largely independently of one another."

The Gestapo identifies it under the collective name "Red Orchestra" and wants it to be viewed primarily as an espionage organization of the Soviet Union. This designation, which reduces the groups around Harnack and Schulze-Boysen to contacts with the Soviet intelligence service, continues to shape the public image in Germany also after 1945, distorting their motives and goals. At the end of 1942, the Reich Court Martial passes the first death sentences; in total, more than fifty members of this group are murdered.

It seems then to me an acceptable translation – although more eyes wouldn't hurt. (I'm not a native speaker of either language.)  --Lambiam 16:22, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

", Counterintelligence and the Gestapo" Clarityfiend (talk) 22:32, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

The final paragraph would probably be more idiomatic in the past tense.--Wikimedes (talk) 06:28, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

November 27

Prominent Muslim women married to Non–Muslims?

Greetings,

I am looking for following information (Where possible with sources)

a) Which are first well known examples of Muslim woman married to Non–Muslim men?

b) Prominent Muslim women married to Non–Muslims from various countries?

c) Autobiographies and biographies of Muslim women married to Non–Muslim men?

c) Muslim women married to Non–Muslims also examples in fiction literature: stories, novels, poetry, drama, TV series and movies.

Thanks

Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 04:21, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

The first one I thought of is Huma Abedin. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:69F6 (talk) 05:04, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Also, US Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-MN) is currently married to Tim Mynett, a political consultant who worked on her campaign. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:69F6 (talk) 05:32, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Bookku, I am sure that you are not trying to compile a convenient list of people that violent extremists might want to assassinate, but consider the possibility that such a list as you describe might possibly be used by someone else for such a purpose. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.205.225.31 (talk) 22:31, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Music critic at Mills College?

I'm working on a WP article for the music critic Mark Swed (born 1945) [3]. His Grove bio says that he went to Mills College and received an MA. As a man, how would this be possible for him? I thought Mills was a women's college? Typo? Aza24 (talk) 09:44, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

” Mills College is a private women's liberal arts college in Oakland, California. Mills is an undergraduate women's college for women and gender non-binary students with graduate programs for students of all genders.” DOR (HK) (talk) 14:48, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

The article also says "In 1920, Mills added graduate programs for women and men, granting its first master's degrees the following year." He graduated from UCB with a BA then studied at Mills for his MA. I don't have access to Grove, but that is presumably what it says. 92.23.202.187 (talk) 15:41, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Speaking more generally, over the years I have come across a number of instances where a school or college nominally restricted to one sex has taken an occasional student of the other sex: most often this was the child or other close relative of one of the establishment's teachers, who might well have been living with their parent/relative on the premises. [Edited to add] At my own 600-strong all-male boarding school, of the three girls who (for the first time) joined our 6th form (i.e. last two senior years), one was the daughter of my physics teacher and one the daughter of the school's head caterer. (The school turned fully co-ed the year after I left.) {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.205.225.31 (talk) 22:38, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Sled-skateboard hybrid

Back in the day, during my 1990s childhood in Baku, kids were making a wooden rectangular or square flatboard on four wheels (slightly more bulky than skateboard) and rode it like sled, where the second guy was pushing from behind. Was it a known thing elsewhere and did it have a name? Brandmeister^talk 10:28, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Go-kart MilborneOne (talk) 18:23, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

See also soapbox car and soapbox derby. The ones in the photos in those articles look quite fancy, but historically the cars were made from actual shipping crates (soap boxes). 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:69F6 (talk) 18:39, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

My father was quite enthusiastic about such improvised downhill wooden karts for kids. He built them himself in the late 1930s and early 1940s, built them with his children in the 1960s and with his grandchildren in the 1990s. They were nailed together from 2X4s and scraps of plywood, and the front wheels had a swiveling axle so it could be steered by a loop of rope. This was in Michigan and California. No helmets! We called them go-karts while being aware that real go-karts had lawn mower type engines and welded metal frames. Cullen328 (talk) 07:37, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Flash robs

There has been a sudden flurry of flash robs in the US, particularly west coast. Is this some kind of new tactic that just developed? Some new coordination channel (someone on reddit said Tik Tok)? They seemed semi-spontaneous, but apparently some of them are more organized, e.g. same 40 people did two of them a few hours apart, at two stores of the same chain but 50 miles away from each other. They did one, piled into 20 cars, drove to the other place, and did that one.

There isn't any obvious new tactical ingredient to these robberies, so if there is one, I'm wondering what it is (social media coordination by itself doesn't seem big enough). Or contrarily, if there isn't a new ingredient, then why did it just start happening instead of being a regular thing? I'm actually surprised that it wasn't more popular decades ago before there was surveillance everywhere. Did we reach a new level of social distress among the robbers, or what? Thanks. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:69F6 (talk) 19:30, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

We already have an article on Steaming (crime) which was a thing in the UK in the 1990s/2000s and seems to be the same idea. Alansplodge (talk) 09:17, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

See also the not-always crime-motivated Flash mob. As that article mentions, the idea of an unexpected mob of criminals converging with the aid of technology was anticipated by Larry Niven's 1976 story Flash Crowd (in which teleportation booths supplemented comtech to facilitate the convergence and dispersal of the criminals involved). {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.205.225.31 (talk) 00:18, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

November 28

which cultures falls into which categories in kluckhohn-strodtbeck and hofstede frameworks and others

Is there a website that shows which cultures falls into which dimensions in kluckhohn-strodtbeck framework and which cultures falls which dimensions in hofstede framework and as well as which culture falls into materialism vs concern for others, concentrated vs decentralized power, urgent time orientation vs casual time orientation and high-context culture vs low-context culture? please and thank you. Donmust90 (talk) 22:54, 28 November 2021 (UTC)Donmust90Donmust90 (talk) 22:54, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

We do have articles about those. Have you tried web searches? I hadn't heard those names before but it seems like the same ideas have come up elsewhere. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:69F6 (talk) 00:04, 29 November 2021 (UTC)